livre,/., pound; franc

livrer, tr,, to deliver up, give over; se — , to commit, give one's self up, yield.

local, -e, adj., local.

loger, tr. and intr., to lodge, quarter, live.

logicien, m., logician.

logique, n. f. and adj., logic; logical.

lo|;is, m., dwelling; home.

loi,/, law, authority.

loin, adv., far; — de, far from; de — , from afar.

lointain, -e, adj.f far off, remote. *

loisir, m., spare time.

Londres, m., London.

long, -ue, adj., long, slow; à la — ue, in the long run.

longanimité,/., forbearance.

longe, /, loin; — de veau, loin of veal.

longtemps, adv., a long while.

longueur,/, length.

lors, adv., then; dès — ^ from that time onward.

lorsque, conj., when.

louange, /., praise, commendation.

louer, tr., to let, rent,

louer, tr,, to praise.

louis, m., louis (an old French coin worth ahout $4.56).

loup, m., wolf.

lourd, -e, adj., heavy.

louveteau, m., young wolf.

louve tier, m., head of the royal wolf-hunting expédition.

louvoyer, intr., to maneuver, tack, dodge, bend.

loyal, -e, adj., loyal, honorable, upright.

lu, -e, p, p., read.

Origines de la France Contemporaine 233

lubie,/., whim.

lucide, adj.j lucid.

lucidité,/., lucidity, clearness. lueur, /., glimmer, light, glow.

lugubre, adj.j doleful.

lui, pron.y he. to him; it, to it.

lui-même, pron.^ himself.

luisant, près, part., shining,

gleaming.

lumière,/., light; insight, en-

lightenment; se produire

à la — , to become évident, lune,/., moon.

lunette,/., spyglass; eyeglass.

lutte,/., struggle.

luxe, m., luxury; objets de

— , fancy goods, luxuries;

industrie de — , high-class

industry.

machinal, adj., mechanical.

machine,/., machine, angine.

mâchoire,/., jaw.

maçon, m., mason.

maçonnerie,/., masoniy.

madame,/., madam, mistress.

Madame, /., king's aides t

daughtar; wifa of king's

eldast brothar.

magasin, m., store,* shop;

stock, magazine.

magie,/., magie.

ma|;istrat, m., magîstrate.

mai, m., May.

maigre, adj., lean.

main,/., hand; à pleines — s,

by handfuls, lavishly; les

— s vides, ampty-handed;

sous la — , under control.

mainmorte, /., serfdom, en-

tail; mort mai n (/eMJfl/îVw);

réversion; {at présent) per-

petuity, corporation tax.

maint, -e, adj.j many.

maintenant, adv., now.

maintenir, /r., to sustain, keep; se — , to keep up.

maintien, m., maintenance.

maire, m., mayor.

mairie,/., town hall.

mais, conj.j but.

maison, /., house; firm, family.

maître, f»., mas ter; teacher; proprietor; — de maison, householder; — dliôtel, chief steward; — de garderobe, master of the robes; grand — , master of cérémonies, head master, commander.

maîtresse,/., mistress.

maîtriser, /r., to master.

majesté,/., majesty.

majestueu-z, -se, adj., majestic.

major, m., major.

majorité,/., majority.

maî, m., evil, harm, pain, ache.

mal, adv.f badly, îll.

malade, adj., sick, ill.

maladie,/., sickness.

maladresse, /., awkwardness.

malaise, m., uneasiness, discomfort.

malandrin, m., brigand.

mâle, m.y maie.

malf aisance, /., malfeasance; wickedness; corruption.

malfaisant, -e, adj.y mischievous; injurions; pemicious, dangerous.

malfaiteur, m., evil doer.

malgré, prep.^ in spite of.

malheur, m., mishap, accident, misfortune, unhappiness; — à, woe tp!

234 Origines de la France Contemporaine

malheiireu-z, -se, adj., n. m, andf.f unfortunate.

malhonnête, adj.f dishonest, discourteous.

malle,/., trunk.

malsain, -e, adj.f unhealthy, unhealthful, unwholesome.

malsonnant, -e, adj.j offensive; heretical, improper.

maltôte, /., extortion, unjust taxation.

maltôtier, m.f extortioner.

maltraiter, tr., to maltreat.

mamelle,/., breast.

manche, m., handle.

manche,/., sleeve.

mandat, m., warrant, mandate, authority.

mandataire, m., proxy.

manger, tr., to eat, use up; — son blé en herbe, to spend one's money before one has it.

maniaque, m., maniac.

manie,/., mania.

manier, /r., to handle, treat, wield.

manière, /., manner, way; à la — du temps, as did his contemporaries.

manifeste, m., manifesto.

manifestement, adv.y manîfestly, obviously.

manipuler, /r., to manipulate.

manœuvre, w., laborer; n. /., action.

manœuvrer, tr., to manipulate, operate.

manque, m., want, lack.

manquer, tr. and intr., to miss, fail, lack, be lacking; — de grâces, to be lacking in affability; —

d'être assassiné, to nar-

rowly escape being killed.

manufacture, /., manufacture, factory.

maquignon, m., horse dealer, marais, m., marsh.

maraudeur, m., marauder, marbre, m., marble.

marchand, m., merchant; —

de vin, wine merchant.

marchande, /., peddler wom-

an.

marchandise, /., merchan-

dise, wares, goods. marche, /., march; se mettre

en — , to march off.

marché, m., market; market

place; (à) bon — , cheap;

en fait bon — , does not

value it highly.

marcher, intr.j to move on;

march, go.

marcher, m., walk, gait, carnage.

mare,/., pool, pond.

maréchal, m., farrier; marshal.

maréchale,/., marshars lady.

maréchaussée, /., mounted

rural police, marge^/., margin.

mari, m., husband.

marin, m., mariner, sailor.

maritime, adi., maritime, marmite,/., ïx)iler, saucepan.

marmiton, m., scuUion, kitch-

en drudge.

marmotte,/., brat; puppet.

marque,/., mark, cipher; rank.

marquer, /r., to mark, note,

prescribe, define.

marquis, m., marquis.

mars, m., March.

marseillais, -e, adj., of Mar-

seilleÇf

Origines de la France Contemporaine 235

Marseillaise, /., the Mazseil-

laise.

marteau, m,, hammer.

niart]^:, w., martyr.

masque, m., mask, face.

masqué, -e, adj., masked.

massacre, m., massacre.

massacrer, tr., to butcher.

massacreur, m., murderer.

masse,/., mass; mace, weight;

unity, unit.

massif, m., solid mass.

massue, /., cliib; coup de — ^

heavy blow.

mat, cp. échec, matelas, m., mattress.

matérialisme, m., material-

ism.

matériaux, m. pL, materials.

mathématicien, m., mathe-

matician.

matière, /., matter, subject,

material; en — de, in

point of.

matin, m., mornlng; du — ^,

in the morning.

maussade, adj.j sullen, un-

pleasant.

mauvais, -e, adj.^ bad, ill,

poor (in quality).

maxime, f.j maxim.

me, pron.y me.

mécanicien, m., angine man,

mechanic, machinist.

mécaniquement, aJv., me-

chanically.

méchant, -e, adj.^ mean, evil,

bad; w. andf.j wrongdoer,

evil person.

mécontent, -e, ddj.y dissatis-

fied.

médaille,/., medal.

médecin, m., doctor, phy sidan.

médiocre, adj., middling, indiffèrent, only fair.

médiocrité, /., mediocrity, meagerness.

méditer, tr. and inir., to meditate, reflect.

méfait, m., misdeed, mistake.

meilleur, -e, adj., better, best.

mélange m., mixture, mingling.

mêlé, -e, adj.y mixed.

mêler, /r., to mix, mingle.

mélodrame, m., melodrama.

membre, m., member, part.

même, adj,, same, self; adv.^ even; de — , likewise.

mémoire, m., brief, disserta-

menaçant, -e, adj., threatening.

menace,/., threat.

menacer, tr., to threaten.

ménage, m., household; house.

ménagement, m., caution; conduct, considération, care.

ménager, /r., to save; treat with caution; spare, humor.

ménag-er, -ère, adj.y saving, stingy.

mendiant, -e, n. m. and /., and adj.y beggar, mendicant.

mendier, /r., to beg.

mener, to lead, conduct, direct, carry on.

ménétrier, w., fiddler.

meneur, m., ringleader, leader.

mensonge, m., lie.

mental, -c^ adj., mental.

mention,/., mention.

mentir, in/r., to lie.

menu, -e, adj., small; intendant de — s plaisirs, stew-

236 Origines de la France Contemporaine

ard in charge of the lesser distractions of the King.

menuisier, m., joiner.

mépris, m.f scorn, contempt; au — de, in spite of.

mépriser, tr.^ to scorn.

mer,/., sea.

merci,/., mercy.

mercier, m., haberdasher; peddler.

méridional, -e, adj.f southern.

mérite, m., merit.

mériter, /r., to deserve, merit.

méritoire, adj., meritorious.

mésaventure, /., mishap.

mesquinerie,/, meanness.

messe,/., mass.

Messie, m., Messiah.

messieurs, m. pi., gentlemen.

mesure, /., measure; deliberateness; à — que, in proportion as, as fast as.

mesuré, -e, adj., cautious, circumspect, perfectly adapted.

mesurer, /r., to measure.

métal, m.f métal.

métaphore,/., metaphor.

métayer, w., f armer.

méthodiquement, adv., methodically.

métier, m., trade, business; gens de — , mechanics.

métropole,/., metropolis.

mettre, /r., to put, invest, put on, set, place; — le feu à la maison, to set the house on fire; — au fait, to inform of a thing; se — (à), to begin.

meuble, m., household goods, furniture, furnishings.

meule, /., grindstone; mill; cheval de — , horse in a treadmill.

meurtre, m., murder.

meurtri, -e, adj., bruised.

meurtrier, m., murderer; assassin.

meurtri-er, -ère, adj., murderous.

meute,/., pack of hounds.

miche,/, s'mall loaf.

mi-chemin; à — , halfway.

midi, m., noon; south.

mieux, adv., better, best; être — , to be better off.

milice, /., militia, military service; — s, militiamen.

milieu, m., middle, midst; au — de, in the middle of, among.

militaire, adj., military; n. m., soldier.

mille, num. adj., thousand.

milliard, m., one thousand millions, billion.

millier, m., thousand.

million, m., million.

millionnaire, m. and /., millionaire.

mimique, adj., mimic; n, /., mimicry, pantomime, performance.

mince, adj., slight; thin, slender.

mine,/., look; source.

ministère, m., ministry, ministerial office.

ministre, m., minister; expression.

minorité,/, minority.

minuit, m., midnight.

minute,/., minute.

miroir, m., mirror.

mise,/, setting; être de — ^ to

Origines de la France Contemporaine 237

be présentable, fashionable,

in good form.

misérable, adj.^ misérable,

wretched.

misère,/., distress, wretched-

ness.

mitoyen, -ne, adj.^ interme-

diate.

mitrailler, /r., to fire grape-

shot at; shell.

mode,/., fashion.

modèle, m., model.

modéré, -e, adj.^ moderate,

gentle.

modérément, adv., moder-

ately.

moderne, adj.^ modem, modestie, adj., modest.

mœurs,/. ^/., manners, mor-

als, conduct, customs.

moi, pron.^ I; «. w., ego.

moindre, adj.^ less, least,

smaller, smallest.

moins, adv., less; à — de, for

less than, short of; au — ,

at least; tout au — , at the

very least; à tout le — , at

least.

mois, m. y month.

moisissure,/., moldiness,mold.

moisson,/., harvest.

moitié,/., half.

moUesse, /., softness,^ weak-

ness.

moment, m., moment.

monarchie,/., monarchy.

monarchiste, m., monarchist,

partisan of royalty.

monar(]^ue, m., monarch.

monastique, adj.^ monastic.

monceau, m., heap.

mondain, -e, adj., mundane,

social, of Society, in Society, worldly.

monde, m., world; people, circle, society; beau — , fashionable society; tout le — , everybody; il n'y a que le — , society only is necessary.

monologue, m., monologue.

monomanie,/., monomania.

monopole, m., monopoly.

monotone, adj., monotonous.

monsieur, m., gentleman, sir.

monstre, w., monster.

monstrueu-z, -se, adj.y monstrous.

Montagnard, m. , radical member of the Convention of 1793; a radical.

montagnard, -e, adj.^ radical.

montagne,/. , mountain ; par ty of radicals {in the Convention of i7Ç3i and National Assembly).

monter, intr.y to ascend, mount, increase.

montre, /., watch, display; faire — de, to display.

montrer, tr.y to fehow.

monture,/, mount, animal for riding.

moral, -e, adj.y moral, ethical; n. /., ethics, attitude.

morceau, m. y bit, pièce; — à effet, claptrap.

mordre, /r., to bite, eat away, gnaw.

morgue,/, haughtiness.

morne, adj., dull, gloomy.

morose, adj.y sullen.

mort,/, death; cri de — ^ cry of murder; donner la — à, to kill.

mort, m. y dead person.

mort, -e, adj.y dull, dead; — e-

238 Origines de la France Contemporaine

saison, idle season (win-

ter).

mortel, -le, adj.j mortal,

deadly, fatal, mot, m. y Word, remark; bon

— , witticism.

moteur, w., motor; mover;

author.

motif, m., motive, cause, motion, /., motion; converti

en — s pratiques, put into

form of motions, put into

action, motte,/., clod; turf.

mou, mol, -le, adj.^ soft, mouchoir, m., handkerchief.

moule, m., mold, cast.

mouran^ w., dying person.

mourir, intr.^ to die.

mousse,/., froth, foam, effervescence.

moustache,/., mustache.

mouton, m. y sheep, mutton.

moutonni-er, -ère, adj.y sheep-

like.

mouvant, -e, adj.^ moving,

restless.

mouvement, m., impulse, motion.

mouvoir, /r., to move.

moyen, w., means, way, man-

ner.

moyen, -ne, adj.^ middle

sized, middle, intermedi-

ate.

moyennant, prep.^ for.

moyenner, /r., to bring about.

mugissement, m., bellowing.

muid, m., hogshead.

mule,/, slipper.

multiplicité, /, great num-

ber.

multiplier, /r., to multiply.

multitude,/., multitude.

muni, -e, p. p., armed, equipped.

municipal^ -e, adj., municipal.

munidpahté, /., municipality.

munir, /r., to supply, furnish.

mur, m., wall.

mûr, -e, adj.y ripe.

muraille,/., thick, high wall.

murmure, m., murmuring.

murmurer, tn/r., to mur mur.

muscle, m. y muscle.

museau, m., muzzle; nose.

musique,/., music.

mutiler, /r., to mutilate.

mutin, m. y noter.

mutuel, -le, adj.y mutual.

myope, w., shortsighted person.

naïf, naïve, adj.y simple, artless, candid, innocent.

naissance,/., birth.

naître, intr.y to be bom, spring up; faire — , to beget.

nappe,/., tablecloth.

natal, -e, adj., native, natural.

nation, f., nation.

national, -e, adj.y national.

nature, /., nature.

naturel, m., temper, disposition.

naturel, -le, adj., natural.

naturellement, adv., naturally.

nausée,/., nausea.

navire, m., vessel.

ne . • . pas, not; ne • • • plus, no longer; ne . . .

gjuère, hardly; ne . . .

rien, nothing; ne . . . jamais, never; ne . . • personne, nobody.

Origines de la France Contemporaine 239

nerve;

né, -e, p. p. y born.

néanmoins, adv., neverthe-

less.

néant, m., aothing; homme

de — , nonentity.

nécessaire, m., necessaries;

adj., necessary.

nécessité, /., necessity.

nécessiteux, m., pauper; adj.^

needy.

négoce, m., traffic.

négociant, m., merchant, business man.

nègre, w., negro.

neige, A, snow.

nerf (pr. nerf), m.,

tendon.

nerveu-x, -se, adj.y nervous;

sinewy.

net, adv.y suddenly; trancher

— , to settle offhand.

nettoyer, tr.y to clean, clear

eut.

neu-f, -ve, adj., new.

nez, m. y nose.

ni . . . ni, con;., neither, nor.

niaiserie, /., silliness; non-

sense, silly trifle.

niche,/., niche.

nier, tr.y to deny.

nigaud, w., booby.

niveau, w., level; — d'eau,

water level; de — , on a

level, equal; au — de, on a

par with.

nivellement, w., leveling; uni-

fying, simplification.

nohle, m. y nobleman; pi. y no-

bility; adj.j noble, dignified.

noblesse,/., nobility, rank.

nocturne, adj\f nightly.

nœud, m. y knot. noir, -e, adj.y black, gloomy,

in black; dark.

noircir, tr.y to blacken; stain.

nom, m. y name; famé.

nomade, m. y nomad.

nombre, m. y number; (bon) — de, numerous.

nombreu-x, -se, adj.y numerous.

nommé, -e, p. p. y named.

nommer, tr.y to nominate, name, appoint.

Nord, m. y north.

notaire, w., notary.

note,/., note.

noter, tr.y to note, take notice of, make note of.

notion, /., idea; knowledge, concept.

noueu-^ -se, adj.y knotty.

nourri, -e, p. p.y fed.

nourrice,/., nurse.

nourrir, tr.y to feed, nourish.

nourriture, /., nourishment, food.

nous, pron.y we, us, ourselves.

nouveau, nouvel, -le,, adj.y new; récent, other.

nouvelle,/., news.

novateur, w., innovator.

noyade,/, drowning.

noyau, w., nucleus.

noyer, tr.y to drown; se — , to be drowned.

nu, -e, adj.y naked; bare.

nuage, m., cloud.

nuance, /., shade; distinction, gradation.

nuit,/., night.

nul, -le, pron.y nobody, no one, no, none.

nul, -le, adj.y not any, no.

nullement, adv.y by no means.

nullité, /., nullity, insignificance.

numéro, m., number.

240 Origines de la France Contemporaine

obéir, intr.f to obey. obéissance, /., obédience.

objecter, /r., to object; re-

proach.

objet, m.f object.

obligation,/., obligation; d' — ,

obligatory.

obligatoire, adj.y obligatory.

obligé, -e, a4j. and p. p.j obligatory, forced.

obliger, /r., to oblige, com-

pel, subject.

obscur, -e, adj'.f dark.

obscurément, adv., obscurely.

obscurité, /., obscurity.

obséder, /r., to beset; possess

{pfevil spirits).

observer, /r., to observe, obsession,/., obsession.

obstacle, w., obstacle.

obstiner; s' — , to persist, in-

sist.

obtenir, /r., to obtain.

occasion, /., occasion, op-

portunity.

occupation, /., occupation;

business.

occupé, -e, adf/., busy.

occuper, /r., to occupy, em-

ploy, entertain.

octroi, w., grant; municipal

customhouse; city tolls.

oculaire, adj.^ ocular; témoin

— , eyewitness.

odeur,/., smell.

odieu-z, -se, adj.y odious,

hateful.

odorat, w., smell, sensé of

smell.

œil, w., eye; coup d' — ,

glance.

œillère,/., blinder (harness), œillet, m.f carnation, pink.

œillette, /., poppy.

œuvre,/., work.

office, m.f office; duty; position, purpose.

officiel, -le, adj.y officiai.

officier, m., officer.

officine,/., laboratory, study; apothecary's shop.

offrant; au plus — , to the highest bidder; au premier — , to the first applicant.

offrir, tr.y to offer.

offusquer, /r., to obscure, dazzle; offend; befuddle.

ocre, m. y ogre.

oiseau, m.y bird.

oisif, m.y idier.

oisi-i, -ve, adj.y idle.

oisiveté,/., idleness.

oligarchie, /., oligarchy.

olivier, w., olive tree.

ombrage, m., shade, shadow, suspicion; porter — , to arouse suspicion.

ombrageu-z, -se, adj.y skit- •tish, nervous, uneasy, suspicious.

ombre, /., shadow; background.

omettre, /r., to omit, pass over in silence.

omnipotence,/., omnipotence, suprême power.

omniprésence,/., ubiquity.

on, pron.y one; they; people; we.

once,/, ounce.

oncle, m.y uncle.

onze, adj.y eleven.

Opéra, /., Opéra Ho use (jn Farts).

opération, /, opération, repair, process.

opérer, /r., to operate; s' — , to be effected.

opiner. intr% to give one's

opinion.

opiniâtreté, /., obstinacy.

opinion, /., opinion, vote,

public opinion.

opposer, tr.f to oppose, set up.

opposition,/., opposition.

oppression, /., oppression.

opprimé, -c^ p. p., oppressed.

opprobre, m., shame.

opter, intr., to choose, décide.

or, m., gold.

or, conj.f but, now; well.

oracle, m., oracle, oraison,/., orison, prayer.

orateur, m., orator.

oratoire, adj.j oratorical.

oratoire, w., prayer cabinet,

oratory.

orbite, /., socket; mettre un

œil hors de V — , to gouge

out an eye.

ordinaire, adj. and n. m.,

common; usual, ordinary;

comme à V — , as usual;

d* — , usually.

ordinairement, adv.^ usually.

ordonnateur, m., manager.

ordre, w., order; class, pro-

gram, good behavior; par

— s, by classes; mot d* — ,

password.

oreille,/., ear, hearing.

orfèvre, w., goldsmith.

organe, m., organ.

organiser, /r., to organize.

orgie, /., orgy.

orgueil, w., pride; — souffrant, wounded pride.

original, -e, adj., original, ec-

centric.

originalité,/., originality.

origine, /., origin; dès V — ^

from the beginning.

originel, -le, adj.j original, ornement, w., ornament.

ornière,/., rut.

orphelin, m., orphan.

orthodoxie, /., orthodoxy.

orthographe,/., spelling.

os, m., bone.

osciller, intr.j to vibrate,

sway, hover.

oser, tr.j to dare, risk.

ostensible, adj.^ ostensible.

ôté, prep.y except, save, aside

from.

ôter, /r., to take away, re-

move; take off, detract,

subtract.

ou, conj.j or, either.

où, adv.f where, when, in

which; d' — , whence.

oublier, /r., to forge t.

oui, adv.y yes. »

outillage, m. y clockwork, ma-

chinery.

outrage, m., gross insuit.

outre, prep. and adv., be-

yond, besides; en — , as

well, besides.

outrecuidance, /., presump-

tion; overconfidence.

ouvert, -e, oJ;., open.

ouvertement, adv., openly.

ouverture, /., opening.

ouvrage, w., work; sans — ,

out of work.

ouvrier, w., workman.

ouvrir, /r., to open.

pacha, m.f pasha, chieftain.

pacifique, adj. ,peacef ul, peaceable, peace loving.

pacte, m.j agreement, compact.

page, m.f page {person), attendant.

242 Origines de la ^France Contemporaine

paçe,/., page {ofa hook),

paille^/., straw.

pain, m.^ bread.

paisible, adj.^ peaceful, peaceable.

paître, tr. and intr., to graze; demander à — , to demand food.

paix,/., peace.

palais, m., palace.

pâle, adj.f pale.

palefrenier, m., groom.

pftletir,/., paleness, pallor.

pallier, tr.^ to pallia te.

palpable, adj., palpable, évident.

palpitant, -e, adj,, palpitât-

paneg^iste, m., panegyrist.

panetier, m., master of the

pantry) inspector of bak-

eries.

panne, /.; en — , at anchor,

heaved to; mettre en — ,

to bring, heave to.

pantoufle,/., slipper.

pape, w., pope.

papier, m., paper.

par, prep., by, through, per;

— trois fois, three times;

— instinct, instinctively. parade, /., show; state; burlesque, display, parade; de — , showy, pompous.

parader, intr.y to parade.

paraître, intr.y to appear, seem; look; sans qu'il y parût, without showîng it.

paralyser, /r., to paralyze, render helpless.

paralysie,/., paralysis.

parapet, m., parapet.

parasite, m., parasite.

paravent, m., screen.

parc, m. y park. • parcelle,/., particle.

parce que, conj.y because.

parchemin, m., parchment; pi.,

titles of nobility.

parcimonie,/, parsimony.

parcimonieu-x, -se, adj.y

stingy, mean, close, parcourir, /r., to travel over,

run over, traverse, peruse.

par-dessus, adv. and prep.y

over, above.

pardonner, /r., to forgive.

pareil, m., equal, fellow.

pareil, -le, adj., like; equal,

such.

pareillement, adv., similarly,

likewise.

parent, m., parent, relation, parenté,/, relationship.

parenthèse,/, parenthesis.

parer^ tr.y to adorn; ward off.

parfait, -e, adj.y perfect, com-

pleted.

parfaitement, adv. y perfectly.

parfois, adv.y sométimes.

parfum, m. y perfume.

parfumé, -e, adj.y perfumed.

parisien, -ne, adj.y Parisian.

parlementaire, n. m. and adj.y

parliamentarian; parlia-

mentary.

parlementer, intr.y to parley.

parler, intr.y to speak.

parleur, m.y speechmaker;

spokesman.

parmi, prep.y among.

paroisse,/, parish.

parole,/, word, speech, paroxysme, m., fit.

parquer, /r., to pen up; con-

sign.

part,/., share, part; faire —,

to announce; de votre — ^

Origines de la France Contemporaine 243

from you; nulle — , nowhere; en bonne — , in a kindly manner; d'une — . . . d'autre — , on the one hand ... on the other hand; de toutes — s, on every hand; à — , apart, aside, individually.

partager, ir,, to divide.

partant, adv.y therefore.

parti, f»., party; résolution, course; prendre — , to array one's self; — pris, settled policy, détermination.

particuÛer, m., individual, private individual.

particuli-er, -ère, adj., particular, peculiar; private.

particulièrement, adv., particularly, especially.

partie, /., part, party; game; litigant, project; en — , partly; contestations qu'ils ont comme — s, suits in which they are interested parties; faire — , to be a part.

partiel, -le, adj., partial, local.

partir, intr., to set out, start; à — de, beginning with.

partisan, m., partisan, advocate.

partout, flJv., everywhere.

parure, /., attire, dress, ornament.

parvenu, ». m, and adj.^ upstart.

pas, f»., step, pace; faux — , false step.

pas, adv. (ne . . . pas), not.

passage, t»., transition, passage, passing by; lancer au — , to utter while on the run.

passag-er, -ère, adj., passing, transient.

passant, m., passer-by.

passé, m. y past.

passeport, m., passport.

passer, tr. and intr.y to pass, spend; cross over; hand over; pass along; — par les baguettes, to run the gauntlet; — au fil de Pépée, to slay with a sword thrust; faire — , to admit, hold; se — , to occur, go forward; se — de, to do without.

passi-f, -ve, adj.^ passive.

passion,/., love; passion.

passionné, -e, adj.^ passionate, impassioned.

paternel, -le, adj., patemal.

patience, /., patience, endurance.

pfttir, inir., to suffer.

pâtisserie, /., pastry, confectionery.

pâtre, m. y shepherd.

patrie, /"., native country, fatherland.

patrimoine, m., patrimony.

patriote, w., patriot.

patriotique, adj.^ patriotic.

patriotisme, m., patriotism.

patron, w., patron, employer, master, sponsor.

pâture,/., pasturage; aliment; exercise, feeding ground.

pause,/, stop.

pauvre, n. m, and adj., pauper; poor.

pauvreté,/, poverty.

pavé, m.j pavement.

pavillon, m., pavillon.

payement, w., payment.

payer, tr.y to pay, reward; — de sa personne, to appear

244 Origines de la France Contemporaine

in person, make one's self agreeable.

pays, w., country.

paysan, -ne, m. and /., peasant.

peau,/., skin.

pécher, intr,j to sin, transgress.

pêcher, tr. and intr.y to fish.

pédant, m., pédant; schoolmaster.

pédant, -e, adj.^ pedantic.

peindre, tr., to paint, portray.

peine, /., pain, reluctance, difficulty, hardship, labor; à — , avec — , hardly; avoir — , to hâve difficulty.

peinture,/., painting, picture, depiction.

pelé, m., ragamuffin.

pêle-mêle, n. m. and adv.y pellmell, hurly-burly, confusion.

peloton (pr. ploton), m., group; mob, platoon.

pencher, refl.y to bend, lean.

pendant, prep.y during; — que, conj.f while; c'est que — longtemps, it is because for a long time.

pendre, tr., to hang.

pénétrant, -e, adj., profound, deep.

pénétration,/., pénétration.

pénétré, -e, p. p., permeated, imbued.

pénétrer, /r., to penetrate, enter, fathom.

pénible, adj., troublesome, difficult, disturbing.

péniblement, adv., anxiously, with difficulty, painfuUy.

pensée, /., thought, imagination.

penser, tr., to think.

pension, /., pension.

pente,/., slope, down grade.

percale, /., cotton cambric.

perçant, -e, adj., piercing.

percer, tr., to pierce; appear; thrust through, break through, appear.

perché, w., the being perched (ofhirds), perching.

perdié, -e, adj. and p. p., perched, planted.

perdant, m., loser.

perdre, tr., to lose; — pied, to lose foothold; hommes perdus de dette et d'honneur, men without crédit and honor.

perdrix, /., partridge.

perdu, p. p., lost; enfant — , reckless adventurer.

père, w., father.

perfection, /., perfection.

perfectionner, refi., improve, perfect.

perfide, adj., faithless.

péril, m., péril.

période, /., sentence; phrase, period, phase.

périr, intr., to perish.

permanence, /., permanence; en — , chronic, constantly.

permanent, -e, adj., chronic, perpétuai.

permettre, tr., to permit.

permis, -e, adj. and p. p., permitted, allowable. -

permission, /., permission.

pemicieu-z, -se, adj., injurions.

péroraison,/., peroration.

perpétuel- -le, adj., perpétuai.

perpétuellement, adv., perpetually.

Origines de la France Contemporaine 245

perpétuité, /., perpetuity; à

— ^1 forever.

perruque,/., wîg, perruquier, m., wig inaker.

persécuter, /r., to persécute.

persécution, /., persécution.

persistance, /., persistence.

persistant, -e, aidj., persistent.

persister, intr.f to persist.

personnage, m., person, in-

dividual.

personnalité,/., personality.

personne, /., person, any-

body, individuality; payer

de sa — , to appear per-

sonally, make one's self

agreeable; ne — , nobody.

personnel, -le, adj.j personal,

individual.

perspicace, adj., perspica-

cious, clear-seeing.

persuader, /r., to persuade,

convince.

persuasion, /., conviction, perte,/., loss.

pervers, m., wrongdoer.

perversion,/., perversion.

pervertir, tr., to pervert.

pesant, -e, adj., heavy, pon-

derous.

pétard de salon, parlor fire-

works.

pétillement, m., crackling, petit, -e, adj.f small, little,

petty; — e vérole, small-

pox; — jour, dawn.

petit-fils, m., grandson; —

de France, King's grandson.

pétition,/., pétition.

peu, m, y little.

peu, adv., little; — à — ^, by

degrees; — importe, it mat-

teis little.

peuple, m,, people, common people.

peur, /., fear; mourir de —, to be frightened to death; faire — (à), to frighten.

peut (pouvoir), can.

peut-être, adv,, perhaps.

philanthrope, philanthropist.

philanthropie, /., philanthropy.

philantluropique, adj.^ philanthropie.

philosophe, m., philosopher.

philosophie, /., philosophy.

philosophique, adj.j philo-

• sophical.

phosphore, m.y phosphorus.

phrase,/., phrase, sentence.

physionomie,/., countenance.

physique,/., physics; cabinet

de — , physical laboratory.

physique, adj., physical.

pièce, /., pièce; play, part;

mettre ... en — s, to

rend . . . to fragments;

tout d'tme — , doggedly,^

persistently, clumsily.

pied, m.y foot; footing; perdre

—, to lose one's footing;

coup de — f kick; à — ^ on

foot.

piédestal, m., pedestal.

piège, m., snare; trap.

pierre, /., stone; tailleur de

— , stonecutter.

piétinement, m., stamping of

feet.

piètre, adj.y shabby, sorry,

* wretched.

pilier, m.y pillar.

pillage, m.y pillage.

piller tr.y to pillage.

pin, m.y pi ne tree.

pinceau, m.y pencil, brush*

246 origines de la France Contemporaine

pinte,/., pint.

pique, /., pike; spîte; par —, out of spite; pu — de, at the impulse of; at the dictâtes of .

pirate, m. y pirate.

pire, adj., worse; le — , worst.

pis, adv., worse, worst; de — en — , worse and worse.

pistolet, m.y pistol; coup de — f pistol shot.

pitié,/., pity.

placard, m., placard, sign.

place, /, place; square, stead, office; faire — à, to make way for; sur — , on the spot, on the ground; sans — , unemployed.

placé, -e, adj.y holding a position; les plus haut — s, the most prominent men.

placer, /r., to place, commit, get a position for.

plafond, m., ceiling.

plaider, /r., to plead.

plaidoyer, m., défense, speech at the bar.

plain, -e, adj.y even; flat.

plaindre, refl,, to complain, groan.

plaine,/., plain.

plainte, /., complaint; porter — f to lodge a complaint.

plainti-f, -ve, adj.y plaintive,

plaire, intr.y to please.

plaisanterie, /., pleasantry, jest.

plaisir, m.y pleasure, delight.

plan, m.y plan.

plancher, m., floor.

planer, inir.y to soar.

planer, /r., to make smooth.

planter, /r., to plant.

planteiu:, m.y planter.

plaqu^ -e, adj,, plated, ve-

neered.

plat, -e, adj.y dull; flat.

plâti'e, m.y plaster.

plèbe, /., common people;

rabble, lower classes, plébéien, m., commoner.

plein, -e, adj., fuU, complète;

en — , fuUy, entirely; en

— air, in the open air; à — s bords, on a level with its banks; à — es mains, by handfuls, lavishly.

pleurer, intr., to weep.

pli, m.y fold.

plier, tr.y to fold up.

plombé, -e, adj.y leaded, lead-colored, livid.

plongé, -e, p. p.y sunk.

plonger, tr.y to plunge.

plume,/., feather, pen; homme de — f penman; writer.

plupart, /., greater part, majority.

plus, adv.y more, moreover; de — , besides; ne . . • — , no longer; — ... — , the more . . . the more; tout au — , at the very most.

plusieurs, pron. or adj., several.

plutôt, adv.y rather, sooner.

pluviôse, m.y Pluviôse (fifth month of the revolutionary calendary Jan. 20 or 21 to F eh. 18 or iç).

poche,/., pocket.

poète, m.y poet.

poids, m.y weight.

poignant, -e, adj.y poignant.

poignard, m.y dagger.

poignarder, tr.y to stab,

poignée, /., handle; handful;

— de main, handshake.

Origines de la France Contemporaine 247

poignet, m.f wrist.

poingy m., fist.

poin^ f»., point; — d'arrêt,

pause (mus.); stopping

place, point, adv. (ne . . . — ), not,

net at ail.

poire, /., pear; — à poudre,

powderhom.

poison, m.f poison.

poissarde, /., ûshwife, vulgar

woman.

poisson, m.y fish.

poissonnier, m., ôshmonger.

poitrine,/., chest, breast.

poli, -e, adj.f polished; polite.

police,/., police.

Polichinelle, m., Punch.

poUd-er, -ère, adj.y relating

to police, police; n. m., police agent.

polisson, m. y blackguard.

politesse, /., politeness, cour-

tesy.

politique, adj.j polltical.

politique, /., poli tics, policy.

politique, m., politician.

Polonais, m., Pôle, pomme,/., apple.

pompe,/., pump.

pompeu-x, -se, oJ/., pom-

pous.

pomponner, /r., to deck out

with tufts.

pont,^ m., bridge.

pontife, m.y pontifiP.

pont-levis, m., drawbridge.

populace,/., populace, rabble.

populaci-er, -ère, adj., per-

taining to the populace,

vulgar.

populfdre, adj.j popular; vulgar; of the people.

popularité, /., popularity.

population,/., population, port, m., harbor; demeanor;

présence.

porte, /., door; — vitrée, /.,

glass door.

porté, -e, p, p. y given, prone.

porte-arquebuse, m., king's

gun bearer.

portée,/., reach; range, mean-

ing, function; qu'elle est

plus à —, that it is better

qualiôed.

portefaix, m,, porter; steve-

dore.

portefeuille, m., portfolio,

wallet.

portemanteau, m., portman-

teau; royal cloak or train

bearer.

porte-parole, m., spokesman,

représentative.

porter, tr. and intr., to carry,

hit, wear; se — , to tend;

proceed, be (as to health).

portion,/., part, portion.

portrait, w., portrait.

poser, tr., to place, lay down,

establish, put, set up; se

— en, to pose as.

position, /., position, importance.

posséder, /r., to possess. possession,/., possession.

possibilité, /., possibility;

power.

possible, adj.j possible, po-

tential.

poste, m., post, position, postillon, m., postillon.

posture,/., posture.

pot, w., pot; au-feu, méat

to be boiled to make soup,

broth; soup kettle, kettlç

pf broth,

248 Origines de la France Contemporaine

potence,/., gallows; bar.

potentat, m. y ruler.

poudre,/., powder.

poudrer, /r., to powder.

pouf, m.j puff; — au sentiment, sentimental hair dress.

poumon, m. y lung, lungs.

pour, prep.y for; in order to; to the value of .

pourchasser, tr., to pursue.

pourquoi, adv., why, wherefore?

poun^uoi, m., the reason why.

poum (obsoL), w., rottenness; corrupt person.

pourriture,/., rottenness, rot, mass of filth.

poursuite, /., pursuit, persécution.

poursuivre, /r., to pursue.

pourtant, adv.y however, yet.

pourvoir, /r., to provide.

pourvoyeur, w., purveyor, provision dealer.

pourvu que, conj.y provided that, if only.

poussée, /., thrusting; rush, push, thrust.

pousser, /r., to push, shoot, carry forth, utter, urge, incite; se — , to get ahead.

poussière,/., dust.

pouvoir, inir.y to be able, can, may; que nous n*en pouvons plus, that we can not endure it any longer; il n'y peut rien, he is helpless.

pouvoir, m. y power, sway, ability.

prairial, m., Prairial (ninth month of the revolutionary calendafy May 20 to June

prairie,/., meadow.

praticien, m., practitioner at law, jurist.

pratique, adj, and n. f., practical; practice; expérience.

pratiquer, /r., to practice; contrive; — une brèche, make a hole.

préalable, m., preliminary; au — y previously.

précau'e, adj.y uncertain.

précaution, /., précaution.

précédent, -e, adj., preceding.

précéder, /r., to précède.

prêche, m., protestant sermon ; protestantism, preachment.

prêcher, /r., to preacb; praise, boast of.

précieu-z, -se, adj., precîous; affected.

précipitamment, adv., hurriedly.

précipiter, /r., to hurl, impel; se — , to rush.

précis, -e, adj,, précise, défini te, so many.

précisément, adv., just; precisely.

prédicateur, m., preacher.

prédication,/., preaching.

prédire, /r., to predict.

prédisposition, /., prédisposition, tendency.

prééminence, /., prééminence.

préfectoral, -e, adj., relating to a prefect; by prefects.

préfecture,/., préfecture.

préférence,/., préférence, preferment.

préférer, tr., to prefer.

préjugé, m.y préjudice,

prélat, m.y prelate.

préliminaire, m., preliminary.

Origines de la France Contemporaine 249

premier, m., leader» leading dignitary.

premi-er, -ère, adj., first, leading, chief , in chief.

prendre, /r., to lay hold of, take, dérive, assume, form, seize; — en faute, to overtake in misdeed; — soin, to take care; s'en — à, to blâme; à tout -7-, taken ail in ail; — parti contre, to take sides against.

préoccupation, /., préoccupation; interest; prepossession.

préoccupé, -e, adj.^ absorbed; prejudiced.

préoccuper, /r., to concern, absorb completely.

préparer, tr., to prépare.

préposer, /r., to set over, intrust, place in charge of, assign.

prérogative,/., prérogative.

près, adv.f by, near, nearly, about; — de, near, about; de — , from near, closely; à peu — , about.

prescrire, /r., to prescribe; direct.

présent, m., présent time; à — , adv., now; — que, conj., now that.

présent, -e, adj., présent.

présenter, /r., to présent, offer; il se présente parfaitement bien, he makes a fine appearance.

préserver, refl.f to save one's self; keep off.

président, m., président, chairman.

présider, /r., to be président of , préside over, superintend.

presque, adv. y almost.

presse,/., press; crowd.

pressé, -e, adj, and p. p,, hurried;- thick.

presser, /r., to crowd, push.

prestige, m., réputation; enchantment, illusion.

prétendre, /r., to prétend, claim; se — , to set one's self up as.

prétention, /., prétention, claim.

prêter^ tr,, to lend.

prétention, /., prétention; passing over in silence.

prêteur, m.j lender.

prétexte, m., pretext.

prêtre, m., priest.

preuve, /., proof ; faire — de, make manifest, display.

prévaloir, intr., to prevail.

prévenance, /., kindness, attention, courtesy.

prévenir, tr., to prevent, warn, anticipate.

prévention, /., préjudice, prédilection.

prévoir, /r., to foresee.

prévôt, m., provost; grand- — , provost marshal.

prière, /., prayer.

primer, tr. and intr., to surpass, beat, excel; play first, be first.

primiti-f, -ve, adj\, primitive.

primordial, -e, adj,, primordial.

prince, /., prince.

princesse, /., princess.

principal, -e, adj., principal, main, chief.

principe, m., prindple, theory.

•250 Origines de la France Contemporaine

printemps, m., sprîng.

pris, -e, adj.f taken; caught.

prise,/., capture; prize; hold; handle; aux — s avec, in contact with, in conflict with; échappe à ses — s, gets beyond his control.

prison, f.y prison.

prisonnier, m. y prisoner.

privation,/., deprivation, privation.

privé^ -e, adj.y private.

priver, tr., to deprive.

privilège, m., privilège, immunity.

privilégié, -e, m, and /., privileged person.

prix, m., price; prize, value, reward, cost; à tout — , at any price; de — , valuable; hors de — , extremely costly.

probable, adj., probable.

probablement, adv.^ likely, probably.

procédé, m., process.

procéder, iw/r., to proceed.

procès, m.j lawsuit, trial; faire un — , to bring an action.

prochain, -e, adj.y near.

proche, adj.y next; near.

proches, m. pl.y relations.

proclamation, /., proclamation.

proclamer, /r., to proclaim.

procureur, w., proxy; attorney; — général, attorneygeneral.

prodigalité,/., prodigality.

prodigieusement, adv.y prodigiously.

prodigieu-z, -se, adj., prodigious, enormous.

production, /., production, produire, tr.y to produce; se

— à la lumière, to become

évident.

produit, m. y product, income.

professer, ^r ., to profess.

professeur, m., professor,

teacher.

profession, /., profession,

trade. • profit, m. y profit, profond, -e, adj,, profound,

deep, deep-rooted.

profondément, adv., pro-

foundly. profondeur, /., depth.

profusion,/., profusion, programme, m., program, plan

of action.

progrès, m. y advance, prog-

ress.

proie,/., prey.

projet m.y plan; scheme.

prolétaire, m.y proletarian,

member of the working

class.

prolonger, tr.y to prolong, promenade,/, walk.

promener, tr.y exhibit, carry,

bear; se — , to take a walk.

promesse,/., promise.

promettre, /r., to promise.

promoteur, m., promoter.

promptement, adv.y promptly.

promulguer, tr.y to promul-

gate.

prononcer, tr.y to pronounce.

propager, tr.y to spread, prop-

agate.

proportion, /., proportion, propos, m.y purpose, design,

remark; à — , adv.y apropos;

seasonably, by the way; à

tout — , on every occasion.

Origines de la France Contemporaine 251

proposer, tr,y to propose.

propre, adj.y own, exact, clean, veiy appropriate; — à, suitable for.

propre, m., characteristic.

propriétaire, m., owner, proprietor, landlord.

propriété,/., ownershlp, property.

proscription, /., proscription; liste de — , death list.

proscrire, tr., to outlaw.

prospérité,/., prosperity.

prosterner, tr., to prostrate, cast down, lay low.

protecteur, m., protector, patron, benefactor.

protection,/., protection.

protégé, m. y protégé, ward, foUower, favorite.

protéger, /r., to protect.

prouver, tr., to prove.

providence, /., Providence.

province,/., province; en — , outside of Paris.

provincial, -e, adj.y provincial.

provision,/., provision.

provocation,/., challenge.

provoquer, /r., to provoke, incite.

prude,/., prude.

prudence, /., prudence, discrétion.

Prussien, m., Prussian.

prussien, -ne, adj.y Prussian.

psychologie, /., psychology, mental aspects.

psychologiste, psychologue, m. y psychologist.

public, m., public.

publi-c, -^ue, adj.y public; voiture publique, car of state^

publiciste, m., publicist; po-

litical writer.

publicité, /., publicity.

publier, /r., to publish.

publiquement, adv., public-

ly.

puce, adj.y puce-colosed; flea-

colored.

pudeur,/., shame; modesty.

puis, adv.y then, afterwards.

puiser, /r., to draw. puisque, conj.y since.

puissance,/., power; force, puissant, -e, adj., potent,

powerful.

pullulant, -e, près, part.,

swarming; spreading.

pulluler, inlr.y to increase;

swarm.

punir, tr.y to punish.

pur, -e, adj.y pure, clean.

pureté,/., purity.

purger, tr.y to purge, clean

out, purify.

puritain, -e, adj.y Puritan.

qualifier, tr.y to qualify; call.

qualité, /., quality, capacity,

good trait; en — de, in

the capacity of.

quand, adv.y when; — même,

conj.y although, neverthe-

less, just the same.

quant à, prep.y as to; con-

cerning.

quantité,/., quantity; horde.

quarantaine, /., about forty,

two score; quarantine.

quarante, num. adj.y forty.

quart, w., quarter.

quartier, w., quarter, ward,

district.

quatorze, num. adj.y fourteen.

quatre, num. adj.y four.

252 Origines de la France Contemporaine

quatre-vingts, num, ctdj., eîghty.

quatrième, num, adj., fourth.

que, conj.y that; lest; c'est — , the fact is; that is because; (in adverbial sensé) how; because^as.

que (ne . . . — ); adv., only.

quel, -le, adj.y what.

quelconque, adj.y any whatsoever.

quelque, adj., some, any, few; quelque ... — , whatever.

quelquefois, adv., sometimes.

question, /., question.

quête, /., quest, search, collection.

queue, /., tail, line; faire — , to stand in line; à la — , afterward.

qui, Pfon,t who, whoever, which.

quiconque, pron., whoever.

quinze, num. adj.y fifteen.

quitter, ir., to quit, lay aside.

quoi, pron.y which, what; — que ce soit (fût), anything whatsoever; à — bon, what is the use of ? — d'étonnant, what is there surprising about that?

quoique, conj.y although, though.

quote-part,/., portion, quota, share.

quotidien, adj.y daily.

rabatteur, m., assassin.

rabattre, tr.y to bring down,

subdue, reduce.

racaille,/., rabble.

race, /., breed, stock, breed-

ing; mendiant de — , thor-

oughbred beggar.

racine,/., root.

racoler, tr.y to entice, re-

cruit.

raconter, tr.y to relate.

radical, -e, adj.y radical, radieu-z, -se, adj.y radiant, radoucir, refl.y to soften.

raffiné, -e, adj.y subtie, re-

fined; extrême, raffinement, m., refine ment,

extrême perfection, rage,/., fury, rage, ragoût, m.y stew.

raide, adj.y stiff; steep.

raidir, refl.y to stiiffen.

raison, /., reason, sensé, con-

trol; avoir — , to be right.

raisonnable, adj.y reasonable.

raisonnement, m.y reasoning,

déduction.

raisonner, tr. and intr.y to

reason.

raisonneur, w., arguer, think-

er.

raisonneu-r, -se, adj.y impertinent; logical.

ramasser, tr.y to coUect, pick

up.

rameati, m., bough, branch.

ramener, /r., to bring back.

ramifier, refl.y to ramify.

rampant, -e, adj.y rampant,

creeping, clinging.

rançonner, tr.y to impose

upon, hold up, lay under

tribute.

rancune, /., rancor, grudge,

spite.

rang, m., rank; au premier

— , first of ail, especial-

rangé, -e, adj.y senous.

ranger, /r., to put in ranks; faire — , to line up.

râpé, -e, adj.y shabby.

rapide, adj., swift, qiuck, lively, rapid.

rapidité,/., quickness.

rapiécer, to patch.

rappeler, /r., to recall.

rapport, w., bearing; account; income; report; relation; sous le — de, with respect to.

rapporter, /r., to bring back; oring in, refer; relate; account for; — tout à soi, to consider one*s own interest in everything.

rapprocher, /r., to bring together, compare, bring into contact; se — ae, to corne doser together.

rare, adj.j rare, unusual scarce.

rareté, /., rarity.

ras, -e, adj., close-shaved; au — de, on a level with; skimming, grazing.

rasade,/., bumper.

raser, /r., to shave; demolish.

rasseoir, refl.j to sît down again.

rassurer, /r., to strengthen, reassure.

ratioiy/., ration.

rattacher, /r., to tie again.

rauque, adj.y hoarse.

rayon, m., ray; radius; à . • • lieues de — ^ within a radius of . . . ieagues.

réaliser, /r., to realize.

réalité,/., reality.

rebelle, w., rebel; adj.y rebellions.

rebours, w., reverse; au — ^ the wrong way; tout au — , quite on the contrary.

rebrousser, /r., to ruffle; — chemin, to turn back.

récalcitrant, -e, adj., refractory.

récenunent, adv., recently.

recette, /., receipt, income; literary formula; recipe.

recevoir, /r., to receive; weicome.

recherché, -e, adj., sought after.

rechercher, tr., to seek.

réciproque, adj,y reciprocal.

réciter, ^r., to recite.

reclus, m.j recluse; les — de la justice ordinaire, convicts condemned by common law.

recoin, m., corner.

récolte,/., harvest.

recommander, ^r., to recommend, urge, suggest.

recommencer, <r., to begin again.

récompense,/., reward.

réconcilier, /r., to reconcîle.

reconnaissance, /., gratitude, certainty.

reconnaître, /r., to recognize; refl.y to get one's bearings, compose one's self; stop and think, stand up for one's self.

reconnu, -e, p, ^., recognized, conceded.

reconquérir, /r., to reconquer.

reconstruire, tr. , to reconstruct.

recours, m., recourse.

récréation,/., play hour.

récrire, /r., to rewrite.

recrue,/., recruit.

rectiligne, adj., rectilinear.

recueilli, -e, adj., gathered; coUected.

254 Origines de la France Contemporaine

recueillir, tr., to harvest,

gather; se — , to meditate,

be awe-stricken.

recul, m. y recoil; putting off,

postponement.

reculéy -e, adj., remote.

reculer, t«/r., to recède, re-

treat, retire, reculons; à — ^ adv., back-

wards.

redevance,/., rent; fine, dues.

redevenir, intr., to beœme

again.

redoubler, /r., to redouble;

strike barder.

redoutable, adj., formidable.

redresser, /r., to make straight,

redress; se — , to bridle up,

bold up one's bead again.

réduction, /., réduction, simplification, lowering of in-

terest rate.

réduire, tr.y to reduce, réel, -le, adj.y actual, real.

réfléchir, tr. and intr., to re-

flect.

refléter, refl., to be reflected.

réflexion, /., reflection.

refondre, /r., to recast.

réforme,/., reform.

réformer, /r., to reform.

refouler, /r., to restrain, sup-

press.

renrain, w., refrain.

réfugier, refl., to take refuge.

refuser, /r., to refuse, reject.

regard, m., look; gaze; mettre

en — , gaze on, consider.

regarder, tr.y to look at,

watch.

régénération,/, régénération.

régénérer, tr., to regenerate.

régent, m., régent.

régime, m., rule; regimen,

policy, order of tbings,

System, scheme of life.

régiment, m. y régiment, registre, w., register.

règle, /., ruie; en — ^ in due

form.

règlement, m. y régulation,

set of rules.

réglementer, tr., to regulate,

organize, control. régler, tr.y to regulate, settle.

régnant, -e, adj.y prevaiUng,

dominant.

règne, m., reign, sway, king-

dom.

régner, intr,y to rule.

regretter, /r., to regret.

régularité, /., regularity.

réf;uli-er, -ère, adj., regular.

reme,/., queen.

rejeter, tr.y to reject.

rejoindre, tr., to join, rejoin,

meet, come in contact with.

relâché, -e, adj.y relaxed,

loose; remiss.

relais, m. y relay; stage, change

of horses.

relayer, recip., to relie ve one

another, take turns.

reléguer, tr.y to banisb, con-

sign, relegate.

relevé, w., abstract;^state-

ment, investigations.

relever, tr.y to raise again,

lift up, raise; exalt; se — ,

to rise again, gain importance.

religieu-x, -se, adj.y religions;

n. m.y monk; clergyman.

religion,/., religion, relire, tr.y to reread.

remanier, /r., to handie again.

remarquer, tr.y to note, remède, m.y remedy.

Origines de la France Contemporaine 255

remercier, tr., to thank.

remettre, ir., to put back, hand; se — , recover.

remonter, intr,f to reascend; go back; mount again.

remontrance,/., remonstrance.

remords, w., remorse.

remplacer, tr.j to replace.

remplir, tr,, to fill up, fill, fulfill.

remporter, tr.y to carry off, win.

remuer, tr., to move, stir.

rencontre,/., meeting.

rencontrer, tr.y to meet; se — , to be found.

rendez-vous, m., meeting, meeting place.

rendre, /r., to teturn, give back, surrender, restore, render, depict, convey; — ses devoirs, to pay one's respects; se — , to surrender, be described.

rendu, -e^ adj., rendered.

renonunee,/., renown.

renoncer, intr.f to renounce.

renouveler, /r., to renew.

rente,/., income; rent, yearly income, yearly outgo; de — , a year, in annual interest charges.

rentier, m., annuitant; retired gentleman; investor in government securities.

rentrer, iw/r., to enter again; retum.

renversement, m., overthrow.

renverser, tr.j to reverse; turn topsy-turvy, upset, overthrow, knock down.

renvoyer, tr., to dismiss.

répandre, tr,, to spill, scatter, spread.

répandu, p, p., scattered,

spilled.

reparaître, intr.y to reappear.

réparer, tr.y to repair, mend.

répartir, tr., to distribute, as-

sess, divide, apportion.

rependre, /r., to hang again.

repentir, refl., to repent.

repentir, m., contrition, re-

pentance. répéter, /r., to repeat.

répétition, /., répétition, fre-

quency.

splo

replonger, /r., to reimmerse.

repolir, /r., to repolish.

répondre, tr.y to answer, repiy; en — , warrant.

réponse, /., answer.

repos, m. y repose, rest, quiet.

repousser, /r., to repel; crowd back, reject.

reprendre, tr. and intr.y to recover, begin again, buy back.

représentant, m., représentative.

représentation,/., représentation, performance; life in an exalted station; être en — , to be on parade.

représenter, tr. and intr.y to represent; pose in public view.

répression,/., repression.

réprimer, /r., to repress.

repris, m., person taken again; — de justice, m. liberated convict,

reprise, f., renewal, resumption; à plusieurs — s, repeatedly.

républicain, -e, n. and adj., republican.

république, /., republic.

2s6 Origines de la France Contemporaine

répudier, ir.j to répudia te.

répugnance, /., répugnance, qualm.

répugnant, -e, ctdj,, répugnant.

requérir, tr, and intr.y to require, demand, beg; complain,

réserve,/., reserve.

réservé, -e, adj, and p. p., reserved.

résidu, m., residue.

résignation, /., résignation.

résigné, -e, adj. y resigned.

résistance, /., résistance, endurance, opposition.

résister, intr., to resist.

résolu, -e, adj., resolute, bold.

résolution,/., resolution.

respect, m., respect.

respectable, adj.y respectable, worthy of considération.

respecter, tr., to respect.

respectueusement, adv.y respectfuUy.

respirer, tr, and intr.y to breathe.

responsable, adj.y responsible.

ressasser, /r., to examine minutely, scrutinize; repeat frequently.

ressembler, intr.y to resembie.

ressentir, ir.y to expérience.

resserrer, ir.y to bind tighter.

ressort, m., spring.

ressource, /., resource, expédient.

reste, m. y rest, remainder; — s, leavings; et le — , and ail that; du — , moreover, however.

rester, intr.y to remain, stay.

restreindre, /r., to restrain, reduce, restrict, limit.

résultat, m.y resuit.

résumé^ m.y summary.

résumer, /r., to summarize.

retard, m., delay.

retenir, /r., to retain, reserve,

detain, restrain, keep.

retentissant, -e, adj., re-

sounding, splendid, sen-

sational.

retiré, -e, p. p. y retired.

retirer, tr.y to withdraw; se

— , to retire.

retomber, intr.y to relapse;

fall down again, fall back.

retour, m.y return; de — ,

back.

retourner, intr.y to return, go

back.

retrancher, /r., to retrench;

take away.

rétrécir, tr.y to narrow.

retrouver, /r., to find again.

rets, m.y netting; snare.

réunion, /., union; meeting;

annexation; consolidation.

réunir, tr.y to combine, unité;

se — , meet.

réussir, intr.y to succeed; pros-

per.

réussite,/., success; issue; —

de style, happy style, flow-

ery passage.

revanche, /., re venge; en — ,

on the other hand.

rêve, m.y dream.

réveiller, tr.y to wake.

révéler, tr.y to disclose.

revendiquer, tr.y to reclaim,

demand; assume, champion.

revenir, intr.y to return.

revenu, w., revenue; income.

rêver, intr.y to dream.

révérence,/., bow.

Origines de la France Contemporaine 257

rêverie, /., revery.

revêtir, tr., to invest, put on.

rêveur, m., dreamer.

révolte,/., revolt.

révolter, /r., to shock, irrî-

tate; se — , to revolt, rebel.

révolution, /., révolution.

révolutionnaire, n. m. and adj.,

revolutionist, revolution-

ary.

révoquer, /r., to recall; — en

doute, to call into question.

revue, /.. review.

rez-de-cnaussée, m., ground

floor.

rhéteur, w., rhetorîcîan.

rhétorique,/., rhetoric.

riche, m., rich man.

riche, adj.j rich.

richesse, /., wealth.

ridé, -e, adj.j wrinkled.

ridicule, adj., ridiculous.

rien, m., nothing; anything;

il n'y peut — , he is power-

less; — autre chose sinon,

nothing but.

rigide, adj.y rigid, austère.

rigoriste, w., hypercritic,

rigid moralist, martinet.

riposter, inir., to repartee,

make a witty reply, reply.

rire, w., laughter.

rire, inir., to laugh.

risque, w., risk; courir le — ,

to run the risk.

risquer, /r ., to venture.

rival, -e, adj. and n. m., rival.

riverain, w., one who lives on

the bank of a river, riparian.

riverain, -e, adj., along the

river, rivière,/., river.

robe,/., dress; — de chambre,

dressing gown.

robinet, m., tap.

rôdeur, m., vagrant; prowler.

roi, m., king.

rôle, m., rôle, part.

Romain, -e, ». m. and /.,

Roman.

roman, m., novel, romance,

fiction.

rompre, tr., to break off; être

rompu aux affaires, to be

well acquainted with business.

rond, -e, adj., round.

ronflan^ -e, adj,, snoring;

high-sounding.

ronfler, intr., to snore, roar.

ronger, tr., to gnaw; en-

croach upon.

roturier, m., commoner; vul-

gar person.

rouage, m., wheelwork; gear.

rouge, adj., red; voir —, see

red {be transported wiih

murderous passion).

rou|;ir, intr., to blush, rouille,/., rust.

rouillé, -e, adj., rusty.

rouler, tr. and intr., to roll,

wander, turn.

roulier, m., carter.

route, /., road, highway; en

— , on the way. rouvrir, tr., to reopen.

royal, -e, adj., royal, royaliste, n. m. and adj.,

royalist.

royaume, m., kîngdom.

royauté, /., royal ty, king-

ship.

ruban, m., ribbon.

ruche,/, hive.

rude, adj., rough; fierce, hard.

rudement, adv., harshly,

clumsily.

2s8 Origines de la France Contemporaine

rudimentaire, adj,, crude, ele-

mentary.

rue,/., Street.

ruelle, /., alley; — d'un lit,

bedside.

ruer, refl,, to rush upon.

ruine, /., ruln, panic.

ruiner, /r., to ruin, destroy;

se — , to fall to decay, suf-

fer ruin.

ruisseau, m., gutter; brook.

ruisselant, -e, adj., streaming; running; dripping.

ruisseler, intr.y to gush, stream,

drip.

rumeur,/., rumor, uproar.

ruminer, /r., to rumina te,

chew the cud; ponder over, ruse, /., deceit, wile; fertile

en — s de maquignon,

well up in the tricks of the

horse trader.

ruser, intr.y to use deceit.

Russe, m. y Russian.

Russie,/., Russia.

rustique, adj.^ rustic, rural;

boorish.

rustre, m., boor.

sable, m., sand.

sabre, tn.y saber.

sac, m.y sack.

saccadé, -e, adj\, abrupt,

jerky.

sacr^ -e, adj.y sacred.

sacrifice, m.y sacrifice, loss.

sage, m.y sage.

sage, adj.y wise; discreet,

good, nice.

saigner, /r. and intr., to

bleed.

sain, -e, adj.y sound, healthy,

normal, wholesome.

saint, -e, adj.y sacred.

Saint-Domingue, San Domingo.

saisir, /r., to seize; catch. saison,/., season.

salaire, m., wages, hire; toute

peine mérite — ^ the iaborer

is worthy of his hire.

sale, adj.y dirty.

saleté,/., filthiness; rubbish.

salir, tr.y to dirty, pollute.

salle,/., hall.

salon, m.y parlor; drawing

room; — d'attente, waiting

room; de — , society.

saluer, Ir. and intr.y to salute,

bow to, bow and scrape to.

salut, m.y safety; bow.

sanctuaire, m., sanctuary.

sang, m.y blood; royal blood.

sang-froid, m.y composure.

sanglant, -e, adj., bloody.

sanglot, m.y sob.

sanguinaire, adj.^ bloody,

bloodthirsty.

sans, prep.y without.

sans-culotte, m., sans-culotte,

one having replaced knee

breeches with trousers;

revolutionist.

sans-culotterie, /., party of

the sans-culottes; revolu-

tionary faction, revolu-

tionary action.

sans-gêne, m.y unrestraint,

lack of constraint. santé,/., health.

sape, /., sapping, undermin-

ing, process, trench.

sapeur, m., sapper.

sarrasin, m.y buckwheat.

sarrau, m., smock, frock.

satisfaction,/., gratification, satisfaire, ir. and intr,, to

please', satisfy.

Origines de la France Contemporaine 259

satisfaisant, -e, adj,y satis-

factory.

sauf, prep.y except; — à,

reserving the privilège of.

sauter, inir., to leapj explode;

faire — , blow up.

sauvage, ». m. and adj,, sav-

age; wild.

sauvagerie,/., savagery.

sauver, /r., to save; se — , to

escape; run away.

sauveur, w., deliverer.

savant, m., scholar, philosopher, savant, -e, adj., learned, wise.

savoir, tr., to know, know

how to, be able; à — , that

is.

savoir-vivre, w., good breed-

ing, art of living.

scandale, m., scandai, scan-

dalous act.

scandaleu-z^ -se, adj.j scan-

dalous.

scélérat, m., scoundrel.