scène, /., scène; être en
to be on the stage.
sceptre, w»., scepter; sway.
science, /., science, knowl-
edge.
scier, /r., to saw.
scission, /., sécession; split,
division (in a party or as-
sembly).
scorpion, m., scorpion, scribe, m. y writer, clerk.
scrupiile, m., scruple.
se, pron.f himself, herself,
themselves.
séance, /., sitting session;
entrer en — , begin the
session.
séant, m. y sitting.
seau, m., pail.
sec, m., dryness.
sec, sèche, adj., dry, thin, withered; fruit — , failure, imperfect fruitage.
sécher, /Ir., to dry.
second, num. adj.^ second.
secouer, /r., to shake.
secourir, /r ., to help; assist.
secours, m., help, aid.
secousse, /., shock, stimulus, start, shuddering.
secret, w., secrecy.
secr-et, -ète, adj.^ secret.
secrétaire, m. y secretary.
secte,/., sect.
section, /., section, group; élection district.
sectionnaire, m., guardsman belonging to a section; sectionary.
séculaire, adj. y secular; vénérable; long sustained.
sécurité, /., safety.
sédentaire, adj. y sedentary; quiet.
séduction, /., séduction, corruption.
sédmre, /r ., to seduce.
séduisant, -e, adj. y seductîve, alluring.
seigneur, w., lord; — de marque, lord of rank.
seigneurial, -e, adj. y manorial.
sein, m. y bosom.
séiour, m.y stay.
sel, m.y sait.
selle, /., saddle; remis, en — , again in control.
selon, prep.y according to.
semaine,/., week.
semblable, adj. and n. m., like, such, similar; fellow.
sembler, intr., to seem.
26o Origînes de la France Contemporaine
semence,/., seed.
semer, /r., to sow.
séminaire, m., seminaiy.
sénat, m., senate.
sénateur, m., senator.
sens, m. y sensé, meaning, purport.
sensation./., sensation.
sensibilité,/, sensibility, sensitiveness, feelings, sentimentality.
sensible, adj.y sensible; sensitive, sentimental, impressionable.
sensualité,/., sensuaiity.
sentence, /., sentence, déclaration, maxim.
sentiment, m., feeling, opinion.
sentimental, -e, adj.y sentimental.
•sentine, /, well room (of a ship)'y sink; cesspool; den.
sentinelle, /, sentinel.
sentir, tr. and intr.y to feel, perceive; smack of; avoir beau — , to feel in vain.
séparer, tr., to sépara te.
sept, num. adj.y seven.
ser-f, -ve, adj.y in bondage.
série,/, séries, group.
sérieux, m. y seriousness.
sérieu-z, -se, adj., serious.
serin, w., canary bird.
serment, m. y oath.
serrer, tr.y to press closely, tighten, grasp more firmly, crowd.
serrurier, m. y locksmith.
service, w., service, function, military service; gens de — , servants, domestics.
servile, adj.y servile, slavish.
servilité, /., servility.
servir, /r., to serve, be useful; se — de, to make use of; se — soi-même, to help one's self.
serviteur, m., servant; — de la personne, body servant.
seuil, m. y threshold.
seul, -e, adj.y alone, mère, single.
seulement, adv.y only.
sève,/., sap.
sévère, adj.y severe, stern, rigid.
sévérité, /, severity.
si, conj.y if; adv.y so; — agréable que, however agreeable.
siècle, m.y century.
siège, m.y seat; siège.
siéger, intr.y to sit; — en permanence, to sit in continuous session.
sien, -ne, pron.y his; one's own; les — s, his family.
sifflé, -e, adj.y unsuccessful.
siffler, tr.y to whistle; hiss at.
signal, m.y signal.
signaler, /r., to give a description of; point out, notice, note.
signe, m.y sign; faire le — de la croix, to cross one's self.
signer, tr.y to sign.
signifier, tr.y to signify, mean.
silence, /., silence.
silencieu-x, -se, adj.y silent.
similitude, /, simile, cornparison.
simple, adj.y simple, mère.
simplicité, /., simplicity.
simulacre, m., phantom, semblance.
sincère, adj., earnest.
Origines de la France Contemporaine 261
sinécure,/., sinécure. •
singe, m., monkey.
sin^uli-er, -ère, adj., singular.
sinistre, adj., sinister.
sinon, conj., if not, except, un-
less.
sinueu-x, -se, adj., winding,
sinuous.
sire, m. y sir, lord, sitôt, adv., so soon.
sitôt que, conj., as soon as.
situation, /., situation, con-
tingency.
six, nutn. adj., six.
Slave, m. or /., Slav; adj,,
Slavic.
sociable, adj., social, sociable,
adapted to one's society.
socialisme, m., socialism.
socialiste, m., socialist.
société,/., society.
Socrate, m., Socrates.
soi, pron., self, itself, one's
self; tirer à — , to get ail
that one can.
soif,/., thirst.
soigné, -e, .adj., neat, spick
and span; carefully done.
soigner, tr., to take care of.
soigneusement, adv., carefully. .
soi-même, pron., one's self.
soin, m., care, concern;
prendre — de, to take
pains to. soir, m., evening.
soirée,/., evening party.
soixante, num. adj., sixty.
sol, m., soil; ground.
soldat, m., soldier.
soleil, m., sun.
solennel, -le, adj., solemn.
solide, adj., substantial.
solitaire, adj., alone.
solitude,/., solitude, solliciter, tr., to urge.
sombre, adj., gloomy.
sombrer, intr., to go down,
founder.
sommairement, adv., sum-
marily.
somme, /., burden, sum; en
— , in short, on the whole.
sommeil, m., sleep.
' sommet, m., summit, peak,
height.
son, m., Sound.
son, sa, ses, poss. adj., his,
hers, its, one's.
songer, intr., to dream; think;
sans y — ^ unawares.
sonner, intr., to sound.
sophisme, /., sophistry.
sordide, adj., sordid; dirty,
filthy.
sorte, /., kind, species, class;
en — que, de — que, so
that; en quelque — , in a
way.
sortir, intr., to go out; come
forth; rise; au — de, on
leaving.
sot, m., fool; blockhead.
sot, -te, adj., silly, ridiculous.
sottise,/, folly.
sou, m., sou; cent.
soubresaut, m., sudden leap,
fit, impulse.
souci, m., care; sans — , care-
less, indiffèrent.
soucoupe, /., saucer, sugar
tray, salver.
soudain, -e, adj., sudden.
soudard, m., disgruntled old
soldier.
soudoyer, tr., to keep in pay;
employ (soldiers, etc.); sub-
sidize.
202 Origines de la France Contemporaine
souffrance,/., suffering.
souffrant, -e, adj., sufferîng, indisposed; orgueil — , wounded pride.
souffrir, /r., to suffer.
souillure, /., dirt, stain; pollution, contamination.
soûler, refl., to become intoxicated; gorged.
soulier, m., shoe.
soumettre, /r., to submît, subject.
soumission,/., submîssion.
soupçon, m., suspicion.
soupçonner, /r., to suspect.
souper, m., supper.
soupière,/., soup tureen.
soupirer, intr., to sigh.
souplesse,/., flexibility, adaptability, concession, compromise.
source, /., source, spring, fountain.
sourcil (pr. -ci), w., eyebrow; froncer le — , to knit one's brows, frown.
sourd, -e, adj., deaf, hoUow, muffled.
sourdine, /., mute (for instruments) ; en — , on the sly, by implication.
sourire, m., smile.
sous, prep., under; beneath; in less than; in the reign of.
souscription, /., subscription.
sous-entendu, m., thing understood; hidden meaning.
sous-entendu, -e, a4j., understood, implied.
sous-louer, tr., to sublet.
sous-ordre, second place; en — , as a subordinate.
soustraire, refl.^ to escape; avoid; exeinpt one's self.
soutane,/., cassock.
soutenable, adj., supportable.
soutenir, to support, keep up, sustain, maintain.
soutenu, -e, adj\ and p. p., sustained, constant.
souterrain, -e, adj.y subter^ ranean.
soutien, m., stay, support, prop.
souvenir, m., memory.
souvenir (de), refl., to remember.
souvent, adv., often.
souverain, m., sovereign, sovereign power.
souverain, -e, adj., sovereign.
souveraineté, /., sovereignty.
Spartiate, m., Spartan.
spécial, -e, culj., spécial, particular; homme — , specialist, professional man, skilled workman.
spécieu-z^ -se, adj., specious.
spectacle, m., play, show; en — , exposed to public view.
spéculati-f, -ve, adj.y spéculative, theoretical.
spéculation, /., spéculation, theorizing.
spontané, -e, adj., spontaneous.
spontanément, adv.y spontaneously, voluntarily.
stabilité, /., stability, permanence.
stable, adj.f solid.
stade, m., stage; period.
station, /., station.
statue, /., statue.
Stentor, w., Greek herald distinguished for a very powerful voice; voix de — , stentorian voice.
stérile, adj.y unfruitful.
stratagème, m., stratagem.
structure,/., structure, makeup, construction.
stupéfait, -e, adj., stupified, dumb.
style, m.f style.
subalterne, adj.y subordinate.
subdélégué, m., subdelegate; officiai in charge of a subdistrict of taxation; understeward.
subir, tr., to suffer, undergo, bow down before.
subit, -e, adj.y sudden.
subitement, adv.y suddenly.
subjuger, tr., to subjugate.
subordination, /., subordination.
subordonné, m., subordinate.
subordonner, ir., to subordinate.
subsistance, /., maintenance,
Provision, commissariat.
sister, inir.f to subsist..
substance, /., substance, core, essence.
substituer, tr.y to substitute.
substitut, m., deputy, agent.
subtilité, /., subtlety; cunning; refinement.
subvenir, intr., to help, meet, supply.
succéder, intr.j to succeed, follow.
succès, m., success.
successeur, m., successor.
successi-f, -ve, a4j., successive, in succession.
succomber, intr., to succumb, give way, sink; fall.
succursale,/., branch.
sucer, tr.y to suck.
suçoir, m,, proboscis; sucker.
sueur,/., sweat.
suffire, intr., to suffice, be
equal, be sufficient.
suffoquer, tr., to. suffocate,
stine, choke.
suffrage, m., approbation;
vote. suf;gérer, tr., to suggest.
suie,/., soot.
suisse, adj., Swiss.
Suisse, m., Swiss.
Suisse,/., Switzerland.
suite, /., train; attendance,
retinue; de — , one after
another, in succession; tout
de — , at once; par — ,
consequently; à la — de,
after, resulting from.
suivant, prep., according to.
suivant, -e, adj., foUowing.
suivre, tr., to follow; observe, sujet, m., subject.
sujet, -te, adj., subject.
sultan, m., sultan.
superbe, adj., superb, magnif-
icent.
sup^ciel, -le, adj., super-
ncial.
superflu, m., superfluity, ex-
cess.
supérieur, -e, adj., superior;
n. m., superior.
supériorité, /., superiority.
superposé, -e, adj., ranking
one above another.
superposer, tr., to superpose, suppléer, intr., to supply the
place, make good.
supplice, m., corporal punish-
ment, tonnent. supplier, ir., to beseech.
supporter, tr., to endure, bear.
suppression, /., suppressi\)n,
déduction.
264 Origines de la France Contemporaine
supprimer, ir.y to suppress,
eliminate.
suprême, adj.f suprême, con-
summate, final, extrême.
sur, prep.f on account of;
out of; upon; concerning;
against; ^le-champ, im-
mediately.
sûr, -e, adj\, sure, safe, se-
cure.
surabondance, /., supera-
bundance; plethora.
surabonder, intr.y to supera-
bound, be superabundant.
suralouter, /r., to superadd.
surcnargey /., additional bur-
den.
surchargé, -e, adj.y onerous,
overburdened.
surcharger, tr.j to overcharge,
crowd, overestimate, over-
burden, surcharge.
surcroît, w., increase; par — ,
to make matters worse; as
the last straw; in an ex-
cess, in addition.
sûreté, /., safety.
surexcitation, /., overexcite-
mént.
surexciter, /r., to excite great-
ly, overexcite.
surfaire, /r., to overcharge,
value too highly.
sur-le-champ, adv.y straight-
way.
surmener, /r., to Overdrive,
exhaust, overwork.
surmonter, /r., to overcome.
surnommer, /r., to sumame.
surnuméraire, m., supernu-
merary; minor light.
surpasser, tr., to surpass, ex-
ceed.
surprise, /., surprise.
sursauter, intr.y to be startled,
start, thrill.
surtout, m, y overcoat.
surtout, adv.y above ail, es-
pecially.
surveillance, /., inspection,
vigilance, close watch.
surveiller, tr.y to watch, keep
an eye upon.
survenir, inir.y to come on.
survivre, intr.y to survive, suspect, m., suspicions person.
suspect, -e, adj., suspicious,
suspected.
suspendre, tr., to suspend,
hang.
suspension,/., interruption, symétrique, adj., balanced,
symmetrical.
sympathie, /., goodwill; sym-
pathy.
sympathique, adj., sympa-
thetic, congenial.
symptôme, m., symptom.
sjrndic, m.y trustée.
systématique, adj., System-
atic.
système, m., system, theory.
table,/., table.
tableau, m.y painting, picture,
tablier, m.y apron.
tâche,/., task, job.
tacher, /r., to stain.
tâcher, intr.y to try, endeavor.
tacitement, adv.y tacitly.
tact, m.y tact, feeling, intui-
tactique,/., tactics.
taffetas, m., taffeta, silk.
taille, /., height; shape, figure, stature, grade, type; tax; — personnelle, poil tax; — réelle, property tax.
Origines de la France Contemporaine 265
tailleur, w., tailor; — de
pierre, stonecutter.
tak'e, refl,y to be silent, keep
silence.
talent, m., talent.
talon, m., heel.
talus, w., slope; en — , down.
tambour, m., drum; dnimmer.
tandis que, conj.^ whilst.
tanière,/., den.
tant, adv.y se much, se many;
— pis, so much the worse.
tantôtp adv., presently, by and
by; tantôt • • • tantôt, no w
and then.
tant que, conj,, as long as.
tape-dur, m., ruffian.
tapissier, m., upholsterer.
tard, adj. and adv,, late.
taré, -e, adj., def active, dîs-
reputable.
tarir, /r., to cease; dry up. tartare, m., tartar.
tas, w., heap, pile; en — ^ în
heaps.
tasser, tr., to heap up.
taureau, m., buU.
taux, m.y price; assessment;
rate.
taxe, /., tax, assessment.
taxer, tr., to fix the price of;
accuse.
te^pron., thee, thyself.
technique, adj.^ technical.
teint, m.f complexion.
tel, -le, adj.f such a, a certain; like; — que, as.
tellement, adv.j so; in such a
manner; — que, so that.
témoin, m., witness; — oculaire, eyewîtness.
tempérament, m., temper,
disposition; nature.
température, /., température.
tempête,/., tempest.
temple, m., temple.
temporaire, adj., temporary.
temps,, m., time, period; weather.
tenace, adj. y tenacious.
tendre, adj., tender; soft, loving.
tendre, ir., to stretch; strain; hold out.
tendresse, /., tenderness; fond sentiment; effusion.
tendu, -e, p. p. and adj., tight; stiff; strained, alert, outstretched, earnest; style — ^ stiff style.
tenir, tr., to hold, keep; consider, oblige; expect; à quoi s'en — , what to think of it; — salon, to entertain high society; — à honneur, to consider it an honor; se — à, to cling to, stick to; — de, to favor, take after, resemble.
tentation,/., temptation.
tenter, tr., to try, tempt, attempt.
tenu, -e, p. p. and adj., bound; obligea, held, expected, kept.
tenue, /., attitude; deportment, bearing, appearance.
terme, m., term, expression, end.
terminal -e, adj., last, latest.
terminer, tr., to end.
terne, adj., spiritless, dull, wan, colorless.
terrain, m., pièce of ground, plot; basis.
terrasse,/., terrace.
terre, /., earth, land, ground, domain, estate, field, do-
266 Origines de la France Contemporaine
mînion; par — , on the ground; à rase — , skimming the ground.
terreur,/., terror.
Terreur, /., Reign of Terror.
terrible, adj.y dreadful.
territoire,/., terri tory.
terroriste, w., terrorist.
tétanos, m., iockjaw; rigidity.
tête, /., head; par — , individually; en — , at the head; à la — , at the head, in possession; tenir — à, to face down, net to flinch before.
thé, m., tea.
théâtre, m., theater, stage.
thème, m., topic.
théologien, m., theologian.
tiiéologique, adj., theological.
théorème, w., theorem.
théoricien, m., theorist.
théorie,/., theory; — de café, cofiFeehouse politics.
thermidor, m.. Thermidor (eleventh tnonth of the revolutionary calendar^ July iç to August 17).
thermomètre, m., thermometer.
tiède, adj.y lukewarm.
tiers, adj.y third; — état, the people, the commons; cp, état.
tiers, m. y third part, commonalty.
tige,/., trunk, body.
t^re» w., tiger.
timide, adj.j timid.
timidité,/., timidity.
tirade, /., tirade, speech, harangue.
tiraillement, m., twitching.
tire-d'aile, quick flap of the wings; à — , at one swoop.
tirer, /r., to pull; fire; pull off,
draw. denve, make.
tireur de bois flotté, logman,
hauler of logs out of the
river, tiroir, m., drawer.
titre, f»., title, right; deed; à
— de, by right of ; by way
of.
tocsifi, m.j tocsin, toi, pron., thee, thou.
toile, /., doth; linen; canvas,
curtain.
toilette, /., toilet; article of
dress; dressing.
toit, m., roof, tolérable, adj., endurabje.
tolérance,/., toleration.
tolérer, /r., to suffer.
tomber, intr., to fail.
ton, m, y tone, voice; le bon
— , good form, fashion.
tondu, -e, adj., shom.
tonnant, -e, adj., thundering.
tonneau, m., cask.
tonnerre, m., thundering noise,
thunder.
tordre, /r., to twist.
torpeur,/., torpor.
tort, m, y wrong, blâme; avoir
— , to be wrong; a tous les
— s, is to blâme for every-
thing.
torture,/, torture.
toscan, -e, adj.^ Tuscan.
total, -e, adj.y total; whole;
complète; ». m,, whole. toucher, tr. and intr.y to touch,
handle, move.
toujours, adv,y al way s, con-
stantly, still.
tour,/., tower.
tour, m.y tum; révolution;
trick, style, dèvice, man-
Origines de la France Contemporaine 267
ner, phrase; — à — , one after another, in turn; à leur — , in their turn.
tourbe,/., mob.
tourbillon, m., whirlwind, whiripool.
tourmenter, /r., to torment; beset; persécute.
tourner, /r. or intr.j to turn, ho ver; la tête lui tourne, his head swims.
tournure,/., figurç.
tout, pron.j ail, everything; ». w., whole.
tout, adv.j wholly, qui te; — au moins, at the very least; — au plus, at the very most ; — au rebours, quite on the contrary; — de suite, immediately ; — à fait, wholly, entirely.
tout, -e, adj.y ail, every, whole, entire, perfect, complète.
toutefois, conj.j nevertheless.
toute-puissance, /., omnipotence, absolute power.
tracer, tr.j to trace; lay out.
traduire, /r., to translate.
tragédie,/., tragedy.
tragique, oJ/., tragic; horrible.
trahir, /r., to betray.
trahison, /., treachery, treason.
train, m., way; train, course, tendency; — flottant, raft; au — , at the rate.
traînée de poudre,/., train of gunpowder.
traîner, tr. and intr.j to draw; drag along; lie about; be found.
traîneur, m,, straggler; idle
fellow; — de rue, street
loafer.
traire, tr,, to milk.
trait, m., trait, characteris-
tic, touch, feature.
traitant, w., f armer of public
revenues, deputy collecter;
tax farmer.
traité, m., treatise, tract;
treaty.
traitement, m., treatment;
usage, salary, state banquet, traiter, /r., to discuss; treat;
— en, to treat like.
traiteur, m., eating-house keep-
er.
traître, m., traitor.
trajet, w., passage, trip.
tranchant, -e, adj\, sharp,
cutting, keen.
tranchant, m., edge.
tranche, /., slice.
trancher, /r., to eut; — net,
settle off-hand.
tranquille, adj.y quiet, fearless.
transformer, /r., to transform.
transiger, intr., to come to
terms, compromise, make
terms.
transition, /., transition,
change.
transmettre, /r., to convey,
transfer, transmit, hand
down.
transmis, p, p., handed down. transplanter, /r., to transplant.
transport, m., carriage; rap-
ture.
transporté, -e, p. p., enthused.
transporter, /r., to transport,
enthuse; transfer.
trapu, -e, adj., thickset.
268 Origines de la France Contemporaine
travail, m., work.
travaillé, -e, adj. and p. p,,
labored, elaborate.
travailler, /r., to work; do
with care; o ver work; carve,
work at; — les viandes
(popular expr.)f to carve
méat.
travailleur, m., workman,
worker.
travers; à — , adv., across;
through.
traverser, /r., to cross, pass
through.
trébucher, m/r., to stumble,
waver, lose control.
trembler, intr.j to tremble.
trembleur, w., trembler. trembleu-r, -se, adj., trem-
bling; cowardly.
trémoussement, m., frisking,
vivacity, activity.
trentaine,/., about thirty.
trente, num. adj., thirty.
trépignement, m., stamping.
très, adv.y very.
trésor, w., treasure, hoard.
Trésor, w., public treasury.
tressaillement, m., starting,
thrill.
tressaillir, intr., to tremble,
thrill.
tréteau, w., trestle; pi., stage
of a mountebank; démagogie oratory.
tribun, m., tribune.
tribunal, m., judgment seat,
court, tribunal.
Tribtmat, m., a body whose
members had the right to
oppose the projects of the
government.
tribime, /., tribune, office,
gallery.
tribut, m., tribute.
tricolore, adj., tricolored.
tricoteuse, /., knitter; woman
who, during the French Révolution, attended politicai
assemblies.
triomphant, -e, adj., trium^
phant.
triomphe, m., triumph.
triompher, tr., to triumph.
tripot, m., gambling house.
triste, (M[/.,.sorrowful, sad.
trois, num. adj., three.
troisième, num. adj., third.
tromper, tr., to deceive, cheat.
trompette, /., trumpet; coup
de — ^ trumpet blast.
trompette, m., trumpeter.
tronc, m., trunk.
trône, m., throne.
trôner, intr., to sit on a
throne, hold forth.
trop, adv., too much; too.
trophée, m., trophy.
trop-plein, m., overflow, su>
perabundance, excess.
trou, m., hole.
trouble, m., confusion, dis-
turbance, émotion.
troubler, tr., to trouble, dis-
turb, render uneasy, em-
barrass.
trouer, tr., to bore; perforate.
troupe, /., troupe, band,
troop, soîdiery.
troupeau, m., herd, flock,
swarm.
trousse,/., case (ofa barber).
trouver, tr., to find, discover;
think; se — , to be présent;
be; prove.
truite,/., trout.
tu, pron., thou.
tuer, tr., to slay; kilL
Origines de la France Contemporaine 269
tuerie,/., butchery.
tueur, m.j chief slayer, chief
hangman.
Tuileries, les, the former
royal palace, tumulte, m. y tumult.
tumultueu-x, -se, adj,, tu-
multuous.
turbot, m.j turbot, tutelle, /., protection, guard-
ianship. '
type, w., type.
tyran, w., tyrant.
tyrannie,/., tyranny.
tyrannique, adj,y tyrannical.
tyranniquement, adv., tyran-
nically.
tyranniser, tr.y to tyrannize
un, -e, adj, or pron.y one; a; — à — , one by one.
unanimité, /., unanimity; à 1' — , unanimously.
uni, -e, adj.y uniform, plain, simple, untrimmed.
uniforme, n. m. and adj., uniform.
uniformité, /., uniformity.
unique, adj., unique, only, sole, alone; n, m., only one.
unisson, m., unison.
univers, w., uni verse.
universalité, /., entirety, entire body; generality.
universel, -le, adj.y uni versai, gênerai, common.
umversité,/., university.
urbain, -e, adj.y urban.
urbanité,/., urbanity.
urgence,/., urgency.
usage, m., custom, traîning, use, usage; avoir de V — , to
be familiar with the ways
of Society.
usé, -e, adj.f worn; thread-
bare.
user, /r. and intr.y to use;
make use of; wear (out).
usurpat-eur, -rice, n. and
adj.y usurper, usurping.
usurpation, /., usurpation.
usurper, /r., to usurp.
utile, adj.y useful.
utilité,/., utility.
vache,/., cow.
vagabond, m., vagrant.
vagabonder, inir.y to tramp
about.
va^e, adj.y vague; loose.
vam, -e, adj., vain; en — ^
vainly.
vaincre, /r., to conquer.
vainement, adv.y in vain.
vainqueur, m., conqueror,
Victor.
vaisseau, m., ship.
valable, adj.y valid.
valet, m. y footman, servant,
body servant, satellite.
valeur, /., value; valor,
worth.
valide, adj.y valid; sturdy.
valider, /r., to confirm, ap-
prove, ratify.
valoir, intr.y to be worth,
amount to; — mieux, to be
better; — autant, to be as
well.
vanité, /., self-conceit, van-
ity. vanter, rejl.y to boast.
vapeur, /., fume, vapor,
steam.
varier, /r. and intr.y to vary,
change.
^7o Origines de la France Contemporaine
▼ase, m,, vase, vessel.
vase,/., mud.
vaste, adj.y great, extensive,
spacious.
veau, m.f veal, calf.
végétation, /., végétation,
plant.
végéter, tntr.y to vegetate.
veille, /., watch; day before,
evening before, eve; à la —
de, just before.
veine, /., vein; luck.
velléité, /., slight désire, impulse.
velours, w., velvet.
velu, -e, adj., hairy.
venant, m., corner; à tout — ^
to ail corners.
vendémiaire, m., Vendémiaire
(first month of the révolution-
ary calendar^ Sept. 22 to OcL
vendre, /r., to sell.
vénéneu-3^ -se, adj.^ poison-
ous.
vénération,/., vénération; en
— , revered.
veneur, m., huntsman; grand
— ^ m., first huntsman of the
royal hunting train, mas-
ter of the hunt.
vengeance,/., vengeance.
venuneu-34 -se, adj.y poison-
ous.
venin, m., poison.
venir, intr.j to come, come to,
come and, arrive; — de,
to hâve just . . .
ventôse, w., Ventôse (sixth
month of the. revolutionary
calendafy F eh, iç to Mar. 20) .
ventre, w., belly; mettre du
cœur au — ^ to give fresh
courage.
venu; le premier — , the first
comer, anyone.
vérification, /., vérification;
proof.
vérifier, /r., to examine, in-
vestigate.
véritable, adj., true, gemiine.
véritablement, adv., really, vérité, /., truth; à la — ^ în-
deed, to be sure.
vermeil, m., silver-gilt.
vermine,/., ver min.
vermineu-x, -se, adj., caused
by worms.
vermoulu, -e, adj., worm-
eaten.
vernis, w., vamish. • vérole, /., pox; petite — ^
smallpox.
verre, m., glass.
verrou, m., boit.
vers, m., verse.
vers, prep., towards.
verser, /r ., to pour (out), serve,
turn.
verset, m, (Bibl.)y verse.
vertj -e, adj., green; sharp.
vertige, w., dizziness, vertige, excitement.
vertu, /., virtue; en — de, in
accordance with.
vertueu-x, -se, virtuous.
veste,/, round jacket.
vêtement, m., garment.
vêtir, /r., to dress.
veuf, m.y widower.
veu-f, -ve, adj., widowed.
veuve,/., widow.
viable, ai/., likely to live.
viager, m., life annuity.
viag-er, -ère, adj., for life.
viande,/., méat, vibrant, -e, adj., vibra ting;
earnest; ringing.
Origines de la France Contemporaine 271
vibrer, m., to vibrate.
vice, f»., vice, fault.
vicieu-x, -se, adj., vicious,
faulty.
victime, /., victim.
victoire/., victory.
vide, adj.f empty.
vider, /r., to empty.
vie,/., life; course of life.
vieil, see vieux, vieillard, m., oid man.
vieillesse,/., oid âge.
vieux, vieil, -le, (uf;., oid.
vi-f, -ve, adj.f alive, iiving,
lively, keen, bright; de
vive force, by violence.
vigne, /., vineyard, vine.
vigneron, m., vinedresser.
vignoble, m., vineyard.
vigueur,/., vigor, strength.
vil, -e, adj.f vile, base, low.
vilain, -e, aéj.y ugly.
vilenie, /., nastiness, shabby
trick, dirty action, base-
ness.
villageois, m., villager.
ville,/., city.
vin, f»., wine.
vindicati-f, -ve, adj,, vîndîc-
tive. vingt, num, adj.y twenty.
vingtaine,/., score.
vingt-cinq, num, adj,, twenty-
five.
vingtième, m., income taz of
five per cent, vingtième, num, adj., twen-
^ tieth.
violation,/., violation.
violemment, adv., violently.
violence,/, violence, violent, -e, adj.j violent, high-
handed.
violon, m., violin, fiddle.
vipère,/., viper.
viril, -e, adj., manly.
visage, m., face.
visible, adj., visible.
visiblement, adv., visibly, ob-
viously.
visière^., visor; peak (ofcaps), vision,/, vision.
visiter, /r., to visit, inspect.
vite, adv., quickly.
vitre, /., windowpane; win-
dow.
vitré, -e, adj., glazed; of glass.
vivace, adj.y perennial; hardy.
vivant, -e, adj.y Iiving.
vivre, inir.y to live; savoir — ^
to be a person of good man-
ners.
vivre, m., food; pl.y vîctuals.
vocabulaire, m., vocabulary. vociférations, / pi., vociférations.
vœu, m.y vow, prayer, vote,
political belief.
vogue, /, fashion; avoir (de)
la — , to be in fashion.
voici, prep.y hère is, this is;
hère are, there are; — que,
behold!
voie, /, way, channel, road;
lancé hors de sa — , get-
ting away from his {former
prudent) ways.
voilà, prep.y there is, there
are.
voir, tr.y to see; view.
voirie, /., carrîon pit; street
administration.
voisin, m.y neighbor.
voisin, -e, adj.y adjacent,
near.
voisinage, m., neighborhood.
voiture, /, carriage, wagon;
— publique, car of state.
^72 Origines de la France Contemporaine
voix, /., voice; à pleine — ,
without concealment. vol, m., theft; flight volcan, m.f volcano.
volée,/., flight; flock.
voler, tr., to steal.
volet, m., window shutter.
voleter, »«/r., to flutter.
voleur, m.j thief.
volontaire, w., volunteer.
volontairement, adv., volun-
tarilv, readily.
volonté, /., will, readiness,
wish; pl.y whims.
volupté,/., pleasure.
vonur. ir.f to vomit.
voracité,/, voracity.
vote, w., vote.
voter, tr. and intr., to vote, vouloir, tr., to will, wish; —
dire, to mean.
voulu, adj., forced, stiff.
vous, pron.y you, yourself,
yourseives.
voûte,/., arch, vault
voyage, w., voyage.
voyager, intr., to tiavel.
voyageur, w., tra vêler.
voyou, m., hoodlum.
vrai, -e, adj., truc, real.
vraiment, adv., truly.
vue, /., sight; à —, at sîght, in sight, visible.
vulgaire, adj\, vulgar, eommon.
vulgariser, tr., to make vulgar, popularize.
y, adv, and pron., there, to it, for it, to them, for them; of it, of them; by it; — avoir, to be.
yeux, m, pL, eyes.
aéro, m., zéro.
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