couvées longtemps, "long brooded over

1. II. Dauphiné, The territory of the Dauphins of Vienne, so called from the dolphin in their arms, was ceded by its last lord to Charles of France (afterwards Charles V. of France), eldest son of John Duke of Normandy (afterwards John, king of France), in 1349. Since then this territory formed the apanage of the eldest son of the king of France, who was called Dauphin.

1. 12. sont tout autrement sérieuses et profondes que, "differ entirely by their seriousness and depth from."

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1. 3. Etienne Marcel was Provost of the Merchants at Paris in 1355, and was chosen to sit in the States-General. After the battle of Poitiers he took the lead not only of the tiers étcU or dtizens, but of the whole body. In 1357 the States issned an Ordonnance, appointing 36 Commissionersof reform. The disunion in the States General caused the failure of the reform. Some of the obnoxious coundllors of the

Dauphin Charles were murdered by Marcel*s partisans, and the Dauphin fled from Paris. The civil war of the Jacquerie broke out. Marcel tried to get the help of Charles the Bad, King of Navarre ; but while going to open the gâtes of Paris to him, was murdered.

1. 5. Cabochien, The Burgundian party were so called in 141 1 from Jean Caboche, a butcher of Paris, and a party leader. This Cabochien party in 1413 seized many nobles of the Armagnac party, and set up a commission of twelve judges to punish offenders and reform misgovernment. Their excesses however led to their overthrow.

1. 13. que nous ne voulons pas comparer entièrement aux deux premières t **which we would not altogether rank with the former two." 1. 16. la bourgeoisie^ the middle class, the citizen class. 1. 17. qui avait fait et manqué deux fois sa révolution^ '* which had twice attempted a révolution and twice failed." 1.23. les précédents^ "the antécédents." 1. 25. brasser, to brew, and hence "to agitate" or stir up. 1. 26. Charles Vlly called the Wtll-setved and the Victorious, King of France 1422 — 1461.

1. 27. Charles VI, King of France 1380 — 1422, who in his years of sanity was easy-going and good-humoured.

1. 28. Charles F, King 1362 — 1380, known as the Wise^ from the skilful way in which he recovered the conquests of Edward III.

// tenait de sa mère et de sa grand* mère, *'he took after his mother and grandmother." Louis XI.*s mother was Mary, daughter of Louis II. of Anjou, King of Sicily. Her mother was Yolande of Bar, daughter of John I, King of Aragon.

1. 32. Us Guises» The Guise family, who played so great a part in the religions wars of the i6th century, were descended from Claude, a son of Duke René IL of Lorraine, and of the house of Anjou. The plural takes an s hère because Guise is the name of 2^ family not of an

individual.

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1. 3. la sagesse de Venise, The statecraft of the Venetian oligarchy was the admiration of the âge.

1. 4. Francesco Sforza, son of the famous Condottiere or chief of mercenaries Sforza Attendolo, married the daughter of Filippo Maria Visconti, Duke of Milan, and at his death, got possession by craft and force of Milan. He was never formally created Duke, but was called by the title. He ruled 1450 — 1466.