Combien d'habitants y a-t-il aux Etats-unis
I. In that case you will not be satisfied with it. 2. He would hâve been satisfied if this Christian had not meddled with it 3. I can at least procure good food and linen for you. Don't you want some? 4. Master, I hâve become a Mohammedan. Are you not pleased {with it)} 5. What harm was there ? Was there any ? 6. I became ill three days ago. 7. In (dans) a few days his liberty will come near being fatal to him.
Page 12 to Page 13 (line 13). The présent and impeffect with expressions of duration of tinte. Y
I. Depuis quand apprenez-vous le français? 2. Désirait Ivan depuis longtemps se procurer des armes ? 3. Depuis quand Ivan a-t-il son projet? Avait-il l'air de n'y plus penser? 4. Depuis
quand a-t-on T intention d'assassiner Ivan ? 5. Pensez-vous souvent à vos compagnons ?
I. They had been in Mecca a long time. How long had they been there? 2. For some months he has had his plan. Did the major think of it ? 3. Ivan slept upon a mat. He has slept there several nights. 4. They made believe that he had been killed in battle. Was he killed there? 5. He went there with some men whose plans were deranged.
Page 13 (line 14) to Page 15 (line 11). Aller. Devoir
I. Ce jeune homme allait-il disparaître sous les eaux? 2. Ivan allait-il brûler toutes ses cartouches? 3. Ivan va-t-il revenir au village avec la gloire de s'être rendu utile à toute la troupe?
4. Toute la nation devait-elle se réunir? Que devait-elle faire?
5. Allez-vous me défendre envers et contre tous? 6. Vous me devez ces cartouches, n'est-ce pas?
I . I am going to retum to the village. You ought to retum with me. 2. At the moment when I was about to make myself useful to you, you ought to hâve remained with me. 3. The two prisoners ought to imagine some means of conversing. 4. I should hâve gone with you. 5. We were to hâve gone, were we not?
Page 15 (line 12) to Page 16. // s'agit
I. De quoi est-il question dans la leçon que nous venons de lire ? 2. Ne s'agissait-il pas d'assassiner Ivan ? 3. Ne s'agit-il pas de délivrer le major ? S'agit-il de l'abandonner ? 4. S'agissait-il de finir leur misère, ou de périr? •
I. It will be a question of protecting the building of the fort. 2. It had long been a question of delivering his master. 3. There is no doubt (sans doute) some woman in the case. 4. That business {affaire) is now under considération. 5. It is no longer a question of war {guerre)^ but of peace {paix). 6. The subject at hand is to know (savoir) what to do.
Page 17 to Page 19 (line 26). En: préposition with présent participle denoting (a) action simultaneous with thatofverb^ or (b) means by which object of leading verb is obtained
I. Jouez-vous de la guitare en bâillant? 2. Qui a présenté la guitare au major en faisant le signe convenu? 3. Le major et Ivan peuvent-ils s'entretenir tout en chantant ce terrible duo?
4. Fermez-vous la porte en sortant ? 5. Ivan peut-il délivrer son maître en fendant le tête à ce coquin ?
I. Yawning, Ivan looked at the old man. 2. By playing the guitar he kept himself awake. 3. While singing, Ivan converses with the major. 4. By jumping {sauter) he saved {sauver) himself. 5. In speaking to you the jailer became suspicions.
Page 19 (line 27) to Page 20. Mettre I. Pourquoi Kascambo se met-il à jouer de tout son pouvoir? 2. Monsieur votre ami se met-il mieux que vous? 3. Où vous mettrez-vous ? Voulez-vous vous mettre à côté de moi ? 4. Etaitelle bien mise? Est-ce qu'elle a mis son chapeau? 5. A-t-il mis son argent à la banque ?
I. The old man asked for a dance ; so the major begins to play. 2. The major was not well dressed. 3. He will put the guitar on his knees. 4. Ivan ought to hâve placed the ax in the shadow.
5. He will seize the ax suddenly and will place it on the ground.
6. Where shall I sit ? May I sit by you ? 7. He will put on his hat and go out
Page 21 to Page 22 (line 25). Four with infinitive to express
purpose
I. Pourquoi le major et Ivan oiit-ils écouté? 2. Pourquoi Ivan a-t-il levé la hache? 3. Pourquoi le major s'est-il placé devant Ivan? 4. Oserait-il attenter à la vie de l'enfant pour se sauver? 5. Est-ce que les femmes suffisent pour les ramener en prison ?
I. In order to know whether they were listening, the woman opened the door. 2. To save you I will sacrifice the child who has shown you so much kindness. 3. The child would be sufficient to
take you back to prison in the condition you are in. 4. Ivan had raised his ax above the woman's head to strike her. 5. The servant killed them ail in order to save himself and his master.
Page 22 (line 26) to Page 23. Faire
I. Pourquoi Ivan a-t-il dit à son maître: "Ne faites pas de bruit"? 2. Que faisait le major tandis qu'Ivan faisait ces recherches ? 3. Où faites-vous faire vos bottes ? 4. Voulez-vous me faire mourir? 5. Voulez-vous avoir la bonté {kindness) de me faire voir des chambres ? 6. Font-ils le tour de la maison ?
I. Why did the major make a noise? 2. He had him light a splinter to search the pockets of the old man. 3. He has long since wished to hâve us killed. 4. He showed us the new boots that he had had made a month ago. 5. If they should go around the house, they would avoid meeting any one. 6. He has had some shoes made.
Page 24 to Page 25. Falloir
I. Pourquoi fallait-il suivre le cours du ruisseau ? 2. Leur fautil du feu pour se réchauffer ? 3. Leur faut-il une poignée de neige ? 4. Faut-il qu'ils sortent vers les neuf heures du matin? 5. Faut-il que vous sortiez ? Est-ce \m homme comme il faut ?
I. It will be necessary to set fire to their establishment. 2. Do you need a sip of brandy ? 3. They must walk with ail speed possible in order to get out of the narrow passage. 4. We must sit down in order to enjoy in advance our liberty near at hand. 5. Is he a gentleman (a man as he ought to be) ?
Page 26 to Page 27 (line 21)
Venir de with the infinitive f oUowing expresses an action that has just taken place.
I. Que vient de découvrir Ivan? 2. Vient-il de trouver des pots de terre? 3. Venait-il de délivrer son maître de ses fers? 4. L'intrépide compagnon du major vient-il de l'encourager par ses discours ?
I. Ivan had just roused his master from his reflections to conduct him to the refuge. 2. He has just discovered the stores. 3. He has just gone out to look for some potatoes. 4. Hâve we just put the quarter of mutton on the fire ? 5. You had just gone to sleep. 6. They had just experienced the most unendurable pains. 7. He had just awakened.
Page 27 (line 22) to Page 29 (line 9). Use of a and de with the infinitive after adjectives
With an adjective preceded by il est (impersonal), de and the infinitive are used. If (?est précèdes the adjective, or if the adjective is used with a verb not impersonal, h with the infinitive is used.
I. Etait-il difficile de décrire l'état d'anxiété dans lequel le major se trouvait ? 2. C'est difficile à faire, n'est-ce pas ? 3. Était-il possible de connaître l'immense profondeur du précipice? 4. Cette profondeur est facile à deviner, n'est-ce pas ? 5. Étaient-ils heureux {glad) de sortir de ce pas dangereux ?
I. It was easy to hear the noise of the stones. 2. This moment of agony is hard to describe. 3. He would be happy to see his mother again. 4. Would it be their intention to défend themselves if one should attack them? 5. It is not always easy to défend oneself.
Page 29 (line 10) to Page 30. Dont Quel Lequel
I. Quel était ce jeune homme dont il s'agit dans cette leçon? 2. Était-ce l'homme dont le cheval était sans selle ? 3. Lequel de ces hommes avait le pistolet ? 4. Vu l'état de faiblesse dans lequel se trouvait le major, il était difficile de marcher, n'est-ce pas? 5. Quels étaient les hommes dont la trahison probable pouvait les perdre ?
I. Which of thèse men was thrown upon the turf? 2. Towhich one of thèse men did Ivan deliver the pistol ? 3. The young man .whose horse was drowned fled. 4. The men whose habitations are not far distant are peaceful. 5. Of which one of thèse children are vou speaking ?
Page 31 to Page 32 (Une 28)
Verbs of thinking, believing, etc., take the indicative when used afBrmatively, and usually the subjunctive when used negatively or interrogatively.
I. Je crois qu'ils partiront à la tombée de la nuit. Le croyezvous ? 2. Croyez-vous qu'ils partent ? 3. Pensez-vous qu'ils entrent dans l'eau jusqu'aux genoux ? 4. Je pense qu'il tombera de lassitude et de douleur. C'est possible, n'est-ce pas? 5. Je ne pense pas qu'il s'en aille à la Ligne. Le pensez-vous ?
I. I do not believe that a new misfortune will happen to them. Do you ? 2. I think that ail the country will be white with soft hail. 3. I do not think that they can préserve me any longer. 4. Do you think Ivan will retum? 5. I do not think he will wish to find an isolated house. 6. Do you think it will rain (J>leuvoif) ?
Page 32 (line 28) to Page 34 (line 4). Vouloir
Vouloir is foUowed by {a) the infinitive when the two verbs hâve the same subject ; by {b) the subjunctive when the verbs hâve différent subjects.
I . Voulez-vous gagner deux cents roubles ? 2. Voulez-vous que je les gagne? 3. Voulez-vous livrer le major à ses ennemis? 4. Veut-il que j'aille à Mosdok? Veut-il aller à Mosdok ? 5. Veutil que le major soit sauvé ?
I. I do not wish you to give the alarm. 2. I wish to bring some money for his ransom. 3. He wishes him to come into his house as a friend. 4. Why did this man wish to place Ivan in a position to deceive him ? 5. I want you to go for the two hundred roubles. 6. Ivan wished to run and get the major.
Page 34 (line 5) to Page 36
Impersonal verbs and verbs used impersonally, implying doubt or possibility, require {a) the subjunctive in the foUowing subordinate clause, unless the verb in this clause is used impersonally ; {b) if the verb in the subordinate clause is used impersonally, de with the infinitive is used.
I. Est-il possible qu'il vous trahisse? 2. N'est-il pas juste que vous m'apportiez deux cents roubles? 3. N'est-il pas juste de
gagner deux cents roubles ? 4. Se peut-il que vous soyez soupçonneux ? 5. Ne vayt-il pas mieux que les Cosaques s'éloignent ?
I. It would be better to give a bail. 2. Is it possible that Ivan has not yet finished his twentieth year ? 3. It may be that you will receive a gift in recompense for your courage. 4. Is it natural that he expresses astonishment ? 5. Would it be just to give him a blow with the ax ?
VOCABULARY
French words spelled the same or nearly the same as the English équivalent are omitted.
a. See ayoir.
à at, to.
abandonner to abandon, give up;
s'abandonner à to give way to.
abattre to beat down, fell; s'abattre to fall down.
abord: d'abord at first.
aborder to board, land.
abri m, shelter; à l'abri under
shelter.
absoloment absolutely.
accabler to overwhelm, oppress.
accès m, access.
accompagner to accompany.
accorder to give, grant; to tune
(an instrument), accoutumer to accustom.
accusé m. accused, culprit.
acheminer (s') to make one's way,
set out.
achever to complète, acquérir to acquire.
acquit. See acquérir, admettre to admit, adroitement cleverly.
affaire/ business, trouble, quarrel ;
avoir affaire à to hâve business
with, hâve to do with. alEreu-x -se f rightful.
afin in order; afin de in order to.
ftge m, âge.
âgé -e aged.
agir to do, act ; il s'agit de it is a
question of, it concems.
ailleurs: d'ailleurs besides, more-
over.
ainsi thus, therefore ; ainsi que as
well as.
air m. appearance, look, aisément easily.
ajouter to add.
aller to go, be about to; to fit;
s'en aller to go away, départ, allons come I allumer to light, kindle.
alors then, at that time.
amant -e m, andf. lover, amener to bring.
ami -e m. andf. friend.
amitié/ friendship, kindness.
amour m. love, amuser to amuse, entertain.
an m, year.
ancien -ne old, former, angle m. corner, angoisse/, anguish.
animer to animate, enliven.
anneau m. ring, link.
année/ year.
' to announce.
anxiété/, anxiety.
apaiser to appease, calm, soothe.
apercevoir to perceive, discover;
s'apercevoir de to perceive, discover.
aperçut. See apercevoir, apostasie/ apostasy.
appartenir to belong; s'appartenir
to become one's own master.
appeler to call; s'appeler to be
called.
appesantir to dull; s'appesantir to
grow dull.
apporter to bring.
apprendre to leam, teach, inform.
apprêt m. préparation, cooking.
approcher to draw near, approach ;
s'approcher de to approach.
après after.
arbitre m. arbiter, umpire.
arbre m. tree.
ardent -e buming, fiery.
argent m. money.
arme/ arm, weapon.
armer to arm.
armoire/ cupboard. arracher to tear out, pull up, pull
out.
arrêter to stop; s'arrêter to stop,
hait, arrière m. rear; en arrière in the
rear.
arrivée/ arrivai, arriver to arrive, happen, befall.
art m. skill.
Asie/ Asia.
aspect m. appearance, sight.
assassiner to murder.
asséner to deal (a blow).
asseoir to set, lay; s'asseoir to sit
down.
assez quite, quite well, enough.
assignation/ note, bill.
assis. See asseoir, assuré -e bold, confident, assurer to assure, insure, make safe.
attacher to attach, fasten, tie.
atteindre to attain, reach, over-
take.
attenant -e adjoining.
attendre to wait, await ; s'attendre à
to expect.
attente/ waiting, expectation.
attenter to attempt; attenter à to
make an attempt upon.
attenti-f -ve attentive, attentivement attentively.
attirer to attract, draw.
attraper to catch, ensnare.
au contraction ofk le. aucun -e any ; with ne no one, none.
au-dessus de above.
augmenter to augment, increase.
auparavant before.
auprès de to, at, near.
aussi as, so, also, therefore; aussi
bien que as well as.
aussitôt at once, autant as much, as well; autant
que as much as.
auteur m. author.
autour de about, around.
autre other.
aux contraction of à les.
avance/ advance; par or d'avance
beforehand, in advance.
avancer to forward; s'avancer to
corne forward, go forward.
avanie/ affront, outrage.
VOCABULARY
avant before ; en avant ahead, f orward.
avec with.
avoir to hâve ; il y a there is, there are.
baguette/, wand, stick, ramrod.
Miller to yawn, gape.
baisser to let down ; se baisser to stoop, bend down.
bal m. bail, dance.
banc m. bench, ledge.
bande/, band, troop.
bander to bind, bandage.
barbarie/ barbarity.
barbe/ beard.
bas -se low.
bas-fond m, shallow, hoUow, depression.
bataillon m. battalion.
battre to beat, strike ; se battre to fight.
beau, bel, belle beautif ul, handsome.
beaucoup much.
belle-fille/ daughter-in-law.
bénir to bless.
berger m. shepherd.
besoin m. need; au besoin if necessary.
bien very, well.
bientôt soon.
bienveillance/ good will, kindness.
bière/ béer.
billot m. billet, block.
bissac m. wallet.
bizarre odd, strange.
blanc, blanche white, pale.
blottir (se) to squat, cower down.
bois m. wood, forest.
boisson m. drink.
bon -ne good; de bonne heure early.
bonheur m. happiness, good luck.
bonjour m. good day, good moming.
bord m. edge, brim, bank.
botte, bottine/ boot.
bouche/ mouth.
bouffon m. clown.
bouffonerie/ buffoonery.
bourgade/ village.
bourka / burka, waterproof coat
■ offelt.
bout m. end, tip.
bride/ bridle.
brigand m. robber, outlaw.
brigandage m. robbery.
broussailles / pi. brambles, brush-
wood.
bruit m. noise, commotion, brûler to bu m; brûler la cervelle
to blow out the brains.
brusquement bnisquely, abruptly.
bruyant -e noisy, clamorous.
buisson m. bush, thicket.
but m. object, purpose.
butin m. booty.
ça. See cela.
cabane/ cabin, hut.
cacher to hide, conceal.
calcul m. calculation.
calculer to calculate, détermine.
camarade m. andf. comrade.
campagne/ country.
canon m. cannon.
capricieu-z -se capricious.
car for.
carabine/ carbine, gun.
caractère m. character.
caresse/ caress, kiss.
cartouche/ cartridge.
cas m. case, condition.
casser to break.
Caucase m. Caucasus.
cause/, case, lawsuit.
causer to cause ; to talk, converse.
cavalier m. horseman, rider.
cavité/ cavity.
ce it, this, that.
ce, cet, cette, ces this, that, thèse,
those.
céder to yield.
ceinture/ belt, girdle.
cela, ça that.
celui, celle, ceux, celles this, that;
celui-ci the latter.
cendre/ ashes.
cent hundred.
centaine/ hundred.
centre m. center; au centre même
in the very center. cependant yet, however.
cervelle/ brains.
cesser to cease, discontinuechagrin m, grief, sorrow.
chaîne/ chain.
chalet m. cottage, chaleur/ heat, warmth.
chambre/ room.
changement m, change, chanson/ song.
chanter to sing.
chapeau m, hat.
chaque each, every.
charger to charge, intrust, load;
se charger de to take charge of.
chaussure/ boots, shoes.
chef m, chief, leader, chemin m. road, way.
cheminée/ fi replace.
chêne m. oak.
chercher to seek, hunt, get.
cheval m. horse ; à cheval on horse-
back.
cheveu m. hair; //. hair.
chevreau m. kid.
chez at, to, with.
chien m. dog.
chislik. See note.
choisir to choose.
Chrétien -ne m. andf. Christian, chute/ fall.
cinq five.
cinquantaine/ fifty.
circonstance / circumstance, occasion, citer to cite, summon.
clef/ key. clos -e closed.
clos m, inclosure, lot, field.
cœur m. heart.
coffre m. trunk, chest.
coin m. corner, angle, edge.
collet m. collar.
colline/ hill.
combat m. combat, battle ; hors de
combat disabled.
combien de how much, how many;
combien de temps how long, commandant m. commander, commandement m. command.
comme like, as, as if comment how.
commettre to commit, commissionaire m. agent, mes-
senger.
commodité/ comfort, convenience.
communiquer to communicate; se
communiquer to inform one an-
other.
VOCABULARY
compagnon m. companion, partner.
compatriote m. and f. fellow-
countryman.
complaisance/, kindness, favor.
complètement completely.
complot m, plot, comprendre to understand.
compter to count, reckon.
concilier to win.
concombre m. cucumber.
condamner to condemn.
conduire to conduct, lead.
condoite/. conduct.
confiance/ confidence, trust.
confidence/, secret, confier to intrust.
conjurer to entreat, implore, connaître to know, be acquainted
with.
conseil m, counsel, advice.
conseiller to advise.
consentement m. consent, consentir to consent.
conserver to préserve, maintain,
protect.
constant -• faithful.
construire to construct, build.
contenance / countenance; faire
bonne contenance to stand firm.
contenter to content, satisfy; se
contenter to be contented.
contestation/ contest, debate.
contraindre to constrain, compel.
contraire m. contrary; au contraire
on the contrary.
contre against.
convenir to agrée, suit; convention/ agreement.
converti -e m. andf. convert.
convoi m. convoy, escort.
coquin m. rogue, rascaL
corbeau m. raven.
corps m. body; corps à corps hand
to hand.
Cosaque m, Cossack. See note.
oJbtàf. ridge, slope, side.
côté m. side, direction, cotiser to rate; se cotiser to club
together, get up a subscription.
cou m. neck.
couche/ bed, layer.
coucher to lie, sleep; to lay; se
coucher to go to bed.
coucher m. setting.
couler to flow, trickle down.
couleur/ color.
coup m, blow, stroke; tout à coup
suddenly.
couper to eut.
courageu-z -se courageous, spirited.
courant m. current, stream.
courir to run.
couronner to crown.
cours m. course, direction, course/ joumey, way.
court -e short, brief.
coussin m, cushion.
coûter to cost.
coutume/ custom, habit.
couvert m. cover, shelter.
couvrir to cover.
craindre to f ear, be af raid of .
crainte/ fear.
créancier m, creditor.
creuser to dig, excavate.
cri m, cry, shriek.
cribler to pierce with holes; to
riddle.
crier to cry, shout, call oiît.' ^--t croire to believe. ' .^ ' ^ !
croiser to cross.
croix/, cross.
cra, crut. See croire.
cruauté/, cruelty.
cuire to cook, roast.
cuisine/, kitchen, cooking.
curien-x -se curious.
dangereu-x -se dangerous.
dans in, within.
danser to dance.
danseu-r -se m. and / dancer.
de of, f rom, with, than ; with infini-
tive, to, at, for, etc.
débouché m. outlet, opening.
debout upright, standing, décidément positively.
décider to persuade; se décider to
résolve, décide, découverte/ discovery. découvrir to discover.
décrire to describe.
défaillir to swoon.
défaire: se défaire de to rid oneself
of, make way with.
défait -e wom, wasted.
défendre to défend, protect; se
défendre to excuse oneself.
défiant -e distrustful, suspicious.
défier to defy, challenge ; se défier
de to suspect, distrust.
défilé m. défile, narrow passage, définitivement definitively, fînally.
dégager to free, loose; se dégager
to free oneself.
déjà already.
delà : au delà de beyond.
ckuoaiji k>-morrow.
dieaaaadé/ question, request.
demander to demand, ask.
démêlé m. dispute, strife.
démentir to belle, contradict.
demi -e half ; à demi by half .
denchik m. denshchick, Russian military servant.
départ m. departure.
dépêche/ dispatch, message, mail.
dépense / expense.
dépérir to waste away.
déplacer to misplace.
déployer to display.
dépôt m. dépôt, depository.
dépouiller to rob, plunder.
depuis since, from; depuis longtemps long ago, for a long time.
déranger to dérange, disturb.
dernier, dernière last ; ce dernier the latter.
derrière behind.
derrière m, rear.
des contraction of de les.
dès from ; dès que as soon as.
désapprouver to disapprove of.
désennuyer to amuse, divert.
désert -e deserted.
désespéré -e despairing, desperate, hopeless.
désespoir m, despair.
désordre m. disorder, confusion.
désormais henceforth, afterwards.
dessécher to dry up, wither.
dessous : au dessons de under.
détention / imprisonment.
détour m. tuming, tum.
détourner to tum aside.
deux two ; deux fois twice.
devant before, in front of.
devenir to become.
devint. See devenir.
VOCABULARY
devoir to owe ; ought, must.
Diea m, God.
digne m. worthy.
dire to say, tell, diriger to direct, disparaître to disappear.
disparut. See disparaître, disposer to dispose, prépare, hâve
at command.
disposition /. arrangement, plan, distance/, distance, interval; de
distance en distance at intervais.
distraction / diversion, récréation, divers -e différent, various.
dix ten ; dix mille ten thousand.
domestique m. servant.
donc then, therefore.
donner to give.
dont whose, of which, of whom;
with which. dormir to sleep.
dos m. back.
doublement doubly.
doucement quietly.
douceur /. comf ort.
douleur /. grief, pain, doute / doubt.
doux, douce gentle, mild.
douze twelve.
dresser to prépare, arrange, droit -e right; de leur droite on
their right hand.
du contraction of de le.
duo m, duet.
durdr to harden.
durement harshly, roughly.
durer to last.
E eau f, water ; eau de vie, brandy ;
//. eaux tide, current.
éclair m, lightning, spark.
éclairer to light up, illuminate.
éclat m. splendor ; shout, burst.
écouler (s') to elapse ; to flow.
écouter to listen, hear.
écrier (s') to cry out, exclaim.
écrire to write.
elEacer to efface, remove.
effet m. effect; en effet actually, in
reality ; //. property.
effrayer to frighten; s'effrayer to
be frightened.
effroi m. fright, terror.
égard m. respect, regard, égorger to eut the throat of ; to kill.
eh bien well 1
élancer to shoot ; s'élancer to rush, élever to raise ; s'élever to rise.
elle she, her, it.
éloigner to remove; s'éloigner to
départ, embuscade f. ambush.
emparer (s') de, to take possession
of.
empêcher to prevent.
emporter to carry away.
empreinte /. imprint, trace. ^
en prep. in, into.
en pron. of it, of them, some, any.
enchaîner to chain, fasten.
enclaver to inclose, shut in.
encore still, yet, again.
endormir to lull to sleep; s'endormir
tb fall asleep.
endroit m, locality, place, enfant m, child.
enfer m. hell.
enfin fînally ; in short.
enflammer to inflame ; s'inflammer
to catch fire.
enfler to swell.
enfoncement m. niche, recess.
enfoncer to sink, bury; s'enfoncer to sink, disappear.
enfuir (s*) to flee, nin away.
engager to enlist, induce.
engloutir to swallow up.
enlever to take away, abduct.
ensanglanter to stain with blood.
ensemble together.
ensuite then, afterwards.
entendre to hear, understand.
entourer to surround.
entraîner to carry away, take along.
entre among, between, in, into.
entremetteur m. agent, go-between.
entreprendre to undertake.
entreprise/, attempt, undertaking.
entrer to enter.
entretenir to converse with; s'entretenir to converse.
entretien m. conversation.
envers towards; envers et contre tous against each and ail; through thick and thin.
environ about, thereabouts.
envoi m. sending, message.
envoyer to send.
épais -se thick.
épargner to spare.
épée / sword.
épi m. ear, head (cf grain, whectt, etc.).
épineu-z -se thomy.
épouvanter to terrify.
éprouver to expérience, feel.
épuiser to exhaust, use up.
équipage m. equipment, baggage.
escarpé -e steep.
espace /. space, distance.
espèce /. kind, species.
espérance /. hope, expectation.
espérer to hope.
espion m. spy, scout.
espoir m. hope.
esprit m. mind, intellect, wit.
esquille/, splinter.
et and.
établir to establish, begin, fix.
établissement m. settlement, camp.
état m. condition, state ; hors d'état
unable.
été. See être, été m. summer.
étendre to stretch, extend.
étonnement m. astonishment, won-
der.
étonner to astonish; s'étonner, to
wonder, be astonished.
étranger m. stranger.
être to be.
être m. being.
étroit -e narrow.
étui m. case, eu. See avoir, européen -ne European.
eux pi. of lui they, them.
évader (s') to escape.
évasion/ escape.
éveiller (s') to awake.
événement m. event.
éviter to avoid.
excepté except.
exécuter to perform, do.
exiger to exact, demand.
expressément expressly.
facile easy. facilement easily.
VOCABULARY
fAdliter to facititate.
lUUe feeble.
faibldMe/. feebleness, weakness.
faillir ta ba at the point of , be near.
faim/, hungv.
faire to do, make, cause, order; faire ciier to make call out ; faire endurer to cause to endure ; faire entendre to make hear ; faire faire to hâve made; faire mourir to cause to die, hâve killed ; to kill ; faire sonffiir to make suff er ; faite voir to show; il fait beau the weather is fine.
falloir to be necessary, want, need, must.
faUnt. ^iT^faUoir.
familiarité/ intimacy.
famille/ family.
farine/ flour.
fatigué -e tired, wom out.
faut. Sâefalloii.
faute / fault, mistake; faute de for want of.
faveur / favor; à la faveur by means.
feindre to feign, prétend, sham.
féliciter to congratulate.
femme/ woman, wife.
fendre to split, crack.
fenêtre/ window.
fer m. iron; //. fetters, chains.
ferai. Sââ faire.
ferme firm, steady.
fermer to close.
fermeté/ firmness.
féroce fierce, savage.
ferré -e shod with iron; bottes ferrées hobnailed boots.
festin m. feast.
feu m. fire ; faire feu to fire (a gun,
feuille/ leaf.
février m. February.
fidèle faithf ul.
fidèlement faithfully.
fidéUté/ fidehty.
fièvre/ fever, ague.
fiévren-z -se ill of fever.
fil m. thread.
filer to spin ; to purr.
fils m. son.
fin/ end.
finir to finish, end.
firent, fit. S^â faire.
fizor to fix, settle.
flamber to flame, blaze.
fleuve m. river, large stream.
flot m. fiood, current.
foi/ faith.
fois/ time; deux fois twice.
fond m, bottom, back part.
fondement m* foundation.
font. S^é faire.
fontaine/ fountain, spring.
force/ strength.
forcer to force, take by force.
forêl/ forest.
formellement f ormally.
fort -e strong, large.
fort adi/. very, very much.
fou, fol, folle mad, foolish; nouttr
fool, foolish one.
fouiller to fumble, rummage.
fournir to fumish.
fourragère / a Russian word for
cap.
foyer m. hearth, fireplace.
franchir to cross, leap over.
frapper to strike.
froid -e cold.
froid m, cold.
front m, forehead.
fuir to flee, escape.
fumée/ smoke.
funeste fatal.
furieu-x -se furious, raging,
fusil m. gun.
fusillade/ discharge (ofmusketry),
fut fût See être.
gagner to gain, reach.
gai -e gay, lively, cheerful.
gaieté/ gayety, cheerfulness.
gambade/ gambol, an tic.
garçon m. boy.
garde m. andf. guard, keeper.
garder to keep.
gardien m. guardian, warden.
gazon m. sod, turf.
gémir to groan, lament.
gemme/ gem ; sel gemme rock sait.
gêner to hinder, incommode.
généreusement generously.
genou m. knee; à genou kneeling.
gens m. or f. pi. people, servants.
gentilhomme m. nobleman.
geôlier m. jailer.
Géorgie/ Georgia, Russian province in Transcaucasia.
giberne/ cartridge-pouch.
gigantesque gigantic.
gîte m. resting-place ; nest, hole.
glace/ ice.
glaise / clay ; terre glaise potter's earth.
glissant -e slippery.
gloire/ glory.
gonfler to swell, puff up.
gorgée/ swallow, sip.
goûter to taste, relish, enjoy.
grftce / favor, thanks; de grâce please, pray.
grade m. rank.
grand -e great, tall, kirge.
grandeur/ greatness, size.
grand-père m, grandfather.
gratification/ gift.
Grèce/ Greece.
grésil m, soft hail.
gris -egray.
gronder to scold, growl at.
guerre/ war.
guise / manner; en guise de by way of .
H ['h=aspiiatédh.]
habit m. coat; //. clothes.
habitant m. inhabitant.
habiter to inhabit.
habitude/ practice, skill; d'habitude ordinarily.
'hache/ ax.
'hangar m. shed.
'hardiment boldly, loudly
liasarder (se) to risk.
'haut -e high, loud; là-haut up there.
'hautement loudly.
'hauteur/ height.
hélas alas I
herbe/ grass.
hésiter to hesitate.
'hêtre m, beech tree.
heure / hour; de bonne heure early.
heureusement fortunately.
'heurter to strike, knock.
histoire/ history, story.
VOCABULARY
homme m. man.
'hoxB de outside of, out of ; hors de
combat disabled.
hôte m. host, guest.
Houessein. See note, 'hait eight.
humainement humanely.
Ibrahim m. Arabie form for Abraham.
ici hère.
idée/ idea.
ignorer to be ignorant of.
il he, it.
inadvertance / accident.
inanition/, starvation.
inattendu -e unexpected.
incertain -e uncertain.
incessamment immediately, shortly.
incliner (s') to bend, bow.
indemnité/ indemnity; en indemnité de in retum for.
indiquer to indicate, show.
individuellement individually.
inégal -e unequal.
infanterie/ infantry.
infortune/ misfortune.
ingrat -e ungratef ul.
inné -e innate, inbom.
inquiéter (s') to be uneasy, be worried.
inquiétude/ uneasiness, anxiety.
insensiblement gradually.
insignifiant -e insignificant, meaningless.
instant m. instant; à l'instant at once.
insupportable unendurable.
intérêt m, interest, advantage.
interprète m. interpréter.
interrogation/ question.
intimider to intimidate, embarrass.
introduire (s') to gain admittance.
inutile useless.
isolé -e isolated, lonely.
isoler to isolate.
issue/ issue, resuit, end, outlet.
Ivan. See note.
jamais ever; ne . . . jamais never.
jambe / leg; à toutes jambes at
full speed.
jel.
jeter to throw away, to throw out,
hurl; to utter.
jeune young.
joindre to join.
jointe. See joindre, joli -e pretty, nice.
joue/ cheek.
jouer to play.
jouir de to enjoy.
jour m. day, daylight; de jour en
jout from day to day.
journée/ day.
juge m. judge.
juger to judge, pass sentence, jurer to swear, déclare, jusque until ; jusqu'à, jusqu'en to,
as far as, until ; jusqu'alors until
then; jusque-là just to that point, juste accurately.
Kabarda. See note. Kascambo m. Kaskambo.
Ubick m. kibitka. See note, Idslitchi m. See note.
kopeck m. a Russian coin worth about two thirds of a cent.
l' the ; him, her, it.
la the ; her, it.
là there ; là-haut above, up there.
lainA /. wool.
laisser to let, leave ; se laisser aller
à to give up to.
langage m. language.
langue / tongue, language.
languir to languish, pine away.
Lars military post in the Caucasus.
las -se tired.
le, la, P, les the ; him, her, it, them.
léger, légère light.
lent -e slow.
lequel, laquelle who, which, whom.
leur their, theirs ; to them.
lever to raise ; se lever to get up,
rise. liaison /. f riendship, intimacy.
libre free.
librement freely.
licou m. halter, cord.
lien m, bond, fetter.
lier to bind, unité, lieu m. place ; an lieu de instead of.
ligne /. line ; for Ligne, see note, linge m. linen.
Ut m. bed.
livrer to deliver, give up.
loin far, distant ; de loin f rom afar ;
au loin at a distance, lointain -e distant, loisir m. leisure.
long -ne long, long m. length.
Vmger to go along, pass along.
longtemps long, a long time ; depuis longtemps for a long time.
lors then; lors de at the time of ; depuis lors f rom that time.
lorsque when.
louer to praise ; to hire.
lueur/. Ught, gleam.
lui to him, to her ; he, him, it.
lui-même, elle-même himself, herself, itself .
magasin m. storehouse, store.
mahométan m. Mohammedan.
main /. hand.
maintenant now.
mais but.
mais m, Indian corn.
maison /. house.
maître m. master.
mal adv. badly.
mal m. evil, pain, harm; pL maux
evils, ills.
malade ilL
maladie f, illness, disease malgré in spite of .
malheur m, bad luck, misfortune.
maiheureu-x -se unhappy, unfor-
tunate.
malveillance / ill will.
manger to eat.
manière /. manner ; de manière so
that.
manquer to lack, miss, fail.
marchand m. merchant.
marche /. course, joumey.
marcher to walk.
marier to marry ; se marier to get
married.
marque/, mark, sign.
VOCABULARY
matin m, morning.
matinée /. moming.
mauvais -e bad, evil.
méchant -e bad, cruel, wicked.
Mecque (la) Mecca.
méfiance /. distrust, suspicion.
meilleur -e better.
mêler to mix, mingle ; se mêler de to be concemed in ; to meddle with.
mélèze m, larch-tree ; larch wood.
même self, even, same ; very ; toute de même just the same.
menacer to threaten.
ménage m. housekeeping.
ménagements m. pi. caution.
ménager to treat with caution ; to spare.
mener to lead.
méprendre (se) to be mistaken.
mer / sea.
mère / mother.
mériter to deserve.
merveille/ marvel, wonder ; à merveille perfectly, wonderfully.
mettre to put, place, put on ; mettre pied à terre to dismount ; mettre hors de combat to disable; se mettre to sit down ; to dress ; se mettre à to begin.
meurtre m, murder.
midi m, noon.
mien -ne (le, la) mine.
mieux better.
milieu m. middle ; an milieu in the midst.
mille thousand.
mirent, mis, mit. See mettre.
misère /. misery, distress ; want.
moi I, me.
moindre less.
moins less; du {or an) moins at
least.
mois m. month.
moitié/, half; à moitié half, half-
way ; être à moitié to participate.
Mollah m, Mohammedan pfiest.
momentané -e momentary.
mon, ma, mes my.
monstre m, monster. montagnard -e m. and / moun-
taineer.
montagne / mountain.
monter to mount.
monticule m. hillock, knoll.
montrer to show, monture /. mount, riding-animaL morbleu zounds I morceau m, bit, morsel.
morne gloomy, sullen.
mort / Qeath.
Mosdok Mozdok. See note.
mot m. Word, mouiller to wet, soak ; se mouiller
tp get wet.
mourir to die.
mouton m. sheep, mutton.
mouvement m. motion, moyen m. means ; au moyen de by
means of.
mulet m. mule, mur m. wall.
muraille /. wall.
musique /. music.
musulman m. Moslem.
mutuellement mutually.
naître to spring up, be bom.
natal -e native.
natte /. mat
ne : ne . . . jamais never ; ne . . . pas not ; ne . . . que only.
nèfle/, medlar, fruit of the medlartree. See note.
neige j[. snow.
nettoyer to clean, scour.
neuf nine. .
ni neither; ni ... ni neither . . . nor.
nûce /. wedding.
noisette /. hazelnut.
nom m. name.
nomade nomadic, wandering.
nombre m. number, multitude.
nombreu-x -se numerous.
nommer to name, appoint ; se nommer to be called.
non no ; non seulement . . . mais not only . . . but.
nord m. north.
notre our.
nôtre (le, la) ours.
nourriture / f ood.
nous we, us.
nouveau, nouvel, nouvelle new; à {or de) nouveau anew, again.
nouveauté /. novelty.
noyer to drown ; se noyer to be drowned.
nu -e bare, naked.
nuit / night.
obéir to obey.
obtenir to obtain.
œil (//. yeux) m. eye.
offrir to offer.
ombre /. shadow.
on one, we, they, etc.
onze eleven.
ordinairement usually.
ordonner to order, direct, oreiller m, pillow.
orienter (s') to get one's bearings.
originaire native, oser to dare, venture.
ôter to take away, take o£E, remove.
ou or.
où where, in which.
oublier to forget.
oui yes.
ouïr to hear. .
outre beyond, besides.
ouvertement openly.
ouvrage m, work, composition, ouvrir to open; s'ouvrir to open, burst.
pacifique peaceful.
pain m. bread.
palpiter to palpitate, béat violcntly.
papier m. paper.
par by, through.
paraître to appear.
parce que because.
parcourir to traverse, go over.
parent m, relation; //. parents.
parfois sometimes.
parler to speak.
parmi among.
parole/ word, promise.
part/ part, share, portion; d'aatr»
part on the other hand.
partager to share.
parti m. party, escort, detachment.
particulièrement especially.
