chapitre, m. chapter, council of monks
chaque, adj. each.
chardon, m. thistle.
Charente, /. a river rising in the department of Haute- Vienne and flowing into the Atlantic; also the department embracing the territory around Angoulême.
charge,/, charge, order, load, custody, care, office, place, expense.
charger, v. to charge, load, burden, put on, put in charge, bid, commission; se — , charge oneself, take charge, take upon oneself, become heavy or thick.
chariot, m. cart, wagon.
charitalDle, adj. charitable.
charité,/, charity; la Charité, town on the Loire in the department of Nièvre.
Charlemagne, king of the Franks and Emperor of the West, he ascended the throne in 768 (742-814); also called saint — .
Charles, Charles; — -Martel, son of Pepin d'Heristal, mayor of the palace; he crushed (as with a hammer, hence his name) the Saracens at Poitiers in 732, and thus saved the civilization of the \ est from the Mussulmans (689- 741); — II, le Chauve, ascended the French throne in 840; by the treaty of Verdun (S43) he and his two brothers divided the Empire of Charlemagne, France was his share, and thus he is really the first king of France (823-877); — V, son of Jean II, became king in 1364 (1337- 1380); — VI, le Bien-Aimé, the title was gained by a brief period of good government; he later became insane, and France almost fell into the hands of the English through successive defeats; the king do mx was also torn by the struggles of the Armagnacs and the Burgundians; his reign (begun in 1380) is one of the darkest periods of French history (1368-1422); — VII, son of Charles VI, became king of France in 1422 (1403-1461); — VIII, son of Louis XT, became
king of France in 1483 (1470-1498); — IX, second son of Henri II and Catherine de Médicis, became king of France in 1560 (1550-1574); — le Téméraire, last duke of Burgundy, chief opponent of Louis XI (1433-1477).
Charlotte, daughter of the treasurer of the Duke of Orleans, a friend of Jeanne Dare.
charme, m. charm.
charmer, v. to charm; charmant, -e, charming.
Charolles, town in the department of Saone-et-Loire.
charpenterie, /. carpentry, timber-work, frame-work.
charpentier, m. carpenter.
charrette, /. cart.
charron, m. wheelwright, cartwright.
Charron, mayor of Paris at the time of the massacre of Saint Bartholomew.
charrue, /. plough.
Charry, a favorite of Catherine de Médicis.
Chartres, small city in the department of Eure-et-Loir, noted for its cathedral and, in the Middle Ages, as a theological center.
chasse, /. hunt, hunting, chase.
châsse, /. shrine, reliquary.
chasser, v. to chase, drive, drive away.
chasseur, m. hunter, footman, errand boy.
chaste, adj. chaste, pure.
chat, m. cat.
châtaignier, m. chestnut-tree.
château, m. castle; — de
VOCABULARY
Rouen, an old castle built by Philippe- Auguste after the expulsion of the English in 1204, the tower in which Jeanne Dare was imprisoned was pulled down in 1809; there is still standing a tower which bears her name.
Chateaubriand (François- René de), famous French author and forerunner of the Romantic school; author of: le Génie du Christianisme, Atala, René, les Martyrs, etc., characterized by wonderful descriptive power, wealth of imagination, sensitiveness, poetic descriptions of nature, passion and eloquence (1768-1848).
Châteaudun, town in the department of Eure-et-Loir.
Châteaulin, town in the department of Finistère.
Châteaiuieuf, Michelet refers by this title to Raimond- Balthazar, marquis de Phelypeaux, a noted French statesman and diplomate (1650-1713).
Château-Renaud, Chateau- Regnault is referred to, a village in the valley of the Meuse, near the cliffs of the Quatre-fils-Aymon, in the department of Ardennes.
Château-Trompette, a former castle in Bordeaux, built, after the submission of the town in 1453, by Charles VII, in order to keep proper control of the citizens; the site of the castle is now
occupied by the place des Quinconces.
Châtelaudren, village in the department of Côtes-du-Nord.
Châtellerault, small city in the department of Vienne, it became the seat of a viscount in 900.
Châtillon, name of several noble French families; in 1572 the most important member was Coligny (so called because of his birthplace, sur-Loing in the
department of Loiret); Michelet also mentions a churchman of this name who was an adversary of Jeanne Dare at her trial and a printer who defended Servetus.
châtiment, m. chastisement, chastening.
chaud, -e, adj. and m. warm, hot, warmth, heat.
chauffage, m. heating, fuel; bois de —, firewood.
chaumière, /. thatched cottage.
chaussure,/, shoes and stockings, shoes (applied to anything worn on the feet).
chauve, adj. bald.
ChauvelLn (Henri-Philippe, abbé de), an abbot, canon and member of the parliament of Paris, a violent opponent of the Jesuits (1714-1770).^
chef, w. chief, chieftain, leader.
chef -lieu (chefs-lieux, pL), m.
county seat, principal town.
chemin, m. way, road; grand — , highway.
cheminer, v. to go on one's way, proceed, walk.
VOCABULARY
chemise, /. shirt, chemise.
chêne, m. oak; Chêne des Partisans, Oak of the Partisans, near Neufchateau (department of Vosges).
Chénier (André), celebrated French poet born in Constantinople; he expressed his own original ideas in the verse-forms imitated from antic|uity; he was beheaded in the Reign of Terror; author of la Jeune Captive, l'Aveugle, etc.
(1762-1794); his brother Marie-Joseph was also a poet and dramatist (1764- 1811).
Chenonceaux, a commune of the department of Indreet-Loire, noted for its magnificent Renaissance castle, built in the river Cher at the time of François 1er.
cher, -ère, adj. dear.
chercher, v. to search, seek, look for; envoyer — , send for; se — , try to become acquainted with or understand oneself.
chétif, -ive, adj. puny, thin, sickly, paltry, wretched.
cheval, m. horse; à — , on horseback; à — sur, astride.
chevaleresque, adj. chivalrous, chivalric, knightly.
chevalerie, /. chivalry.
chevalier, m. knight.
chevauchée, /. ride, distance a beast of burden can cover without stopping, ride on horseback, raid, cavalcade.
chevaucher, v. to ride on horseback.
chevau-léger, m. light-horseman; pi. light cavalry.
cheveu, m. hair; les cheveux,
the hair.
chèvre, /. she-goat, goat.
chez, prep, at the house of, in the room or apartment of, with, among; il est — lui, he is at home.
chicaner, v. to quibble, quibble or wrangle about, chicane.
chicaneur, -euse, adj. caviling, litigious.
chien, m. dog.
Chinon, town in the department of Indre-et-Loire, noted for its magnificent castle.
chirurgien, m. surgeon.
choc, m. shock, striking together, collision, blow.
chœur, m. choir, chorus.
choir, V. to fall (little used, except in the infinitive and past participle).
Choiseul (due Etienne-François de). Minister of Foreign Affairs under Louis XV (1719-1785).
choisir, v. to choose.
choix, m. choice.
choquer, v. to shock.
chose, /. thing, matter, affair, something; autre • — , something or anything else, different; quelque — , m.
something.
chouan, m. Vendean royalist during the French Revolution.
chrétien, -ne, adj. and s.
Christian.
Chrétien de Troyes, French author of the twelfth century, the most celebrated writer of the Arthurian cycle.
VOCABULARY
chrétienté, /. Christianity, Christendom.
Christ (le), m. Christ.
christianisme, m. Christianity.
Christine de Pisan, French authoress, born in Venice about 1363, died before 1440, wrote chiefly poems, also a work on Charles V.
Christophe, Christopher.
chronique, /. chronicle; — de Saint-Eertin, chronicle of the abbey of Saint Bertin.
chronologie, /. chronology.
chronologique, adj. chronological.
chute, /. fall.
ci, adv. (frequently used as a suffix, celui-ci, etc.), here.
Cid (le), the Cid (meaning the lord), a Spanish knight who won great fame in fighting against the Moors; he is the hero of many Spanish ballads, and of a tragedy by Corneille; his real name was Rodrigo (or Ruy) Diaz de Bivar; he died in 1099.
ciel (cieux, pi.), m. sky, heaven.
cierge, m. taper.
cigale, /. grasshopper.
cime, /. top, summit.
cimetière, m. cemetery.
cinq, card. five.
cinquante, card, fifty.
cinquième, ord. fifth.
circonstance, /. circumstance.
circulation, /. circulation.
circuler, v. to circulate, move about.
cirque, m. circus, arena; le Cirque (de Gavarnie), see Gavarnie.
citation, /. citation, quotation, summons.
cité, /. city (usually applied to the oldest part of a city, or to a city of the first rank, or used in certain locutions).
Cîteaux, hamlet in the department of Côte-d'Or, noted during the Middle Ages for the Benedictine monastery founded here in
citer, V. to cite.
citoyen, -ne, m., f. citizen.
civil, -e, adj. civil.
civilisable, adj. capable of being civilized.
civilisation,/, civilizftion.
civiliser, v. to civilize.
claie, /. hurdle, screen (the hurdle was a kind of sledge on which criminals were dragged).
clair, -e, adj. and adv. clear, clearly; quoi de plus — , what is clearer?; mettre la chose à — , to make the thing clear.
clairement, adv. clearly.
clairière, /. glade.
Clairvaux, a dependency of a commune in the department of Aube; noted for the famous abbey founded there in 11 14 by Saint Bernard, the abbey is now a house of detention.
clameur,/, clamor, uproar.
clan, m. clan, tribe.
clarté, /. light, splendor, brilliancy, brilliant light, glow, flash.
classe, /. class.
classer, v. to class; se — , be classed.
VOCABULARY
Classidas, Glacidas is meant, a name given by the French to Glasdale.
classique, adj. classic.
Claude 1er, Claudius I (Tiberius Drusus), Ronian Emperor from 41 to 54 A.D., he was born at Lyons in ID B.c.
clef, /. key.
clerc, m. clerk (candidate for priesthood, who has received the tonsure), scholar, law-clerk.
clergé, w. clergy.
Clermont (-Ferrand), former capital of Auvergne, now a city in the department of Puy-de-Dôme; there is also a town Clermont in the department of Oise, and a village of the same name in the department of Meuse.
client, -e, in., f. client, customer, dependent.
climat, m. climate.
Clive (lord), Lord Clive, he founded the British power in India (1725-1774).
cloche, /. large bell, church bell.
clocher, m. belfry.
cloître, m. cloister.
clore, V. to close (defective and little used).
clou, m. nail.
clouer, V. to nail, confine, keep.
Clovis (1er), the founder of the monarchy of the Franks, born about 466, died in 511; he defeated the Romans at Soissons in 486, the Ale man ni at Tolbiac in 496, the Burgun-
dians near Dijon in 500, and the Visigoths at Vouillé in 507.
Cluny, town in the department of Saone-et-Loire, noted for the Benedictine abbey here founded in 910 (not to be confounded with the musCe of this name in Paris).
Coaraze (château de), the castle in the village of Coaraze (or Coarraze) where Henri IV was brought up in the simple manner of the peasants (department of Basses-P3rrénées).
coche, m. barge, coach.
code, m. code.
cœur, m. heart, courage, spirit; de bon — , willingly; ami de — , best loved friend; de tout — , with all one's heart.
coffre, m. coffer, chest.
coi, -te, adj. quiet, still; se tenir — , to keep quiet (rare in feminine, except in chambre coite).
coin, m. corner.
col, m. neck, collar, narrow mountain pass, defile (in the sense of neck col is old, cou is now used).
colère, /. and adj. anger, choleric, irascible.
colérique, adj. choleric, irascible, passionate.
colibert, m. a superior serf; in Poitou the name was given under the old monarchy to a class despised by all, they resembled the cagots, etc., of western and southern France, who were a kind of French pariahs;
VOCABULARY
there are still a few coliberts in Poitou living on their boats, intermarrying and forming a class apart.
Coligny (l'amiral Gaspard de), chief of the French Protestants, a brave and loyal general; see selection on the massacre of Saint Bartholomew for details (1519- 1572).
Colisee (le), m. the Coliseum, a magnificent amphitheater in Rome, begun under Vespasian and finished under Titus.
collège, m. school (somewhat higher in grade than a high-school), college.
collègue, m. colleague.
colline, /. hill.
Cologne, German city on the Rhine, noted especially for its Gothic cathedral.
Colomb (Christophe), Christopher Columbus, the celebrated navigator and discoverer of America, born at Genoa in 145 1, died in Valladolid in 1506.
colombe, /. dove.
colon, m. colonist, planter,
colonial, -e, adj. colonial.
colonie, /. colony.
colonne, /. column.
colorer, v. to color.
colossal, -e, adj. colossal, enormous.
colosse, m. colossus.
colporteur, m. peddler.
colza, m. colza, rape-seed (kind of cabbage of which the oil is used for lamps).
combat, m. combat, fight, fighting, struggle, battle, strife, contest.
combattre, v. to combat, fight, struggle against; se — , fight, be fought.
combien, adv. how much?
how many? how.
comble, m. and adj. top, height, highest degree, extreme, acme, heaped up full to the top, quite full; pour — , to cap all.
combler, v. to fill up, heap, overload.
comédie, /. comedy.
comité, m. committee.
commandant, m. commandant, commander.
commandement ,w. command, order, authority.
commander, v. to command, order.
comme, adv. and. conj. as, so, how, as if, as it were.
commencement, m. commencement, beginning.
commencer, v. to commence, begin; — par (with infinitive), first.
commensal, r,t. person eating with another, messmate, habitual guest.
comment, adv. and interj. how, how? what!; ne sachant plus — faire, no longer knowing what to do; — cela, how is that?
commerce, m. commerce, business, trade.
commercer, v. to trade; commerçant, -e, adj. and s.
commercial, trader, tradesman.
commettre, v. to commit; se — , be committed.
Commines (Philippe de), a deep politician and an original writer of the first
VOCABULARY
rank, author of Mémoires on the reigns of Louis XI and Charles VIII; he thought with Louis XI that the end justified the means (1445-1509; also written Comines).
commission, /. commission, errand.
commode, adj. comfortable, convenient.
commun, -e, adj. common, public, ordinary, every day, of poor quality; prière commune, family prayers; vivre sur le — , to live at the expense of society or on another's property without doing anything.
communal, -e, adj. belonging to a commune or parish, in favor of communes.
communauté, /. community, agreement.
commune, /. parish or township; the name was given in the Middle Ages to certain towns which succeeded in obtaining from their lords charters which accorded them a certain autonomy; the emancipation of the middle and lower classes was due in great part to the rise of the communes, which began under Louis VI, le Gros, who reigned from 1108 to 1 137. The word now is given to the smallest division of French territory.
commimication, /. communication.
communier, v. to administer or receive the sacrament.
commimion, /. communion.
communiquer, v. to communicate; — entre eux, communicate.
compacte, adj. compact, solid.
compagne, /. companion.
compagnie, /. company.
compagnon, m. companion.
comparable, adj. comparable.
comparaître, v. to appear (in court).
comparer, v. to compare; se — , compare oneself, be compared.
compassion, /. compassion.
compatir, v. to have compassion for; compatissant, -e, compassionate, sympathetic.
compatriote, m. compatriot.
Compiêgne, town in the department of Oise, noted for its castle and its park; Jeanne Dare was imprisoned here by the Burgundians in 1430.
compilation, /. compilation.
complaire, v. to please; se — , delight (in).
complet, -ète, adj. complete.
complexe, adj. complex.
complice, m., f. accomplice.
compliment, m. compliment.
compliquer, v. to complicate
complot, m. plot, conspiracy.
composer, v. to compose, form; composé, -e, composed, composite.
composition, /. composition.
Compostelle, Santiago - de - Compostella, a small Spanish city, seat of an archbishop and a famous object of pilgrimage.
comprendre, v. to understand; se — , be understood, understand one another.
VOCABULARY
comprimer, v. to compress, press on, curb,
com^promettre, v. to compromise.
comptabilité, /. responsibility, book-keeping, regular keeping of accounts.
compte, m. count, account, reckoning, advantage; — rendu, account rendered, statement, synopsis; tenir — de, to take into account, make an allowance for, notice.
compter, v. to count, count on.
comptoir, m. counter.
comte, comtesse, w.,/. count, countess.
concentrer, v. to concentrate; se — , concentrate, be concentrated, concentrate one's forces.
concerner, v. to concern.
concert, ni. concert, harmony.
concerter, v. to concert, come to an agreement, arrange; se — , plan together.
concile, m. council, assembly of prelates.
conclure, v. to conclude; se — , be concluded, be drawn up.
Concorde, /. concord, harmony.
concorder, v. to agree, live in concord; concordant, -e, concordant, agreeing.
concourir, v. to concur, cooperate, compete, conspire, contribute.
concurrence, /. competition.
concurrent, -e, m., f. competitor.
condamnation, /. condemnation; acte de — , sentence.
condamner, v. to condemn,
censure; condamné, -e, adj.
and s. condemned, one condemned.
Condé (Henri 1er, prince de), a Protestant who fought in the Keligious vA ars and escaped being massacred in 1572 only by his abjuration (1552-1588). The Condé family was a collateral branch of the Bourbons; many members played an important part in French history. ^
Condillac (Etienne de), celebrated philosopher, chief of the sensualists, author of a Treatise on the Sensations and of a work on the Theory of Language ( 1 7 1 5- 1780).
condition, /. condition, lot.
Condorcet (Antoine -Nicolas de), celebrated philosopher, mathematician and revolutionist; his chief work is an exposition of his belief in the indefinite progress of humanity (1743-1794).
conduire, v. to conduct, lead, bring, be at the head of.
conduite,/, conduct, guidance.
Conecta (Thomas), Carmelite, Breton monk noted as a preacher and reformer; he was burned to death in Rome in 1434 as a result of his denunciations of the dissolute clergy (also written Conecte).
confesser, v. to confess, acknowledge; se — , confess one's sins.
confessetir, m. confessor.
confession, /. confession; les Confessions, title of one of
VOCABULARY
Jean -Jacques Rousseau's works.
confiance, /. confidence.
confier, v. to confide; confiant, -e, confident.
confirmer, v. to confirm, ratify, sanction.
confiture,/, preserve(s), sweetmeat.
Conflans, there are two French villages of this name, one just outside the southeastern wall of Paris, the other in the department of Meurthe-et-Moselle ; marquis de — , the reference is to a son of the celebrated soldier, Marquis de Conflans, who died in 1774; the family ended in 1849.
confluent, m. confluence, meeting, junction.
confondre, v. to confound, mingle; se — , be mingled.
conformément, adv. conformably, in conformity with.
confrère, m. fellow-member, associate, confrère.
confrérie,/, brotherhood, confraternity.
confus, -e, adj. confused, indistinct.
confusion, /. confusion.
conjurer, v. to conjure, pray urgently.
connaître, v. to be acquainted with, know; se — , know oneself or one another, know that one has.
connétable, m. High Constable (formerly highest military officer of France).
conquérir, v. to conquer; conquérant, -e, adj. and s.
conquering, of conquest, conqueror.
conquête, /. conquest.
consacrer, v. consecrate, perpetuate.
conscience, /. conscience; en — , conscientiously, in all conscience, frankly.
conseil, m. counsel, council, advice.
conseiller, m. counselor, councilor, assistant judge.
conseiller, v. to advise, counsel.
consentir, v. to consent, agree; consentant, -e, consenting, willing.
conséquence,/, consequence.
conserver, v. to preserve; se — , be preserved.
considérable, adj. considerable, important.
considération, /. consideration.
considérer, v. to consider, look at.
consister, v. to consist.
consoler, v. to console.
consommer, v. to consummate, accomplish, complete.
conspiration, /. conspiracy.
constamment, adv. constantly.
Constance (d'Arles), third wife of the French king Robert, said to have introduced into the Capetian court the luxury of the courts of the south; she died in 1032.
Constance, /. constancy, firmness, fortitude.
Constantia, Constance, Constancy (Latin).
Constantinople, Constantinople.
constater, v. to verify, ascertain, settle, prove.
VOCABULARY
constituer, v. to constitute, assign, appoint, make; se — , constitute oneself, be organized, be begun; constituant, -e, constituent.
constitution, /.^constitution.
construction, /. construction.
consulter, v. to consult.
consumer, v. to consume.
contact, m. contact.
contagieux, -euse, adj. contagious.
conte, m. short story, tale.
contemplation, /. contemplation.
contempler, v. to contemplate, survey.
contemporain, -e, adj. and s.
contemporaneous, contemporary.
contenir, v. to contain, restrain.
content, -e, adj. contented, content, glad, satisfied.
contenter, v. to content, satisfy; se — , be contented.
conter, v. to tell, recount, relate.
contester, v. to contest, dispute.
continent, m. continent.
continental, -e, adj. continental.
continu, -e, adj. continuous.
continuel, -le, adj. continual.
continuer, v. to continue.
contracter, v. to contract, shrink, shrivel.
contradiction, /. contradiction.
contradictoire, adj. contradictory, inconsistent, changing.^
contraire, adj. and m. contrary; au — , on the contrary.
contraste, m. contrast.
contrat, m. contract.
contre, prep, against; se prononcer — , to c'eclare oneself to be opposed to it.
contre -coup, m. counterstroke, rebound, reaction.
contredire, v. to contradict.
contredit, m. contradiction; sans — , unquestionably.
contrée, /. country, region.
contre-ordre, m. counter-order.
contrepoids, m. counterpoise, counter-balance.
contribuer, v. to contribute.
contrition, /. contrition.
convaincre, v. to convince, convict.
convenir, v. to suit, agree, be proper.
convention, /. convention; la Convention, the Convention, the revolutionary assembly of the Reign of Terror; it was in power from September 20, 1792, to October 26, 1795.
convers, -e, adj. employed in a convent; frères — , lay brothers without orders or education, but employed in the monastery.
conversation, /. conversation.
converser, v. to converse.
conversion, /. conversion.
convertir, v. to convert; se — , be or become converted; converti, -e, m.,/. convert.
conviction, /. conviction.
convier, v. to invite, incite, summon.
convive, m., f. table companion, guest.
convoitise,/, covetousness.
convulsif, -ive, adj. convulsive.
VOCABULARY
convulsion, /. convulsion, fit.
cooperateur, m. co-operator.
coopérer, v. to co-operate.
Copernic (Nicolas), Copernicus, celebrated Polish astronomer, discoverer of the double movement of the planets (relative to themselves and to the sun), a theory condemned by the pope as being contrary to the Bible (1473-1543)-
coquet, -te, adj. coquettish.
coquille, /. shell.
coquin, -e, m., f. rascal, rogue.
corbeau, m. raven, crov^r.
corbeille, /. basket (usually small and light), flow^erbed.
corde, /. cord, line, rope.
cordelier, -ère, m., f. cordelier, Franciscan friar or nun.
cordonnier, m. shoemaker.
come, /. horn.
Corneille (Pierre), first of the great classic dramatists; his best w^orks are: The Cid (1636), Horace, Cinna, Folyeucte, Rodagune (tragedies), and the comedy le Menteur (1606-1684).
cornette, /. woman's cap, head-dress worn by the sisters of charity.
corporation, /. corporation.
corporel, -le, adj. corporal.
corps, m. body, form, company, corps; — de garde, guard-house.
correction, /. correction, correctness.
correspondre, v. to correspond.
corrompre, v. to corrupt, de-
file; corrompu, -e, corrupted, corrupt.
corsaire, m. corsair, pirate, privateer.
corselet, m. corselet, light breastplate.
Cosne, town on the Loire in the department of Nièvre.
Cossé, name of an old French family, which has furnished three marshalls; the last,
Charles de Brissac, gave
Paris over to Henri IV in 1594, he died in 1621.
Cosseins, captain of the king's guards; he took an active part in the massacre of Saint Bartholomew.
costume, m. costume.
cote, /. quotation, figure, share.
côte, /. rib, slope, coast; se tenir les côtes, to split one's sides laughing.
côté, m. side, direction, feature; du — (de), on the side (of), in the direction (of); à — de lui, at his side; de ce — , on this side; à — , at the side, in comparison, at one side, along with (something already mentioned).
coteau, m. hillock, slope.
Cote-d'Or, /. French department forming a portion of the old province of Burgundy (the name comes from its low mountain chain).
cotiser, v. to assess; se — , club together.
coton, m. cotton.
cou, m. neck.
couchant, -e, adj. and m.
setting, sunset, west.
VOCABULARY
couche, /. layer, bed. coucher, v. to put to bed, lay, stretch out, pass the night, sleep, set; se — , go to bed, lie down; — en joue, aim at; couché, -e, lying down, in bed, recumbent.
Coucy, name of an old noble family of Picardy, they were adversaries of Louis VI, their device is given in the text; the tower or castle of Coucy is at Coucy-le- Château in the department of Aisne, the huge castle now in ruins is one of the most striking examples of the medieval strongholds.
coude, m. elbow, angle, bend,
corner, turn coudre, v. to sew.
couler, V, to f^ow, run, run
down, trickle down.
couleur, /. color.
coulevrine, /. culverin (formerly a long slender cannon).
coup, m. blow, stroke, shock, shot, gust, knock, gulp, nod, cast, deed, force, affair, shaft (of light); tout à — , all of a sudden, suddenly; tout d'un — , all of a sudden; d'un — , abruptly, suddenly; — sur — , time after time, one right after the other, without intermission; pour le —, for once; à — sûr, surely, with a sure result; — d'oeil, glance; — de pied, kick; — de griffe, wipe, scratch, attack; — de force, display of force, deed requiring great exertion.
coupable, adj. and s. culpable, guilty, cuJprit.
coupe,/, cutting, cup, chalice.
couper, V. to cut, cut off.
couplet, m. couplet, stanza.
cour, /. court, yard.
courage, m. courage.
courageux, -euse, adj. courageous.
courant, -e, adj. and m. current, ordinary.
courbe, /. curve.
courber, v. to curve, bend; courbé, -e, bent down, bent, round-shouldered.
Couril, m. a kind of lively little demon whom the young girls of Brittany are told to avoid; they are supposed to haunt the druidic monuments on moonlight nights.
courir, v. to run, run over, circulate, rove about, run about.
couronne, /. crown, wreath.
couronnement, m. coronation.
couronner, v. to crown.
courrier, vi. courier, mail.
cours, m. course, lectures, stream.
course, /. course, running, excursion, cruise, race, errand.
court, -e, adj. and adv. short; tourner — , to turn short around; couper — à, cut short, prevent.
Court de Gébelin, a Protestant French author, wrote especially on religious toleration, history and grammar; he took an active part in the Calas and Sirven affairs (1725-1784).
courtisan, m. courtier.
VOCABULARY
Courtrai, city in western Belgium, near the French frontier; the French were defeated here by the Flemish in 1302.
Courtray = Courtrai.
Cousin (Jean), French painter, designer, engraver and writer, a representative of the Renaissance; his best known painting is that of the Last Judgment (lived from about 1500 to about
1589)cousin, -e, w., /. cousm.
couteau, m. knife.
coûter, V. to cost.
coutiller, m. soldier armed with a knife (rare and old).
coutume, /. custom, usage, common-law.
coutumier, -ère, adj. customary, common; droit — , common-law.
couvent, m. convent, monastery.
couver, v. to brood on or over, watch tenderly or covetously.
couverture,/, covering, cover, coverlet, blanket.
couvrir, v. to cover, protect; se — , be covered, put on one's hat.
craie, /. chalk.
craindre, v. to fear, be afraid.
crainte, /. fear, dread, apprehension.
crâne, m. skull, cranium.
craquer, v. to crack.
cratère, m. crater.
Crau (la), /. name of a vast, rocky, sterile plain at the mouth of the Rhone.
crayeux, -euse, adj. chalky.
créance, /. credit, credence.
confidence; lettre de — , letter of credit; lettres de — , credentials; lettres de simple — , merely credentials.
créancier, m. creditor.
créateur, -trice, adj. and s.
creative, creator.
création, /. creation.
créature, /. creature.
Crébillon (Prosper), French writer of tragedies and poet, his tragedies usually rely on horror for their effect (1674-1762); his son Claude was a novelist (1707-1777).
Crécy, village in the department of Somme; the French were defeated here by the English in 1346.
crédit, m. credit, repute, es-, teem, authority.
crédule, adj. credulous.
créer, v. to create; se — , be created, create for oneself.
créneau, m. battlement, embrasure.
crépusculaire, adj. (of the) twilight, crepuscular.
Crépy, village in the department of Aisne (there is also a town of this name in the department of Oise; allusion in the text is to the first).
crescendo, m. crescendo, gradual increase (usually of sound, Italian).
creux, -euse, adj. hollow.
crever, v. to burst or tear open, burst, break, die, break one's heart, put out (the eyes, etc.).
cri, m. cry, shout.
cribler, v. to riddle.
VOCABULARY
crier, v. to cry, cry out, call.
cnerien. m. pi. name given to the spirits of shipwrecked persons, who come from the ocean at night to demand burial at the hands of the inhabitants along the coasts of Normandy and Brittany.
Crillon (Louis de), celebrated leader and friend of îTenri IV, called by the latter the first captain in the world ^(1543-1615).
crime, m. crime.
criminel, -le, adj. and s. criminal.
crise, /. crisis.
cristal, m. crystal, cut-glass.
critique, adj. critical.
crocodile, m. crocodile.
croire, v. to believe; se — , believe oneself to be.
croisade, /. crusade.
croisée, /. window, casement, transept.
croiser, v. to cross.
croissance, /. growth, growing.
croître, v. to increase, grow.
croix, /. cross, crossing.
crouler, v. to crumble, fall in or down.
croyance, /. belief, creed.
Crucé, one of the most atrocious slaughterers in the massacre of Saint Bartholomew; he boasted of having killed four hundred persons in one day.
crucifier, v. to crucify.
crue,/, rise, swelling, increase.
cruel, -le, adj. cruel.
cruellement, adv. cruelly.
crypte, /. crypt.
cube, m. and adj. cube, cubic.
cuir, m leather.
cuirasse, /. breastplate, cuirass.
cuirasser, v. to arm with a breastplate or cuirass.
cuisine,/, kitchen, fare, cooking.
cuivre, m. copper.
culbuter, v. to send head over heels, throw over, overthrow.
culte, m. worship, creed.
cultiver, v. to cultivate.
culture, /. culture, cultivation, tillage, cultivated land.
curé, m. vicar, parish priest.
cure-dent, vi. toothpick.
curée,/ quarry (in hunting).
curie, /. curia, senate-chamber, ward.
curieux, -euse, adj. curious.
curiosité, / curiosity.
Cuvier (Georges), celebrated French naturalist, the creator of comparative anatomy and paleontology (1769-1832).
cygne, m. swan.
cymbale, /. cymbal.
cyniquement, adv. cynically.
d', see de.
daigner, v. to deign.
dame, /. lady; la Dame de Meuse (les rochers de), cliffs in the valley of the Meuse (department of Ardennes); Notre Dame, Our Lady.
damner, v. to damn.
damoiselle, /. young lady of noble rank (old word).
Damville, French marshall, friend of Coligny.
Dandelot, name by which
VOCABULARY
François de Coligny, the admiral's brother, is known (also written d'Andelot).
By his bravery in battle and in the defense of the liberty of the conscience, as well as by his purity, he belongs to the highest type of Protestant leaders in the Religious Wars (1521-
1569)- Danemark, m. Denmark.
danger, m. danger.
dangereux, -euse, adj. dangerous.
danois, -e, adj. and s. Danish, Dane (written Danois when s.).
dans, prep, in, into, within, to, at, on, among, with.
danse, /. dance; — des épées, sword-dance.
danser, v. to dance.
danseur, -euse, m.,f. dancer.
Danton (Georges -Jacques), greatest of the French revolutionists, member of the Convention and of the Committee of Public Safety; he looked on the Reign of Terror as only a provisional form of government, so was suspected by Robespierre of being too moderate, and as a result was beheaded (1759-1794).
Daphne, Daphne, nymph who was changed into a laureltree as she was about to be seized by the pursuing Apollo.
Dare (Jeanne), born in 141 2, burned at the stake in 1431 (see selection for details); Jacques — , father of Jeanne, a well-to-do farm-
er, not a serf, who came from Champagne to settle in Domremy; Pierre — , brother of Jeanne.
darder, v. to dart, shoot.
dater, v. to date, reckon.
Daulon (Jean), Jeanne Dare's squire.
dauphin, m. dolphin, dauphin (eldest son of the French king); le Dauphin, the Dauphin (this title was assumed in the middle of the ninth century by the lord of Dauphiny, then was given to the eldest son of the king beginning in 1439; it was at first merely a title, such as comte, etc.)
Dauphiné, m. Dauphiny, former French province united to France in 1349.
dauphinois, -e, adj. and s.
of Dauphiny, inhabitant of Dauphiny (written Dauphinois when s.).
davantage, adv. still more, more, any more.
David (Louis), French painter of the Revolution and First Empire, by his pure, classic style he reacted against the mannerism of the eighteenth century (1748-1825); Michelet also mentions a certain magistrate of Toulouse by the name of David.
de, prep, of, from, by, with, in, to, on, in regard to, for, during, than, because of, some (according to the rules for the partitive construction), =English possessive ('s); chemin — , road to.
dé, m. die, thimble; — à coudre, thimble.
VOCABULARY
débarrasser, v. to disembarrass, relieve, free.
débat, m. debate.
débattre, v. to debate.
débiter, v. to retail, utter, tell, recite.
débiteur, -euse, m., f. newsmonger.
débiteur, -trice, m.,f. debtor.
débonnaire, adj. easy-tempered, compliant, too goodnatured, debonair.
déborder, v. to overflow, run over.
debout, adv. upright, standing, up.
décadence, /. decadence.
décapiter, v. to behead, decapitate.
décembre, m. December.
décence, /. decency.
décharge, /. discharge.
décharger, v. to discharge, unload, take off, ease, clear.
décharné, -e, adj. emaciated, lean, gaunt.
déchirement, m. tearing, rent, laceration, rending.
déchirer, v. to tear, rend, lacerate, tear asunder; se — , be torn, tear one another; déchirant, -e, rending, heart-rending, earsplitting.
déchoir, v. to decline, decay.
décidément, adv. decidedly.
décider, v. to decide, determine, make one decide; se — , decide, be decided, make up one's mind.
décisif, -ive, adj. decisive.
décision, /. decision.
déclamer, v. to declaim, recite.
déclarer, v. to declare; se — ,
declare oneself, make oneself known, speak one's mind.
décliner, v. to decline, sink.
décolorer, v. to discolor; décoloré, -e, discolored, colorless.
déconcerter, v. to disconcert, put out of countenance; se — , be disconcerted.
décontenancer, v. to put out of countenance, abash.
découper, v. to carve, cut off or out, bring out, cause to stand out.
décourager, v. to discourage; se — , be or become discouraged.
découverte, /. discovery.
découvrir, v. to discover, reveal, uncover, see.
décrépitude, /. decrepitude.
décrire, v. to describe.
dédaigner, v. to disdain.
dédaigneux, -euse, adj. disdainful, scorning, scornful.
dédain, m. disdain.
dedans, adv. and m. inside, within, in it, etc.; au — , within, inwards.
dédommagement, m. indemnification; en — de, as amends for, to make up for.
dédommager, v. to indemnify, compensate.
défaillance, /. swoon, exhaustion, weakness; en — , weakening, growing dim.'
défaillir, v. to fail, grow weak, falter, faint.
défaire, v. to unmake, undo, untie, defeat.
défaite, /. defeat.
défaut, m. fault, defect, weak
VOCABULARY
side; en (au) — de, in default of.
défendre, v. to defend, forbid, prohibit, guard.
défense, /. defense, fortification, prohibition, state of defense, guard.
défenseur, m. defender, champion, advocate.
defensif, -ive, adj. defensive; défensive, /. defensive.
defensor civitatis, defender of the state (Latin).
déférence, /. deference.
défi, m. defiance, challenge.
défier, v. to defy, challenge; se — (de), distrust, suspect, not to be sure of.
défilé, m. defile, filing by, march.
défiler, v. to file off or by.
définitif, -ive, adj. definitive, final.
dégager, v. to disengage, deliver, set free; se — , disengage oneself, get clear, go out from, get free.
dégonfler, v. to collapse (as a balloon).
dégradation, /. degradation.
dégrader, v. to degrade, debase.
degré, m. degree, step, stair.
déguiser, v. to disguise.
dehors, adv. outside, out, out of doors; au — , outside, without, in public; en — , without, outside, in public, frank.
déiste, m. deist (one who believes in the existence of a God, but denies all revelation).
déjà, adv. already.
déjeuner, v. to breakfast, lunch.
delà, prep, and adv. beyond; par — , beyond; au — (de), beyond.
délai, m. delay.
délaisser, v. to forsake.
délation, /. delation, secret denunciation.
délaver, v. to dilute, wash away.
délibération, /. deliberation.
délibérer, v. to deliberate.
délicat, -e, adj. delicate.
délicatesse, /. delicacy, scrupulousness.
délicieux, -euse, adj. delicious, delightful.
délier, v. to untie.
délire, m. delirium.
délivrance, /. deliverance, release.
délivrer, v. to deliver, free.
Delphes, Delphi, city of ancient Greece (now called Castri), where a temple was built to Apollo, and where the god gave forth his oracles.
delta, m. delta.
démagogie,/, demagogy, demagogism.
demain, adv. to-morrow.
demande, /. demand, question, request, suit.
demander, v. to request, ask for, ask, demand; il ne demande pas mieux, he asks nothing better.
démarche, /. step, proceeding, advance.
démêler, v. to disentangle, unravel, distinguish, discover, solve (a difficulty), see through.
démenti, m. contradiction, refutation.
démentir, v. to give the lie
VOCABULARY
to, contradict, belie, disprove.
demeure, /. dwelling, abode; mettre en — , to put under the necessity, serve a notice on one that he must fulfil his engagement, ask one to fulfil his promise.
demeurer, v. to live, remain.
demi, -e, adj. and m. half (frequent as a prefix; demiheure, etc.); à — , half-way, half.
demi-jour, m. semi-obscurity, twilight.
demi-mot, m. insinuation; entendre à — , to get one's meaning without all being told.
démocratique, adj. democratic.
demoiselle, /. young lady, miss.
démolir, v. to demolish.
démon, m. demon, devil.
Denain, small city in the department of Nord; the French general Villars here defeated Prince Eugene (that is, England, Austria and Holland) in 17 12, bringing the war of the Spanish succession to an end.
dénaturer, v. to change the nature of, pervert; dénaturé, -e, perverted, unnatural.
densité, /. density.
dent, /. tooth.
dépareiller, v. to spoil the pair; dépareillé, -e, unmatched, odd,
départ, m. departure.
département, m. department, French department (there are 86 without counting
the small territory around Belfort).
départir, v. to distribute; se — , swerve, deviate.
dépasser, v. to pass beyond, exceed, pass.
dépaver, v. to unpave, take up the paving stones.
dépêcher, v. to hasten, hurry, dispatch (kill); se — , hasten, hurry.
dépendre, v. to depend.
dépens, m. pi. expense, cost.
dépense,/, expense, expenses.
dépérissement, m. decline, decay.
déplaire, v. to displease.
déplaisir, m. displeasure; faire — à, to displease.
déplorable, adj. deplorable.
déplorer, v. to deplore.
déployer, v. to unfold, spread out, display.
dépopulation, /. depopulation.
déposer, v. to put down, place, put, deposit, testify, lay aside.
dépôt, m. depository, deposit, trust, warehouse, depot.
dépouille,/, slough; pi. spoils.
dépouiller, v. to strip, take off, lay bare, lay aside, plunder, rob.
depuis, prep., adv. and conj.
since, from, for, since that time; — que, conj. since.
deputation, /. deputation.
député, m. deputy, delegate.
déraciner, v. to uproot.
déranger, v. to derange, disturb, inconvenience, disarrange; se — , disturb oneself, be disturbed; dérangé, -e, deranged, disorderly.
VOCABULARY
dérision,/, derision, mockery.
dériver, v. to derive, divert the course of, drift.
dernier, -ère, adj. last, lowest, recent, latter, utmost, greatest; — coup, finishing stroke.
dérober, v. to purloin, steal, get out of the way; se — , steal away, slip away.
derrière, prep, and adv. behind; par — , behind, from behind.
des = de les.
dès, prep, from, beginning with, since, at; — que, conj. as soon as, when.
désappointement, w. disappointment.
désapprouver, v- to disapprove.
désarmement, w. disarming, disarmament.
désarmer, v. to disarm, appease.
désaveu, m. disavowal.
désavouer, v. to disavow, disown, deny, disclaim.
Descartes (René), French philosopher, physicist and mathematician; he overthrew scholasticism, and gave a new method to direct the reason in philosophy; this method was to do away with all one's opinions and reconstruct one's knowledge anew from the foundations, otherwise truth could not be attained. His chief work is the Discours sur la méthode (1596-1650).
descendre, v. to descend, go down, come down, get out (of a carriage, etc.).
descente, /. descent.
description, /. description.
désert, -e, adj. and m. deserted, desert, waste, scarcity.
désespérer, v. to despair, be desperate, give up hope, make desperate; se — , be desperate; désespéré, -e, desperate, disheartened, in despair.
désespoir, m. despair, desperation.
déshériter, v. to disinherit.
déshonorer, v. to dishonor.
designer, v. to designate, point out or at, show, choose.
désintéressé, -e, adj. uninterested, disinterested, im^ partial, unselfish.
désir, m. desire, wish.
désirable, adj. desirable, attractive.
désirer, v. to desire.
désister (se), v. to desist.
Desmoulins (Camille), French lawyer, journalist and revolutionist; he prepared the attack on the Bastille, and was a member of the Convention, but was executed as being too moderate ^(1760-1794).
désobéir, v. to disobey.
désoler, v. to desolate, grieve; désolé, -e, grieved, disconsolate, desolate; désolant, -e, disheartening, dispiriting, distressing, grievous.
désordonner, v. to disorder; désordonné, -e, disorderly, immoderate.
désordre, m. disorder, disturbance.
désormais, adv. henceforth, from now on.
VOCABULARY
despote, m. despot.
despotisme, m. despotism.
desq[uels = de lesquels.
dessin, m. design, drawing.
dessiner, v. to design, outline, show off; se — , be designed, appear, be outlined, be seen.
dessous, adv., prep, and m.
below, under, beneath,
lower side; par , from
beneath, beneath; en — ,
beneath; au de, below,
beneath.
dessus, adv., prep, and m.
above, over, on, on or over it, on them, etc., top; au- — de, above; par — -, above, over, in addition; là- — , thereupon, in regard to that, on it.
destin, m. destiny, fate.
destinée, /. destiny.
destiner, v. to destine, intend.
destructeur, -trice, adj. destructive.
destruction, /. destruction.
détachement, m. detachment.
détacher, v. to detach, pull off, free, tear away, draw off, take away, separate, tell off; se — , leave, be detached.
détail, m. detail.
détendre, v. to unbend, take down; se — , relax, take down, weaken.
détermination, /. determination, decision.
déterminer, v. to determine, settle, make determine; déterminé, -e, determined, resolute.
déterrer, v. to disinter, dig up, bring to light.
détester, v. to detest.
détour, m. winding, by-way, detour, turning, circuitous route.
détourner, v. to turn aside.
détroit, m. straits.
détromper, v. to undeceive.
détruire, v. to destroy.
dette, /. debt.
deuil, m. mourning.
deux, card, two; à elles — , they two alone; tous (les) — , both.
deuxième, ord. second.
devancer, v. to go before, outstrip, surpass, get ahead of.
devant, prep., adv. and m. before, in the face of, in front,
in front of, front; au de,
to meet or anticipate; il allait — lui, he went straight
ahead; aller (venir) au ,
to go (come) to meet; par- — , in or into the presence of (law-term).
dévastateur, -trice, adj. destructive.
dévastation, /. devastation, ravage.
dévaster, v. to devastate, despoil, plunder.
développement, m. development, extent, expanse.
développer, v. to develop, unfold; se — , develop.
devenir, v. to become; qu'estil devenu, what has become of him?
devers, prep, towards, in the presence of, before.
deviner, v. to divine, conjecture, guess.
devise, /. device, motto.
dévoiler, v. to unveil, reveal; se — , be unveiled or revealed.
VOCABULARY
devoir, v. must, ought to, owe, be obliged, be; dusséje, even if I had to; m. duty; dû, due, due.
dévorer, v. to devour, read eagerly.
dévot, -e, adj. and s. devout, pious, devout person, devotee.
dévotement, adv. devoutly, piously.
dévotion, /. devotion.
dévouement, m. devotion.
dévouer, v. to devote.
dextérité, /. dexterity.
diable, m. devil.
diablerie, /. devil's trick, witchcraft.
dialectique, /. dialectics (the branch of logic concerned with the rules and modes of reasoning).
dictateur, m. dictator.
dieter, v. to dictate.
Diderot (Denis), French philosopher and free-thinker, leading spirit in editing the Encyclopedia; a strongly marked personality, he, with Voltaire, best represents the ideal of his time; he was also a dramatist, dramatic critic, and novelist (1713-1784).
Die, village in the department of Drome.
Dies irae, Day of wrath (from the Latin missal for the dead).
Dieu, m. God; mon dieu, heavens! O Lord! etc.
différence, /. difference.
différent, -e, adj. different.
difficile, adj. difficult; c'est le plus — , it is the most difficult part of it.
difficilement, adv. with difficulty.
difficulté, /. difficulty.
digne, adj. worthy, dignified.
dignement, adv. worthily.
dignité, /. dignity.
digue, /. dike.
Dijon, former capital of Burgundy, now a city in the department of Cote-d'Or.
diligence, /. diligence.
dimanche, m. Sunday.
dîme, /. tithe (tax for the church of one tenth of the crops).
diminuer, v. to diminish.
Dinan, town in the department of Cotes-du-Nord.
dîner, v. to dine; m. dinner.
diocèse, m. diocese.
diplomate, m. diplomate.
diplomatie, /. diplomacy.
dire, v. to say, tell, tell of, express, speak, call, stale, make (a remark); en — • autant, say as much; se —, say to oneself, be said, say
that one is; c'est-à , that
is to say; pour ainsi — , so to speak; m. what has been said, deposition, statement.
direct, -e, adj. direct.
directement, adv. directly.
direction, /. direction; en — , pointed in the same direction, aimed.
diriger, v. to direct.
disappointement, m. disappointment (English).
discerner, v. to discern, distinguish.
disciple, w. disciple.
disciplinable, adj. disciplinable, governable, manageable.
discordant, -e, adj. discordant, jarring, incongruous.
discorde, /. discord, dissension, strife.
discotirs, w. speech, discourse.
discrètement, adv. discreetly.
discuter, v. to discuss, debate.
disgrâce, /. disgrace.
disparaître, v. to disappear.
dispenser, v. to free, exempt, excuse, spare.
disperser, v. to disperse.
disposer, v. to dispose, arrange, incline; se — , dispose oneself, prepare.
disposition,/, disposition, disposal, arrangement.
dispute, /. dispute.
disputer, -y. to dispute, contend for; se ■ — , quarrel (over); disputé entre, disputed by.
dissentiment, m. dissent, disagreement.
dissimuler, v. to dissimulate, hide.
distance, /. distance.
distancer, v. to distance.
distinct, -e, adj. distinct, clear, separate, different.
distinctement, adv. distinctly.
distinguer, v. to distinguish, make out, make a distinction; se — , distinguish oneself, be distinguished, be seen.
distraire, v. to distract, divert, amuse.
distribuer, v. to distribute.
distribution, /. distribution.
district, m. district.
dit, m. saying.
divers, -e, adj. diverse, different.
diversité, /. diversity, difference.
divin, -e, adj. divine.
divinité, /. divinity.
diviser, v. to divide, distribute; se — , be divided.
division, /. division.
dix, card. ten.
dix-huit, card, eighteen.
dix-huitième, ord. eighteenth.
dixième, ord. tenth.
dix-neuf, card, nineteen.
dix-neuvième, ord. nineteenth.
dix-sept, card, seventeen.
dix-septième, ord. seventeenth.
dizaine, /. about half a score, former sub-division of the sixteen quarters of Paris.
dizenier, m. former municipal head of a dizaine, or subdivision of the sixteen quarters of Paris.
docile, adj. docile, tractable, submissive.
docilement, adv. with docility, submissively.
docte, adj. erudite, learned.
docteur, m. doctor.
doctrine, /. doctrine.
dogme, m. dogma.
dogue, m. mastiff.
doigt, m. finger.
Dole, town in the department of Jura (in the Tableau de la France Michelet has apparently confused Dole and Dol).
Dol, small town in the department of I] le -et -Vilaine.
dolent, -e, adj. and s. doleful, woful, person in distress.
dolmen, m. dolmen (druidic stone monument having the form of a table).
domaine, m. domain, property of the State, property.
domanier, m. tenant occupying land at will (not in bondage), free tenant.
VOCABULARY
Domat (Jurat), noted French lawyer, friend of Pascal (1625-1696).
Dôme, see Puy de — .
domestique, adj. and s. domestic, servant, menial.
domicile, m. domicile, abode.
dominer, v. to dominate, overlook, command, prevail, rise above; dominant, -e, predominating, dominating; nombre dominant, majority.
dominicain, -e, adj. and s.
Dominican, Dominican friar or nun.
Dominique (saint). Saint Dominic, a preacher of Castile, founder of the Dominican orders (1170-1221).
dommage, m. damage, detriment; c'est — , it is a pity.
dompter, v. to tame, subdue, master.
Dom-Remy (usually written Domremy-la-Pucelle), village in the department of Vosges, birthplace of Jeanne Dare.
don, m. gift.
Donat, Donatus, name of one of Calas's children.
donation, /. donation.
done, conj., ddv. and interj.
then, therefore, pray, do, just, now, come!
donjon, m. large tower of a castle, keep, dungeon.
donner, v. to give, present, offer; — sur, open upon, strike upon; — dans ce piège, fall into this trap; se — , give to oneself, give or represent oneself, be given, take; — à penser, make one thoughtful.
dont, rel. pr. of which, with (from, by, in, on) which, etc., whose.
Dore, see Mont Dore.
dorer, v. to gild.
doreur, m. gilder.
Doriole (Pierre), French statesman, diplomate and chancellor of great influence under Louis XI (1407-1485).
dormir, v. to sleep.
Dorothée, Dorothea; la — de Goethe, Goethe's Dorothea, Dorothea is a simple country maiden in Goethe's poem, Hermann und Dorothea, an idyl of which the ruling thought is the triumph of pure love (1797).
dos, m. back; montrer le — , to take to flight, turn and flee.
doter, V. to endow, give a dower to.
Douarnenez, town in the department of Finistère, on the bay of the same name.
double, adj. double.
doublement, adv. doubly.
doubler, v. to double, double the scope of.
Doubs, m. Doubs, a river rising in the department of the same name, and running into the Saône, also the department through which this river flows, it is a portion of the old province of Franche-Comté.
doucement, adv. sweetly, gently, softly, quietly, gradually.
douceur, /. gentleness, softness, mildness, sweetness
douleur, /. pain, grief, sorrow, woe.
VOCABULARY
douloureusement, adv. painfully, with grief, grievously.
douloureux, -euse, adj. painful.
doute, m. doubt; faire nul — , to have no doubt.
douter, v. to doubt; — de, doubt, be in doubt about; se — (de), suspect.
douteux, -euse, adj. doubtful.
Douvres, Dover, English town on the English Channel, about eighteen miles from Calais (there is also a French village of this name in the department of Calvados).
doux, douce, adj. gentle, sweet, soft, mild.
douzaine, /. dozen.
douze, card, twelve.
douzième, ord. twelfth.
Dow (Gérard), Dow (Girard), Dutch painter (1612-1675; pronounced Don, also at times so written).
drac, w. a figure resembling a dragon, taken out in processions at certain festivals in the towns of the lower Rhone valley (a local word).
dragon, m. dragon, dragoon.
dragonnade, /. dragonnade (severe persecution of French Protestants under Louis XIV, by an armed force, usually of dragoons).
dramatique, adj. dramatic.
drame, ?w. drama, tragedy.
drap, m. cloth, sheet.
drapeau, m. flag, colors.
dresser, v. to erect, raise, straighten up, set up, draw up, put up, prepare; se — , draw oneself up, rise.
droit, -e, adj., adv. and m.
straight, erect, right, law, directly; être de — , to be proper or according to law; faire — à, to do justice to; le bon — , the right, reason; droite, /. right hand; à droite, on the right.
drôle, adj. droll, comical, ludicrous, odd; un (une) — de, a peculiar, an odd, etc.;OT. rascal; — de corps, queer fellow.
dru, -e, adj. closely planted, thick, lively.
druide, ni. druid.
druidique, adj. druidic.
du = de le.
Dubois (Guillaume, cardinal).
Minister during the regency of the Duke of Orleans (minority of Louis XV), of low character, but a keen diplomate (1656-1723).
Dubourg, a French physician who aided Franklin in advancing the cause of the American Revolution.
due, 111. duke.
duché, m. duchy.
Duclos (Charles Pinot), French moralist and author of Mémoires on the reigns of Louis XIV and Louis XV, his writings show familiarity with the salons of his day, and are witty and ironical (1704— 1772).
duel, m. duel.
Dugu ay - Trouin (René ) ,
French sailor, privateersman and naval officer, became famous in the wars of Louis XIV; as an officer in the French navy he secured much booty, but because of his great gen-
VOCABULARY
erosity he died poor (1673-
du Guesclin (or Du Guesclin, Bertrand), one of the greatest warriors of France, he freed France from the mercenary bands that overran the country "during the intervals of peace in the Hundred Years' "War, and later succeeded in almost completely ridding France of the English (about 1320- 1380).
Dulaure ( Jacques-A ntoine ) , French historian and member of the Convention, author of a history of Paris
dûment, adv. duly.
Dunkerque, Dunkirk, French city and port on the North Sea (department of Nord).
Dunois (Jean), surnamed the Bâtard d'Orléans, natural son of Louis d'Orléans, brother of Charles VI, fought with Jeanne Dare against the English, and after her death did much to drive them from France (about 1403-1468).
Duplessis-Mornay, name by which Philippe de Mornay, seigneur du Plessis- Marly, is usually known, a friend of Henri IV, whose manifestoes he drew up; he was called the pope of the Huguenots and has left several literary works, among them his Mémoires (1549-1623).
duquel = de lequel.
dur, -e, adj. hard, harsh, hard-hearted, cruel.
durable, adj. durable, lasting.
Diu"ance, /. river running from the Cottian Alps to the Rhone (near Avignon).
Durandal,/. name given in the Old French epics to Roland's sword.
durant, prep, during.
durcir, v. to harden.
durement, adv. hard, harshly, rudely.
dtuer, V. to last, last long, endure.
dureté,/, hardness, harshness, roughness, austerity.
Dussaulx (Jean - Joseph) ,
French writer and member of the Convention, more usually written Dusaulx (1728-1799).
dynastie, /. dynasty.
e, abbreviations for ordinals, 2e, etc.
eau, /. water; pi. waters, watering place; à grande — , in the flood, in the middle of the stream.
éblouir, v. to dazzle, be dazzling, fascinate; s' — , be dazzled or dazed, be dazzling.
ébranler, v. to shake, move, disturb; s' — , shake, set oneself in motion.
écart, m. digression, error; à r — , aside, apart.
écarter, v. to turn aside, put aside, remove.
ecclésiastique, adj. and m. ecclesiastic, ecclesiastical, of the church.
échafaud, m. scaffold, stage.
VOCABULARY
échafauder, v. to erect (scaffolding).
échanger, v. to exchange.
échapper, v. to escape.
échauffer, v. to warm, animate; s' — , overheat oneself, get warm or excited.
échelle,/, ladder, scale.
écheveler, v. to dishevel; échevelé, -e, disheveled, with the hair in disorder.
échevin, m. sheriff, alderman, bailiff, subordinate judge, burgomaster's assistant (Low Countries). (This office was abolished in
échiquier, m. chess-board.
Exchequer, Norman parliament under the Old Régime.
écho, w. echo (ch = k).
échouer, v. to run aground, strand, fail, fall.
éclaircir, v. to clear up, thin out, elucidate, explain.
éclairer, v. to light, light up, illumine, enlighten, inform, irtstruct.
éclat, m. splinter, fragment, burst, outburst, crash, splendor, glitter, lustre, show, gaudiness.
éclater, v. to burst, burst forth or out, break out, shine, blaze out; — de rire, burst out laughing; éclatant, -e, shining, brilliant, dazzling.
éclipser, v. to eclipse.
école, /. school.
Ecole -Militaire, /. a militaryschool founded in Paris in 1751, it lies a short distance southeast of the Hotel des Invalides, the school
for staff-officers is now installed here.
écoUer, -ère, m., f. scholar, school-boy, school-girl.
économe, adj. economical, thrifty.
économie, /. economy.
économique, adj. economical.
économiste, m. economist.
écorce, /. bark.
écorcher, v. to skin, rub off, scrape.
écossais, -e, adj. and s.
Scotch, Scotchman (writ-
^ ten Écossais when s.).
Ecosse, /. Scotland; la haute — , the Scotch Highlands.
écoulement, m. flowing, issue, draining, passage.
écouler, v. to run, flow out, drain off, pass by; s' — , run, flow, elapse, pass by, slip away, run off.
écouter, v. to listen (to).
écraser, v. to crush, overwhelm, destroy.
écrier (s'), v. to exclaim, cry, cry out.
écrire, v. to write; leur faire — que, to have a letter wr ttea to them saying that.
écrit, m. writing, written paper, written agreement.
écriteau, m. poster, bill, board (bearing a notice).
écrivain, m. writer.
écrouelles, /. pi. scrofula.
écroulement, m. falling in, downfall, fall, crash.
ecu, m. shield, crown (former coin of gold or silver of a value varying according to the period, now = three francs).
écueil, m. reef.
écume, /. foam.
VOCABULARY
écumer, v. to foam, froth.
écuyer, m. equerry, squire.
édifier, v. to build, edify.
edit, w. edict.
éducation, /.^education.
Edues (or Eduens), m. pi.
Aedui, an ancient people of Gaul, having Bibracte (near Autun) as their capital; it was at their invitation that Caesar came into Gaul.
effacer, v. to efface, rub or blot out, obliterate, wipe out; s' — , be effaced, keep in the background, withdraw.
effaroucher, v. to scare, startle.
effectivement, adv. in effect, really, indeed.
effet, m. effect; en — , in reality, indeed.
efficace, adj. efficacious.
effigie, /. effigy.
efflorescence, /. efflorescence.
efforcer (s'), v. to strive.
effort, m. effort.
effrayer, v. to frighten, be frightful; s' — , become frightened; effrayant, -e, frightful, appalling.
effréné, -e, adj. unbridled.
effroi, ?n. fright, dismay, terror, consternation.
effronté, -e, adj. shameless, brazen-faced, bold.
effroyable, adj. frightful, horrible.
effroyablement, adv. frightfully.
effusion,/, effusion, shedding.
également, adv. equally, uniformly, likewise.
égaler, v. to equal.
égalité, /. equality.
égard, m. consideration, re-
gard; l'un (une) à 1' — de l'autre, with regard to each other.
égarer, v. to mislead; s' — , lose one's way, go astray; égaré, -e, unsettled, bewildered, wild, frantic.
égayer, v. to enliven, brighten up; s' — , cheer up.
église,/, church; l'Église, the Catholic Church.
Egmont (comtesse d'), a prominent woman of the nobility, known for her salon and for her sympathy for and correspondence with Gustavus III; she was hostile to the Encyclopedists (1740-1773).
égorger, v. to cut the throat of, slaughter.
égratigner. v. to scratch.
Egypte,/ Egypt.
eh, inter j. ahl hal; — bien, well, still.
élaborer, v. to elaborate, work out.
élan, m. start, impulse, burst, outburst, transport, ardor.
élancer, v. to throw, shoot; s' — , throw oneself, dart, dart forward or forth, spring; élancé, -e, sprung, transported, carried away.
élarg-'r, v. to broaden, widen, enlarge; s' — , become wider.
Elbe, m. German river, running from Bohemia to the North Sea.
Elbe ( île d'), / Elba, the small island in the Mediterranean, east of Corsica, to which Napoleon was sent after his abdication (April 6, 18 1 4), and where he remained until his return
VOCABULARY
to France (March 20, 1815, beginning of the Hundred Days).
électeur, m. elector; — de Cologne, the Elector of Cologne, one of the German Electors who had the right to choose the Emperor; this custom was abolished by Napoleon in
électrique, adj. electrical, electric.
élégance, /. elegance, nicety.
élégant, -e, elegant, graceful.
élément, m. element.
Eléonore, Eleanor; — de Guyenne (also called Alienor de Guyenne and Alienor d'Aquitaine), daughter of the last duke of Aquitaine, wife of Louis VII in 1 137, from whom she was divorced, then wife of Henry II of England, in 1154 (1122-1^04).
éléphant, m. elephant.
élève, m., f. pupil.
élever, v. to elevate, bring up, raise; s'^, raise oneself, rise, arise; élevé, -e, elevated, tall, high, stately, exalted, cultivated.
Elie (Jacob-Job), chief of those who captured the Bastille, he afterwards became a general in the republican armies (1746-
Elie de Beaumont (Léonce),
French geologist (1798-
élire, v. to elect, choose; les ^ élus, the elect.
Elisabeth (de Valois), Elizabeth, wife of Philip II, king
of Spain, daughter of Henri II and Catherine de Médicis (1545-1568).
elle, conj. and disj. pr. {feminine), she, it, her, herself, itself, etc.
elle-même, see lui-même.
éloge, m. eulogy, praise.
éloignement, m. removal, distance.
éloigner, v. to remove, send away; s' — , move away, go away, withdraw; éloigné, -e, distant.
éloquence, /. eloquence.
éloquent, -e, adj. eloquent.
éluder, v. to elude, evade.
Elven, village in the department of Morbihan.
Elysiens, m-. pi. Elysian fields (also used adjectively with Champs) .
embarcation, /. small craft, boat.
embarquer, v. to embark; s' — , embark.
embarrasser, v. to embarrass, trouble; embarrassant, -e, embarrassing, troublesome.
embaumer, v. to embalm.
embellir, v. to embellish, make or become more beautiful.
embelUssement, m. embellishment.
embouchure, /. mouth (of a river).
embraser, v. to inflame, fire.
embrasser, v. to embrace, kiss, take in.
embrasure, /. embrasure, recess, opening.
embrocher, v. to run through, spit.
Embrun, village on the Durance in the department of
VOCABULARY
Hautes-Alpes, it was an important archbishopric from the fourth century to 1802, at the time of Jeanne Dare's trial the archbishop was Jacques III Gelu.
embuscade, /. ambuscade.
emeraude, /. emerald; d' — , emerald (used adjectively).
émeute, /. riot, disturbance.
émigration, /. emigration.
émigrer, v. to emigrate.
Emile, title of a philosophical novel by Rousseau, on the education of children (1762); the novel advocates a natural or rather negative education, since man is naturally good and the education of society is bad; the book was of great influence.
emtinemmeiit, adv. eminently, in a high degree.
émissaire, m. emissary, secret agent.
Emma, the reference is to Emma Lyon, Lady Hamilton; at first a maid she became, after a notorious career, the wife of Lord Hamilton, English ambassador at Naples; she was an intimate friend of the Queen of Naples, Marie- Caroline (sister of Marie- Antoinette), and played a considerable part in the more or less loose life of the Neapolitan court (1761- 1815).
emmailloter, v. to swaddle, wrap up.
emmener, v. to lead or take away, carry off. ,
émotion, /. emotion.
émousser, v. to make blunt;
s' — , lose the edge or point, become dull.
émouvoir, v. to excite, affect, move, impassion; s' — , become excited, be aroused, be troubled.
emparer (s'), v. to take possession (of).
empêcher, v. to hinder, prevent, keep from.
empereur, m. emperor.
emphatique, adj. emphatic.
empire, m. empire; l'Empire, the Empire (of Napoleon or the Holy Roman Empire).
emplir, v. to fill; s' — , become filled, fill.
emploi, m. employment, use.
employer, v. to employ, use.
empoigner, v. to grasp, lay hold of.
empoisonner, v. to poison.
emportement, m. transport, passion.
emporter, v. to carry off or away or along, take away, carry; 1' — , carry it off, prevail, win the day; s' — , fly into a passion, get excited, be carried away; emporté, -e, hot-headed, fiery, passionate.
empreinte, /. imprint, impression, mark.
empresser (s'), v. to be eager, hasten, hurry; empressé, -e, in haste, hastily, eager, assiduous.
emprisonnement, m. imprisonment.
emprisonner, v. to imprison.
emprunt, m. borrowing, loan.
emprunter, v. to borrow.
émulation, /. emulation.
en, conj. pr. of it, of him, etc., some, with (of, by) it, etc.
VOCABULARY
en, prep, in, into, to, while, on, in the capacity of, as, like, at, in the form of.
encadrer, v. to frame, border.
encapuchonner, v. to put on a cowl; s' — , put on a cowl, cover oneself with a hood.
enceinte, adj. (feminine), pregnant, with child.
encens, m. incense.
enchaîner, v. to enchain.
enchanter, v. to enchant, bewitch.
enchanteur, m. enchanter.
encore, adv. still, again, yet, besides, still more, more, only.
encourager, v. to encourage.
encre, /. ink.
encroûter, v. to crust, plaster; encroûté, -e, encrusted, heavy, stupid, in a rut, behind the times.
encyclopédie, /. encyclopedia; l'Encyclopédie, the Encyclopedia published by Diderot and d'Alembert (1751-1772); it was intended to embrace all knowledge up to the date of publication; it is permeated with the philosophical doctrines of the eighteenth century, and was of the greatest influence.
endormir, v. to put to sleep; s' — , fall asleep; endormi, -e, asleep, sleeping, fallen asleep.
endroit, m. place.
enduire, v. to coat, daub; s' — , be coated.
endurcir, v. to harden.
énergie, /. energy.
énergique, adj. energetic.
énerver, v. to enervate.
enfance, /. infancy, childhood, in Old French also used of the deeds of a youth (particularly of a young warrior) or of the follies of a youth.
enfant, m., f. child.
enfantement, m. childbirth, delivery.
enfanter, v. to give birth to, bear, bring forth, produce.
enfantillage, m. childish behavior, childishness, puerility.
enfantin, -e, adj. infantile, childish.
enfer, m. hell.
enfermer, v. to shut up, shut in, imprison, confine, comprise; s' — , shut oneself up, lock ■ oneself in; enfermé, -e, adj. and s. confined, person confined, prisoner.
enfin, adv. finally, at last, after all, in short.
enflammer, v. to inflame, set on fire.
enfler, v. to swell, fill, inflate, make rise.
enflure, /. swelling, bombast, vanity.
enfoncer, v. to drive in, sink, break in, shove, imprint, leave fa deep mark, etc.); s' — , sink in, penetrate, etc.
enfuir (s'), v. to flee.
engager, v. to engage, induce, catch, pledge, bind, enlist, hire, commit; s' — , pledge oneself, enter, begin, go too far, become entangled, go on.
engendrer, v. to engender, produce.
engloutir, v. to engulf.
VOCABULARY
engrais, m. rich pasture, manure.
engraisser, v. to enrich, fatten, fertilize.
enhardir, v. to embolden, encourage.
énigme, /. enigma.
enivrer, v. to intoxicate.
enjamber, v. to stride, bestride, stride over.
enlacement, m. entwining, interweaving.
enlèvement, m. carrying off, kidnapping.
enlever,' v. to take away, take off, raise, carry off, take by force.
ennemi, m. enemy.
ennuyer, v. to weary, bore; s' — , be bored.
ennuyeux, -euse, adj. tiresome, tedious.
énoncer, v. to express, declare, enunciate.
enorgueillir, v. to make proud; s' — , grow or be proud.
éiïorme, adj. enormous.
énormément, adv. enormous-
enquête, /. inquiry, inquest,
investigation.
enrager, v. to enrage; enragé,
-e, mad, enraged, furious.
enrégimenter, v. to enroll,
place in a regiment, form
into regiments.
enrichir, v. to enrich; s' — ,
become rich.
enrôler, v. to enlist, enroll.
enrouler, v. to roll, wrap in,
surround with a scroll.
ensabler, v. to fill with sand.
ensanglanter, v. to make
bloody, cover with blood.
enseignement, m. teaching,
instruction.
enseigner, v. to teach.
ensemble, adv. and m. together, whole, ensemble; d'^ — , altogether, jointly.
ensevelir, v. to shroud, bury.
ensuite, adv. next, afterwards, then.
entamer, v. to begin to cut, broach, enter upon, prevail upon, make advances to, approach.
entassement, m. accumulation, pile, heap.
entasser, v. to pile up, pack together, crowd into, hoard, accumulate; s' — , pile themselves up, be piled up.
entendement, m. understanding, intellect.
entendre, v. to hear, understand, mean to, insist; s' — , understand one another, be understood; faire — , give one to understand; bien entendu, to be sure, of course.
enterrer, v. to bury.
enthousiasme, m. enthusiasm.
enthousiaste, w., /. enthusiast.
entier, -ère, adj. entire; adverbially, entirely; en — , entirely.
entièrement, adv. entirely, wholly.
entonnoir, m. funnel, tunnel.
entourer, v. to surround, encompass, bind, treat (with attention), provide with a suite.
entrailles, /. pi. entrails, bowels.
entraînement, in. impulse, sway, enthusiasm, attractive power.
entraîner, v. to drag, draw,
VOCABULARY
draw or carry along, win over.
entrave, /. hinderance, obstacle; pi. hinderances, shackles, fetters.
entraver, v. to fetter, hinder, shackle, clog.
entre, prep, between; d' — , from among, of; — tous, among or above all; — les mains, in his (her) hands; tours unies — elles, towers joined together or connected.
entrée, /. entrance, entry.
entreprendre, v. to undertake, make an attempt or an attack (upon).
entreprise, /. enterprise, undertaking.
entrer, v. to enter, come in,
go in; — dans, enter.
«entretien, m. support, conversation.
entrevoir, v. to catch a glimpse of, see imperfectly.
envahir, v. to invade.
envelopper, v. to envelop, wrap up, hem in.
envers, prep, towards, to.
envers, m. wrong side, reverse.
envi (à 1'), adv. in emulation.
envie,/, desire, longing, envy; avoir — de, to wish to.
envier, v. to envy, grudge.
envieux, -euse, adj. envious.
environ, adv. about.
environner, v. to surround.
envoler (s'), v. to fly away.
envoyer, v. to send; envoyé, -e, m., f. envoy.
épais, -se, adj. thick.
épaisseur, /. thickness, denseness.
épaissir (s'), v. to become thicker or denser.
épanouir, v. to open, cheer; s' — , open, spread out, bloom.
épargner, v. to save up, save, spare.
épars, -e, adj. scattered.
épaule, /. shoulder.
épée, /. sword.
éperdu, -e, adj. desperate, bewildered, frantic, distracted.
éperon, m. spur; bataille des Éperons, battle at the village of Guinegatte (now called Enguinegatte, department of Pas-de-Calais), in which the French were defeated by the English
éphémère, adj. ephemeral.
épice, /. spice; pain d' — , gingerbread.
épicier, m. grocer.
épieu, m. boar-spear, spear.
épileptique, adj. epileptic.
épine, /. thorn, thorn-bush, hawthorn.
épinglier, m. pin-maker, pinseller.
episcopal, -e, adj. episcopal, of the bishop.
épisode, m. episode.
épopée, /. epopee, epic.
époque,/, epoch, time, period.
épouser, v. to marry.
épouvantable, adj. terrible, appalling.
épouvanter, v. to terrify, appall.
époux, -ouse, m., f. husband, wife, spouse.
épreuve, /. trial, proof.
éprouver, v. to experience, try, feel, test.
VOCABULARY
épuiser, v. to exhaust; s' — , exhaust oneself, wear oneself out.
équiper, v. to equip, fit out.
équité, /. equity, justice.
Erard (Guillaume), a churchman who was an adversary of Jeanne Dare at her trial.
Erasme (Didier), Erasmus, Dutch humanist, scholar and philosopher, greatest humanist of the Renaissance; author of Adages (1500), Colloquies and Praise of Folly; he died at Bale where he had gone to print his works (1467-
ermitage, m. hermitage.
ermite, m. hermit, anchorite (also used adjectively).
errer, v. to wander, err.
erreur, /. error.
érudition, /. erudition.
escadre, /. squadron.
escalader, v. to scale, climb up or over.
escalier, m. staircase, stairway.
Escaut, m. Scheldt, river rising in the department of Aisne, flowing through Belgium and Holland into the North Sea.
esclavage, m. slavery.
esclave, m.,f. slave.
espace, m. space.
Espagne, /. Spain.
espagnol, -e, adj. and s.
Spanish (written Espagnol when s.).
espèce, /. species, sort, kind.
espérance, /. hope, expectation; dévorer 1' — , to devour even what is expected in the future.
espérer, v. to hope, hope for, hope to find.
espion, m. spy.
espoir, m. hope.
esprit, n?. mind, wit, sense, intelligence, brilliancy, spirit, feeling; l'Esprit, the Holy Spirit; bel — , wit; — fort, free-thinker; libre - — , free or independent thinker.
essai, m. trial, attempt, essay.
essayer, v. to try, attempt.
essentiel, -le, adj. essential.
essentiellement, adv. essentially.
essor, m. flight, swing, play, soaring, start.
essuyer, v. to wipe.
est, m. East.
Estaing (Henri, comte d'), French admiral, distinguished himself in the American Revolution; he was born in 1729 and was decapitated in 1794.
estampe, /. engraving, print, cut.
estime, /. esteem, regard.
estimer, v. to esteem, estimate.
Estrémadure,/. Estremadura, former province of western Spain, also a former province of Portugal.
et, conj. and; — ... — , both . . . and.
étable, /. stable (usually for
cattle).
établi, m. work-table or bench.
établir, v. to establish, set up, fix, create, build, establish in business; s' — , take up one's residence, settle.
établissement, m. establishment, ordonnance, institution, law (old in this sense).
VOCABULARY
étage, m. story, floor.
étager, v. to arrange in stories (flights or terraces), rise one above the other, taper.
étaler, v. to set out, spread out, expose (goods for sale, etc.).
étamine, /. stamin (a light woolen cloth), bunting, nun's veiling.
Etampes, town in the department of Seine-et-Oise.
étang, m. pond.
état, m. state, condition; homme d'Etat, statesman.
état -major, m. staff (body of officers).
etc. = et CÊetera.
été, m. summer.
éteindre, v. to extinguish, wipe out, put out; s' — -, die out, go out, become dull, die away; éteint, -e, extinguished, extinct, dead.
étendard, m. standard, banner.
étendre, v. to extend, spread, stretch, stretch oneself out; s' — -, extend, stretch oneself out, be extended; étendu, -e, extended, extensive, wide, far-reaching, broad.
étendue,/, extent, breadth.
éternel, -le, adj. eternal, ceaseless.
éternité, /. eternity.
étincelle, /. spark.
Etna, Etna, volcano in northeastern Sicily.
étoffe, /. stuff, fabric.
étoile, /. star.
étole /. stole.
étonnamment, adv. astonishingly.
etonnement, in. astonishment.
étonner, v. to astonish, amaze; s' — , be astonished.
étouffer, v. to stifle, smother; s' — ; be smothered, smother each other, be suffocated; multiplier à — , increase fast enough to be smothered.
étouffi, fn. local name given to the smoking cavities of Mont Dore.
étourdiment, adv. heedlessly, thoughtlessly, giddily.
étourdir, v. to stun, daze, make giddy; étourdi, -e, dizzy, giddy-headed, thoughtless.
étourdissement, m-, stunning, dizziness, amazement, stupor.
étrange, adj. strange.
étrangement, adv. strangely.
étranger, -ère, adj. and s.
strange, foreign, stranger, foreigner; à 1' — , abroad (when adverbial).
étrangler, v. to strangle, choke.
être, V. to be, go (in preterit and compound tenses); — à, belong to, be the business of, be on the side or in the employ of; — de, to have a share in; fût-ce, were it (inversion for conditional clause); il n'en était pas à se repentir, he was more than sorry; il en est de, it is the case with; s'il en fut (jamais), if there ever were (was) any; y — d'hier, date from yesterday; il n'y est pour rien, he is in no way concerned; il est peu de, there are few; n'était pas pour contenir,
VOCABULARY
was not enough to restrain; c'était à qui toucherait, they vied in touching; ni.
being.
étreindre, v. to squeeze, hug, clasp, grip.
étroit, -e, adj. narrow.
Étrusques, m. pi. Etruscans, inhabitants of ancient Etruria (modern Tuscany), they formed as early as the fifteenth century B.c. a confederation of twelve republics, and appear to be of Aryan stock; however, their language is little understood up to the present.
Et tunc vivere incepit, morique desiit, then he began to live and ceased to die (Latin).
étude, /. study.
étudiant, m. student.
étudier, v. to study.
eucharistie, /. Eucharist.
Europe, /. Europe.
européen, -ne, adj. and s.
European (written Européen when s.).
eux, disj. pr. they, them, themselves, etc.
eux-mêmes, pr. themselves, they themselves, etc.; d' — , of their own accord.
évacuer, v. to evacuate, withdraw from.
évaluer, v. to value, estimate.
évangile, m. Gospel; l'Evangile, the Gospel.
évanouir (s'), v. to faint, swoon, vanish.
évaser, v. to hcllow out, widen; s' — , be hollowed out or widened.
évêché, m. bishopric, bishop's house.
éveil, w. awakening.
éveiller, v. to awaken, arouse; s' — , awake, be awakened.
événement, m. event.
évêque, m. bishop.
évident, -e, adj. evident.
éviter, v. to avoid, spare.
évocation, /. evocation, appeal.
évoquer, v. to evoke, call forth.
exactitude, /. exactitude, exactness, precision.
exagération, /. exaggeration.
exagérer, v. to exaggerate, magnify.
exalter, v. to excite, exalt; s' — , rise to a high pitch of excitement or enthusiasm.
examen, m. examination.
examinateur, m. examiner.
examiner, v. to examine.
exaucer, v. to hearken to, grant.
ex-capitaine, m. ex-captain.
excellemment, adv. excellently, extremely.
excellence, /. excellence, excellency, perfection, excellent quality; par — , above all; r — du premier mouvement, the excellent quality of acting on the first impulse.
excellent, -e, adj. excellent.
excentrique, adj. excentric, outlying, far from the center, also applied to a country developed along the frontiers but not at the center.
excepter, v. to except, exclude; excepté, prep, except.
exception, /.exception.
excès, m. excess.
VOCABULARY
excessif, -ive, adj. excessive.
exciter, v. to excite, urge, arouse.
exclure, v. to exclude, shut out, debar.
excommunication, /. excommunication.
excommunier, v. to excommunicate; excommunié, -e, adj. and s. excommunicated, excommunicate.
excuse, /. excuse.
excuser, v. to excuse.
exécrable, adj. execrable.
exécration,/, execration; avoir r — de, to execrate.
exécuter, v. to execute, perform, carry out.
exécuteur, m. executor.
exécution, /. execution.
exemple, m. example; par — , for example, indeed.
exercer, v. to exercise.
exfolier, v. to exfoliate (convert into scales).
ex-gouvemeur, m. ex-governor, ex-tutor.
exhaler, v. to exhale, breathe out.
exhibition, /. exhibition.
exhorter, v. to exhort.
exhumation, /. exhumation, disinterment.
exigence, /. exigency, demand.
exiger, v. to exact, require, force, demand.
exiler, v. to exile.
existence, /. existence, life.
exister, v. to exist.
ex-ouvrier, -ère, m., f. former w^orkman or workv/oman.
expédier, v. to dispatch.
expédition, /. expedition.
expérience, /. experience.
expiation,/, expiation, atonement.
expier, v. to expiate, atone for.
expirer, v. to expire, die out, die.
explication, /. explanation.
expliquer, v. to explain; s' — , be explained, understand.
exploiter, v. to manage, use, make the most of, turn to one's own account, sail for gain (the sea), v^ork, employ.
explosion, /. explosion.
exposer, v. to expose.
exposition, /. exposition, exhibition, exposure.
exprès, adv. on purpose, expressly, purposely; — , expresse, adj. express.
expressément, adv. expressly, strictly, positively.
expressif, -ive, adj. expressive.
expression, /. expression, expressive phrase.
ex-prévôt, m. ex-provost; — des marchands, ex- mayor.
exprimer, v. to express.
exquis, -e, adj. exquisite.
extension, /. extension, extent.
extérieur, -e, adj. and m.
exterior, outer.
extermination, /. extermination.
exterminer, v. to exterminate, annihilate.
extraordinaire, adj. extraordinary.
extraordinairement, adv. extraordinarily.
extrême, adj. extreme.
extrêmement, adv. extremely,
extrémité, /. extremity.
VOCABULARY
exubérant, -e, adj. exuberant.
Ezéchias, Hezekiah, king of Judaea (see 2 Kings xvi-xx).
Fabert (Abraham de), noted soldier and Marshall of France under Louis XIII and Louis XIV (1599- 1662).
fabliau, m. fabliau (Old French short story in verse).
Fabre (Jean), a French Prottestant noted for his filial love; he voluntarily took the place of his father, who had been condemned to the galleys on account of his religious views; author of the play VHonn<te criminel (17 27-1797).
Fabre d'Eglantine, dramatic poet and member of the Convention; died on the scaffold with the other followers of Danton (1750- 1794; also referred to as Fabre).
fabricant, m. manufacturer.
fabriquer, v. to manufacture.
face, /. face, front, presence; en — (de), opposite, in presence (of), openly, in the eye; faire — à, to face.
facétieux, -euse, adj. facetious, merry, witty.
fâcher, v. to anger, make angry; se —, get angry; fâché, -e, angry, sorry.
facile, adj. easy, ready, complaisant, yielding.
facilement, adv. easily.
facilité, /. facility, ease.
façon, /. fashion, manner, way, ceremony.
façonner, v. to fashion.
faction, /. faction, sentryduty.
factionnaire, m. sentinel, sentry.
factum, m. statement of a case, treatise.
faculté, /. faculty.
fagot, m. fagot, bundle of fagots.
faible, adj. and s. feeble, weak, faint, sorry, weak person.
faiblesse, /. feebleness, weakness.
faiblir, v. to grow feeble, weaken.
faillir, v. to fail, err, come near.
faim, /. hunger.
faire, v. to do, make, form, build, cause, bring about, act, produce, constitute, undertake, take up, utter, tell, give vent to, get, be (weather), transact (business), take (a step), exact (vengeance), pay (court, visits, compliments, attention, etc.), pass or deliver (judgment), have (anything done, etc.), make (a difference), say (when quoting), ask (questions);
— droit à, do justice to; — entrer, show or bring in;
— chercher, send to look for; — tant que, make such efforts that; qu'y — what is to be done there?
ne — que, do nothing but l'âge n'y fait rien, age makes no difference; ne fait plus que, does nothing
VOCABULARY
but; n'avoir que — de venir, to have no reason (or wish) to come; e'en est fait (de), it is all over (with); il n'en fit rien, he did nothing of the kind; se — , be done, be made, become, make for oneself, be performed, turn oneself into, take place, be, cause (something to be done to oneself).
faiseur, m. maker, one who makes a motion (parliamentary).
fait, m. fact, deed, affair, event, reality.
falloir, V. to be necessary, must, should, need, have to.
Falstaff (John), famous English soldier, companion of Henry V in his drunken revels, he is the original of Shakespeare's character (about 1378- 1459).
fameux, -euse, adj. famous.
familier, -ère, adj. and s. familiar, intimate friend, officer of the Inquisition.
familièrement, adv. familiar-
ly-
famille, /. family.
famine, /. famine.
fanal, m. ship's lantern, signal-light.
fanatique, adj. and s. fanatical, fanatic.
fanatisme, m. fanaticism.
fantasque, adj. fanciful, whimsical, fantastic.
fantastique, adj. fantastic.
farandole, /. farandole (Provençal dance).
fardeau, m. burden.
farine, /. flour.
farouche, adj. fierce, wild, sullen, shy.
fasciner, v. to fascinate.
fat, m. fop, coxcomb, conceited fool.
fatal, -e, adj. fatal.
fatalement, adv. fatally.
fatalité, /. fatality.
fatigue, /. fatigue, weariness.
fatiguer, v. to fatigue, weary, tire, tire oneself, endure hardship; se — , become weary.
faubourg, m. outskirt, suburb, faubourg (quarter between center and city limits).
Fauchet (l'abbé Claude), a member of the Gironde in the French Revolution and of the Convention, born in 1744 and beheaded in
I7Q3faucon, m. falcon, hawk.
fauconneau, m. young falcon, young hawk, falconet (old piece of light artillery).
faussaire, m. forger.
fausser, v. to warp, bend, strain, falsify, violate, break (faith).
Faustus, abbot of Lerins and bishop of Riez in Provence; he was a prelate noted for his austerity, piety and knowledge of the Bible; he was an adherent of semi-pelagianism, that is, a belief in the union of the human will and the divine grace; this doctrine is opposed to Pelagius's idea of the freedom of the will and to Augustine's predestination; the work in which he exposes his belief
VOCABULARY
was condemned by the church (died about 400).
faute, /. fault, error, mistake; — de, for lack of.
faux, fausse, adj. false.
faveur, /. favor.
favorable, adj. favorable.
favori, -te, adj. and s. favorite; pi. favorites, side-whiskers.
favoriser, v. to favor, be partial to.
fécond, -e, adj. fruitful, teeming, prolific, fertile, productive, rich, fecund.
fédéralisme, m. federalism.
fée, /. fairy.
féerie, /. fairy-art, enchantment, fairyland.
féliciter, v. to congratulate.
féminin, -e, adj. feminine, of woman, etc.
femme, /. woman, wife; — de chambre, chamber-maid,
maid, lady-in-waiting;
homme, unsexed woman.
fendre, v. to split, cleave, break; se — , split.
Fénelon (François de Salignacde La-Mothe-), bishop of Cambrai, tutor of the grandson of Louis XIV, for whom he wrote the celebrated Tclémaque; he was involved in a controversy with Bossuet because of his sympathy with the mystical doctrines of the Quietistes, and was condemned by the pope, to whom he then submitted. He is also the author of several moral and educational works (1651-1715).
fenêtre, /. window.
féodal, -e, adj. feudal.
féodalité,/, feudalism.
fer, m. iron; pi. fetters.
ferblantier, m. tinman.
Ferdinand (V, le Catholique), king, in 1468, of Aragon and Castile (the latter kingdom was obtained by his marriage with Isabella, thus he became monarch of almost the entire peninsula), he was an opponent of the French in Italy, and a supporter of the Inquisition (145 2-1 5 16).
ferme, adj. and adv. firm, firmly.
fermement, adv. firmly.
fermentation, /. fermentation, fermenting, working, excitement.
fermer, v. to close; fermé, -e, closed, enclosed, reserved.
fermeté, /. firmness.
fermier, m. farmer; — général, farmer-general (under the old monarchy the financier who collected the taxes, after having purchased the privilege).
Ferney, village in the department of Ain, where Voltaire resided from 1758 to
1778 (hence also called
Voltaire).
féroce, adj. ferocious, savage.
férocité, /. ferocity.
ferrade,/. branding (of cattle); la Ferrade, the festival held on this occasion in Provence, particularly at Aries.
ferraille, /. old iron.
fertile, adj. fertile.
fertilité, /. fertility.
Fervacques (Guillaume de Hautemer, comte de), Marshall of France (1538-1613).
VOCABULARY
festin, m. feast.
fête, /. festival, holiday.
Fête-Dieu, /. Corpus Christi (Thursday after Trinity Sunday).
fétiche, m. fetich.
fétide, adj. fetid, foul.
feu, m. fire, firing, burning.
feu, -e, adj. late, deceased.
feuillage, m. foliage, leaves, frond.
feuille, /. leaf.
février, m. February.
fi, inter j. fie!; faire — de, to turn up one's nose at.
fidèle, adj. faithful; les fidèles, the faithful, the believers.
fidèlement, adv. faithfully.
fidélité, /. fidelity, allegiance.
fief, m. fief.
fier, V. to trust; se — à, trust.
fier, -ère, adj. proud, haughty.
fièrement, adv. proudly.
fièvre, /. fever.
fiévreux, -euse, adj. feverish.
Figaro, a character created by Beaumarchais in his comedies; he is a w^itty, cunning, intriguing valet whom Beaumarchais uses to ridicule the abuses of the old monarchy; in this character Beaumarchais depicted himself.
figure, /. face, countenance, figure, form.
figurer, v. to figure, represent, portray, appear, take the form of.
fil, m. thread, line, wire, edge; passer au — de l'épée, to put to the sword.
filer, v. to spin, pay out, file by, make off, get away rapidly, shoot (of stars, etc.).
fileur, -euse, m.,f. spinner.
filial, -e, adj. filial.
fille,/, girl, daughter, maiden, unmarried woman; petite- — , granddaughter.
fils, m. son; petit , grandson.
filtrer, v. to filter, percolate.
fin, /. end, death.
fin, -e, adj. fine, precious, keen, delicate, shrewd, cunning.
finance, /. ready money, finance; pi. finances.
financer, v. to lay out money, pay out one's money, come down with one's money.
finement, adv. finely, artfully, shrewdly.
finesse, /. delicacy, acuteness.
shrewdness.
finir, V. to finish, end, die; en — , put an end to, have it over with; en — avec, get through with; — par (with an infinitive), finally.
Finistère, m. extreme western department of Brittany.
fisc, m. fisc, public treasury.
fiscalité, /. system of financial laws, zeal for financial interests.
fixe, adj. fixed, steady, permanent, assigned.
fixer, V. to fix; se — , become fixed.
fixité, /. fixedness, fixity.
flamand, -e, adj. and s. Flemish, Fleming (written Flamand when s.).
flambeau, m. torch.
flamine, m. flamen (priest of a single deity in ancient Rome).
flamme, /. flame.
flanc, m. flank, side.
VOCABULARY
Flandre, /. Flanders (also used in the pi., now included in Belgium and in the French department of Nord).
flatter, v. to flatter,
flatterie, /. flattery.
Flavia, one of the earlier names by which Autun was known.
flèche, /. arrow, spire.
Flèche (la), town on the Loir in the department of Sarthe.
Henri IV here founded a Jesuit college in 1604.
Fléchier (Esprit), bishop of Nîmes, celebrated French preacher, author of funeral orations and memoirs (1632-1710).
Flesselles (Jacques de), last of
the Parisian prévôts des
marchands, born in 17 21
and massacred July 14,
flétrir, v. to wither, fade, blast, blight, stigmatize.
fleur, /. flower, blossom; — de lis, fleur-de-lis (emblem of French royalty).
fleurdeliser, v. to mark with fleur-de-lis.
fleuçir, v. to flower blossom, flourish; fleuri, -e, flowery, flowered, ornate; Pâques fleuries, Palm-Sunday.
Fleurus, Belgian town a few miles south of Waterloo; the French here defeated the English in 1690, and the Austrians in 1794.
Fleury (André-Hercule, cardinal de), honest and economical minister of Louis XV; he favored peace abroad, but could not pre-
vent the war of the Austrian succession (1653-
1743)fleuve, m. river.
Florence, Florence, Italian city on the Arno, former capital of Tuscany, the most noted of the Italian cities for its sculptors, painters, libraries, palaces, and literary men.
flot, m. wave, flood.
flotte,/, fleet.
flotter, V. to float; flottant, -e, floating, unsteady, irresolute, changeable, fluctuating.
Flue (de). Captain of the Swiss troops in the Bastille at the time of its capture.
flux, m. flow, flood-tide.
foi,/, faith, confidence, promise.
foire, /. fair.
fois, / time; une — , once; deux — , twice, doubly; à la — , at the same time; par deux — , on two occasions; toutes les — que, whenever.
Foix, town in the department of Ariège, principal town of the former county of Foix, united to France at the accession of Henri IV
(^1589)folâtrer, v. to sport, frolic,
romp, play.
folie, / madness, insanity,
folly.
fonction,/, function, duty.
fonctionner, v. to act, work,
sit (of a court).
fond, m. bottom, back, end,
background, depths, heart,
gist; faire — sur, to depend
on, place reliance on; au — , at heart, at bottom, in reality, etc.
fondateur, m. founder.
fondation, /. foundation, founding.
fondement, m. foundation.
fonder, v. to found, build, establish; se — , be founded.
fondre, v. to melt, sink, swoop, rush.
fonds, m. soil, land, ground, stock, capital.
fontaine,/, fountain, spring.
fonte, /. melting, casting.
Fontenai (-le-Comte), town in the department of Vendee.
Fontenelle (Bernard Le Eovier de), French writer, known especially for his popularization of science in his work Entretiens sur la pluralité des mondes (1657-1757).
Fontenoi (more usually written Fontenoy), Belgian village near the French department of Nord, scene of the battle in which the French under the maréchal de Saxe defeated the English and the Austrians
Fontevrault, commune of the department of Maine-et- Loire; the noted abbey was founded in 1099 by Robert d'Arbrissel. Henry II and Richard I of England were buried here.
Forcalquier, village in the department of Basses-Alpes.
forçat, m. convict.
force, /. force, vigor, might, power, strength, violence, a large number of, much,
many, a great deal (used adverbially); à — de, by dint of, by strength of, because of.
forcer, v. to force, take by force.
forestier, m. forester, ranger.
forêt, /. forest.
forgeron, m. smith, blacksmith.
formation, /. formation.
forme, /. form, figure, proportion, shape, outline.
former, v. to form, make; se — , be formed, form.
formidable, adj. formidable.
formule, /. formula.
Fornoue, Fornovo di Taro, an Italian village, southwest of Parma; Charles VIII, on his return from Naples, here defeated the Italians in 1495.
fort, -e, adj., adv. and s.
strong, clever, vigorous, powerful, shrewd, stout, heavy (ground, etc.), very, much, very much, strong person; m. fort; voici qui est plus — , here is something better still.
fortement, adv. strongly, firmly.
forteresse, /. fortress.
fortifier, v. to fortify, strengthen.
fortuit, -e, adj. fortuitous, accidental.
Fortunat (saint), Saint Fortunotus, Latin poet, bishop of Poitiers (530-609).
fortune, /. fortune.
fosse, /. hole, pit, grave.
fossé, m. ditch, moat.
fou, folle (fol before vowels and as an old spelling),
VOCABULARY
adj. and s. mad, crazy, wild, wanton, crazy person, madman; la fête des fous, a grotesque and more or less licentious festival celebrated during the Middle Ages at Epiphany (January 6).
foudre, /. thunder-bolt, lightning.
foudroyer, v. to strike with a thunderbolt, overwhelm, crush, paralyze; foudroyant, -e, thundering, crushing, overwhelming, terrible.
fouetter, v. to whip.
fougère, /. fern.
Fougères, small city in the department of Ille-et-Vilaine.
fougue, /. fury, impetuosity, ardor, passion.
foule,/, crowd, large number.
fouler, V. to tread, trample (on\ trample down, stamp on; — aux pieds, trample under foot.
fourche,/, fork, pitchfork.
fourgon, m. van, wagon.
fourmilière,/ ant-hill, swarm.
fournir, v. to furnish.
fourré, -e, adj. and m. furred, thick, thicket, close wood.
fourreau, m. scabbard.
fourrure, / fur.
Fourviêre (Notre-Dame de), clebrated church and shrine for pilgrims on a hill overlooking Lyons; it occupies the site of the old forum of Trajan, and it was here that Saint Pothinus was martyred.
Foy (Maximilien-Sébastien), French general wounded at Waterloo; he acquired
great popularity as a deputy and speaker under Louis XVIII (1775-1825).
foyer, m. hearth, fireside, home, center.
fracas, m. crash, noise, din.
fragile, adj. and s. fragile, frail, frail person or being.
frais, fraîche, adj. fresh, cool, rosy.
franc, franche, adj. frank.
français, -e, adj. ands. French, Frenchman, Frenchwoman (written Français when s.).
franc-alleu, m. free-hold (in feudalism property not subject to certain services as was the case with the fief).
France, /. France.
Francfort, Frankfort, Prussian city on the Main; there is also a smaller city of the same name on the Oder.
Franche-Comté, / former province of eastern France, united to France in 1678.
franchir, v. to clear, pass over, pass, cross, get over; — le pas, take the step, take a resolution.
franchise, /. frankness, franchise.
Franciaux, m. pi. a dialect word used in Provence to designate the inhabitants of Dauphiny.
franciscain, m. Franciscan friar (the order was founded by Saint Francis of Assisi in i2oq).
frange, / fringe.
Franklin (Benjamin), American statesman; he went to France to negotiate an alliance (1777) with Louis
VOCABULARY
XVI; he is also known to Frenchmen as the author of the popular book la Science du Bonhomme Richard (17 06-1 7 90).
Franquet d'Arras, a prisoner captured by Jeanne Dare from the English, and put to death with her consent in 1429.
frapper, v. to strike.
fraternité, /. fraternity.
fratricide, m. fratricide.
fraude, /. fraud.
frauder, v. to defraud.
frayer, v. to open, clear.
frayeur, /. fright.
Frédégonde, wife of Chilpcric I^r^ at first a servant, she became Chilpéric's wife, after having caused his first wife to be strangled; she seemed to hesitate before no crime; after having caused the assassination of her husband she reigned over Neustria in the name of her young son. Her great rival was Brunehaut, queen of Austrasia (about 545-
597); Frédéric, Frederick; allusion is made in the text to Frederick II (the Great), who became king of Prussia in 1740; he successfully resisted in the Seven Years' War the combined forces of France, Austria, and Russia, then reorganized with marvelous skill his kingdom exhausted by the war; he was an unscrupulous politician, and a skeptic; to his court at Sans-Souci he drew a large num-
ber of brilliant men, especially of Frenchmen (such as Voltaire) (1712-1786); — Barberousse, Frederick Barbarossa, Emperor of Germany, from 1152 to 1 190; known especially for his numerous expeditions against Italy.
Fréjus, village in the department of Var.
frêle, adj. frail.
frelon, m. hornet, drone.
frémir, v. to shudder, shake, tremble.
frêne, m. ash (tree).
fréquemment, adv. frequently
fréquenter, v. to frequent.
frère, m. brother, friar.
Fréret (Nicolas), French scholar and secretary of the Academy of Inscriptions (1688-1749).
Fréron (Jean), French critic, but better known as the enemy of Voltaire, and of the philosophers of his time (1718-1776).
frétillement, m. frisking, fluttering, wriggling, fidgeting.
friandise,/, daintiness, greediness; pi. dainty bits.
Frioul, Friuli, former country lying partly in Austria, partly in Italy, the principal cities being Trieste and Udine.
fripier, m. dealer in old clothes.
frissonnement, m. shivering, shaking.
frissonner, v. to shiver, shudder, shake, tremble.
frivole, adj. frivolous.
froid, -e, adj. and m. cold.
froidement, adv. coldly, coolly.
VOCABULARY
froideur,/, coldness, coolness.
Froissart (Jean), French chronicler; his chronicles cover the period from 1325 to 1404, and are noted for the vivid descriptions of feudal society (1338-1404).
froissement, m. rubbing, bruising, fretting.
froisser, v. to rumple, rufSe, bruise, offend.
fromage, m. cheese.
fronde, /. sling.
Fronde (la), /. the Fronde, name given to the civil war occurring during the minority of Louis XIV; there were really two wars: la vieille — , between the court and the parliament (1648-1649), and la jeune — , between certain members of the nobility, supported secretly by Spain and the court (1649-1653).
The old Fronde was caused particularly by the poor financial administration of the minister Mazarin. The name comes from the sling of the Parisian gamins, who fled from the police, but often resisted and pursued the officers with slings.
front, m. forehead, brow, front, face; de — , in front, ■ directly.
frontière, /. frontier (also used adjectively).
fruit, m. fruit; pi. fruits, fruit.
fugitif, -ive, adj. and s. fugitive.
fuir, V. to flee, flee from, fîy.
fuite, /. fîight.
fulminer, v. to fulminate, issue (an anathema, etc.).
fumée, /. smoke.
fumer, v. to smoke.
fumeux, -euse, adj. fuming, heady.
funèbre, adj. funereal, mournful, ominous.
funérailles, /. pi. funeral.
funeste, adj. baneful, fatal.
fureur, /. fury, passion.
furie,/, fury, rage.
furieux, -euse, adj. and s.
furious, fury.
furtif, -ive, adj. furtive, stealthy.
furtivement, adv. furtively, stealthily.
fusil, m. gun.
fusilier, m. fusileer.
fusillade, /. discharge of musketry, fusillade.
futur, -e, adj. future.
fuyard, m. runaway, fugitive.
Gabriel, archangel who announced to Mary that she would be the mother of Christ (and who, according to Mussulman tradition, dictated the Koran to Mahomet).
Gabrielle, Michelet refers to Gabrielle d'Estrées, mistress of Henri IV (1573-
Gaels, m. pi. Gaels (name given to the Celts of Great Britain and Ireland who still speak the Gaelic dialects).
gage, m. pledge, security; pi.
wages.
gagner, v. to gain, w'in, win over, gain ground, reach,
earn, make (money), spread, take possession of.
gai, -e, adj. gay, cheerful, merry.
gaiement, adv. gaily, merrily.
gaieté, /. gaiety, jollity.
gaillard, -e, adj. and s. jolly, jovial, jolly fellow, lusty fellow.
Gaillon, village in the department of Eure.
gain, m. gain, profit, saving.
galère, /. galley.
galerie, /. gallery, corridor.
galérien, m. convict.
Galice, /. Galicia, former province of northwestern Spain.
Galicie, /. Gallicia, formerly a kingdom, now a Slavic province in Austria. ,
Galles (pays de), m. Wales (feminine when used without pays).
gallican, -e, adj. Gallican (belonging to the French Catholic church).
gallique, adj. Gallic.
galop, m. gallop; au grand — , at a full gallop.
gamin, -e, ni.,/. gamin, brat.
Gand, Ghent, Belgian city on the Scheldt.
Gap, town in the department of Hautes- Alpes.
garant, -e, m., f. guarantee, warranter.
garantie, /. guaranty, guarantee, security, assurance, guaranteeing, protection.
garçon, m. boy, fellow, waiter.
Gard, m. a department in southern France, also the river flowing through this department into the Rhone; pont du — , the magnificent
Roman aqueduct crossing
this river.
garde,/, guard, police, watch;
m. guardian, guard; prendre — , to take care; être
sur ses gardes, to be on his
guard; française, m.
soldier of the French guard.
garder, v. to guard, keep,
preserve, watch, protect;
se — de, take care not to.
gardien, -ne, m., f. guardian,
warden, keeper.
garnison, /. garrison.
garnir, v. to furnish, trim,
decorate.
Garonne, /. large river of
southern France, rising in
the Spanish Pyrenees and
flowing north and west to
the Atlantic.
g??rrctter, v. to bind (strongly).
Gascogne,/. Gascony; former
French province, united to
France in 1453 and 1589.
gascon, -ne, adj. and s. Gascon
(written Gascon when s.).
Gassendi (l'Abbé Pierre),
French mathematician and
materialist noted for his
attacks on Aristotle (1592-
gastrique, adj. gastric.
gâter, V. to spoil.
gauche, adj. left, awkward, clumsy; /. left hand; à — , on the left.
Gaucourt (sire de), one of the most prominent officers in the latter part of the Hundred Years' Var, noted for his bravery in battle; he also held important positions under Charles VII (lived from about 1374 to about 1462).
VOCABULARY
Gaule, /. Gaul.
gaulois, -e, adj. and s. Gallic, merry and rather free, inhabitant of Gaul (written Gaulois when s.).
Gaulois-Romains, m. pi. Gallo-Romans (of the mixed race).
Gavarnie, village in the department of Hautes-Pyrénées, near the magnificent cirque de — , formed by vertical cliffs of the Pyrenees (the village was originally formed around a hospice of the Templars).
gave, m. torrent (in the Pyrenees) ; Gave de Pau, a mountain torrent rising on Mont- Perdu, then falling into the cirque de Gavarnie, forming the cascade, 422 metres high, and flowing northwestward to join the Adour.
gazon, m. grass, sward, turf.
géant, -e, adj. and s. gigantic, giant.
Gédéon, Gideon, fifth judge of the Hebrews and conqueror of the Midianites (see Judges vi ff.).
gelée, /. frost, freezing, jelly.
geler, v. to freeze.
gémissement, m. groan, wail.
gendarmerie, /. military po- I lice, soldiers (old in this latter sense).
gendre, m. son-in-law.
généalogie, /. genealogy.
général, -e, adj. and m. general.
généralement, adv. generally.
généralisation, /. generalization.
généralité, /. generality.
génération, /. generation.
généreusement, adv. generously.
généreux, -euse, adj. generous, noble, brave.
Gênes, Genoa.
Genève, Geneva, Swiss city on the lake of the same name; lac de — , Lake Geneva.
génie, m. genius, nature, species, character.
génois, -e, adj. and s. Genoese (written Génois when s.).
genou, m. knee.
genre, m. kind, sort, race.
gens, m. pi. people, attendants; — d'armes (old) or — de guerre, soldiers; ;— de loi, jurists; — d'Eglise, churchmen; — de lettres, literary people; — de torttu"e, torturers; jeunes — , young people, young men.
gentil, -le, adj. nice, pleasant, pretty, gentle or noble (old in this latter sense).
gentilhomme (pi. gentilshommes), m. gentleman, nobleman.
gentleman, m. gentleman (English).
Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (Etienne), illustrious French naturalist and creator of the science of embryology; he greatly enlarged the Jardin des Plantes in Paris (1772-
géographie, /. geography.
géographique, adj. geographical.
geôlier, m. jailer.
géologique, adj. geological.
George, George (also written Georges) ; reference is made
VOCABULARY
in the text to George III, King of England from 1760 to 1820.
Géorgie, /. Georgia.
gercer, v. to chap, crack, cut up, crease.
germain, -e, adj. and s. Germanic, inhabitant of ancient Germania (written Germain when s.).
germanique, adj. Germanic.
germer, v. to sprout, spring up.
Gers, m. a department in southern France; also the river flowing through this department into the Garonne.
Gerson (Jean Chartier, called — because of his birthplace), celebrated theologian and chancellor of the University of Paris (1363- 1429).
geste, m. gesture; pi. great deeds, heroic achievements, epics.
Gévaudan, m. a former district of France, now included in the department of Lozère.
Gibelins, m. pi. Ghibellines; they were partisans of the Emperor from the twelfth to the fifteenth centuries, and were opposed to the Guelphs or partisans of the popes, the struggle lasted until the French invasion (1494).
Gien, town on the Loire in the department of Loiret.
gigantesque, adj. gigantic.
gilet, m. waistcoat, vest.
Gironde, /. name of the river Garonne after receiving the Dordogne.
Girondins, m. pi. the Girondins, a celebrated political party during the French Revolution; they were overcome by the Montagnards in 1793.
Givet, town in the department of Ardennes.
Glaber (Raoul), Burgundian chronicler; his chronicles cover the period from 900 to 1046, and are valuable for the history of the early Capetians; he died in 1050.
glace, /. ice, plate-glass, mirror.
glacial, -e, adj. icy.
glaive, m. sword, blade (poetic and figurative).
Glasdale (Sir William), English officer drowned in the Loire at the siege of Orleans.
glèbe, /. glebe, soil.
glisser, v. to glide, slip; se — , slip, glide (in).
globe, m. globe, sphere; demi- — , hemisphere.
gloire, /. glory.
glorieux, -euse, adj. glorious, vainglorious.
glorifier, v. to glorify; se — , glory (in).
Godden (je vous amènerai un — ), an attempt to use the English oath as a general name for Englishmen, Beaumarchais in his comedies later did the same thing.
Goethe (Johann Wolfgang von), the most celebrated of the German poets, author of Faust, Werther, Hermann und Dorothea, etc.
golfe, m. gulf; — du Lion, the
VOCABULARY
French gulf on the Mediterranean coast.
Gondi, name of a noble French family of Florentine origin; the allusion in the text is to Albert, who came to the court of Henri II in 1547; he was a prominent adviser of the king, and a diplomate; he took part in planning the massacre of Saint Bartholomew (1522- 1602).
gonfler, v. to swell, be filled out, swell out.
Gonzague (Louis de, duc de Nevers), captain at the time of the Catholic League, he later went over to Henri IV (1539-1595).
gorge, /. throat.
gothique, adj. Gothic; m. Gothic art.
Goths, m. pi. Goths, an ancient people of Germania, at first found on the Baltic, later they occupied southeastern Europe, whence they invaded the Roman Empire as the Ostrogoths and the Visigoths.
gouffre, m. gulf, abyss.
goujat, m. soldier's servant, blackguard.
Goujon (Jean), celebrated French sculptor and architect of the Renaissance, born at Paris in 15 15, said to have died in Italy before
gourmander, v. to reprimand,
reprove harshly, find fault
with.
gourmer, v. to cuff, thump,
pommel.
goût, m. taste.
goûter, V. to taste, relish, enjoy, take delight in.
goutte, /. drop.
gouttière, /. gutter.
gouvernement, m. government.
gouverner, v. to govern, direct, take care of.
gouverneur, vi. governor, tutor.
Gracchus, name of two brothers, celebrated tribunes and orators of Rome; they attempted by means of Agrarian laws to curb the greed of the patricians who had acquired most of the land won from the enemies of Rome. Tiberius was assassinated in 133 B.c., and Caius in 121 b.c.
grâce,/, grace, charm, pardon, mercy, thanks (to); de — , for heaven's sake; leur faire — de, to spare them.
gracieusement, adv. gracefully, kindly, graciously.
gracieux, -euse, adj. gracious, graceful, pleasant.
gradin, m. step, stair.
graisse, /. grease, fat.
Grallon, legendary king of the Celts in Brittany in the fifth century.
gramen, vi. gramineous plant, dog-grass.
grammaire, /. grammar.
grand, -e, adj. and s. great, grand, tall, large, main, long (legs, etc.), great amount of, what is great; grand'rue, main street; avoir grand'peur, to be very much afraid; les grands, the great people, the nobles.
VOCABULARY
grand -duc, m. grand duke.
Grande-Bretagne, /. Great Britain.
grandeur,/, greatness, height, size, grandeur.
grandiose, adj. and m. majestic, imposing, grandeur.
grandir, v. to grow tall, grow, make tall or great, grow greater or larger, make greater.
granit, m. granite.
granitique, adj. granitic, of granite.
gras, -se, adj. fat, greasy, rich, fertile.
gratification, /. gratification, reward, recompense.
gratis, adv. gratis, for nothing.
gratter, v. to scratch, scrape.
grave, adj. grave, serious.
gravement, adv. gravely.
graver, v. to engrave, carve.
gravité, f. gravity, solemnity.
graviter, v. to gravitate.
gré, m. will, pleasure, liking; en — , in good part; de — ou de force, willing or unwilling; bon — mal gré, willing or unwilling, nolens volens.
grec, grecque, adj. and s.
Greek (written Grec when s.).
Grèce, /. Greece.
grêle, /. hail, hailstorm.
grelotter, v. to shiver, quake (with cold).
Grenade, Grenada, city of southern Spain, taken from the Moors by Ferdinand in 1492; la — , Grenada, a small English island in the West Indies.
grenadier, m. grenadier.
grenier, m. loft, garret, attic, granary; — d'abondance, public granary (where the excess of grain grown in the good years is stored).
Grenoble, city in the department of Isère.
Gresset (Louis), a witty French poet, author of the poem Ver-Vert (1709-1777).
Grétry (André-Ernest-Modeste), French composer, born in Liege; his most popular opera is Richard Cœur de Lion (1741-1S13).
grève, /. strand, strike (of workmen); la place de Grève (since 1806 it is la place de l'Hôtel-de-Ville) is on the right bank of the Seine in Paris, opposite the île de la Cité, the executions formerly took place here; en Grève, in the place de Grève; la Grève, the square or quarter above mentioned.
grever, v. to harass, overburden, encumber.
griffe, /. claw.
griffonner, v. to scrawl, scribble.
grille, /. grating, iron fence, iron gate.
griller, v. to broil, roast.
grimace, /. grimace.
grimacer, v. to make wry faces, grin; grimaçant, -e, with a wry face, grimacing, grinning.
grincement, m. grating, grinding.
gris, -e, adj. gray.
grogner, v. to grumble, growl,
gronder, v. to scold, growl, grumble.
VOCABULARY
gros, -se, adj. big, large, heavy, rough, coarse, fat, pregnant, swollen, high.
grossesse, /. pregnancy.
grosseur, /. bigness, bulk, size.
grossier, -ère, adj. coarse, gross, rude, low, rough, clumsy, thick.
grossir, v. to make bigger, increase in size, grow more numerous, grow large, grow; aller grossissant, keep getting larger.
grotesque, adj. and s. grotesque, odd, ridiculous, grotesque figure.
Grotius (Hugues van Groot, called), Dutch jurist and diplomate; he wrote a celebrated treatise on the Right of War and Peace (1583- 1645) (pronounced Grocius).
grotte,/, grotto; — du Chien, name of a grotto five miles from Naples, so called because the fumes coming from the grotto are fatal to dogs (in Italian: Grotto del Cane).
grouiller, v. to swarm.
groupe, m. group.
grouper, v. to group.
Guetfes, m. pi. Guelphs, see Gibelins.
guère, adv. scarcely; ne ... .
— , scarcely.
guérir, v. to cure, get well.
guerre, /. war.
guerrier, -ère, adj. and s.
warlike, of war, martial, warrior.
guetter, v. to watch, watch for, spy, spy on.
gueux, geuse, adj. and s. beg-
garly, poor, beggar, scoundrel.
gui, m. mistletoe.
Guichardin (François), Guicciardini (Francesco), celebrated Florentine historian, author of a History of Italy; he was of the skeptical school of Macchiavelli (1482-1540).
guider, v. to guide.
Guillaume, William; saint — de Toulouse, duke of Aquitaine, died in 812; — le Conquérant, William the Conquerer; he conquered England in 1066, by defeating King Harold in the battle of Hastings (1027-1087); — d'Orange, William III, prince of Orange, became stadtholder of Holland in 1672; he was an able general and after the assassination of the brothers de Witt he saved Holland from French invasion by flooding the country, he overthrew his father-in-law, James II of England, and became king of that country in i68g, and was Louis XIV's greatest enemy (1650-1702); — I^r, William I (known as Longue-Épée), duke of Normandy from 927 to 942; successor of Rollo, the first duke of Normandy; — VII, William VII, count of Poitou and duke of Aquitaine from 1087 to 1 1 27; he was fond of the sciences and of poetry, also a courageous soldier^ but without principle.
Guillei (Pernette), a poetess of Lyoas, her poems are graceful, but her reputation is chi ;fly local (1520-1545).
guise /. manner, way.
Guise, town in the department of Aisne ; also the name of a celebrated French family originating in Lorraine; the first due de — was Claude de Lorraine, who served François I^r against Charles V (1496-1550); one of his sons was the well known Cardinal de Lorraine (152 5- 157 4); another son was François de Lorraine, who took Calais from the English (1519- 1563); the greatest of the family was Claude's grandson, Henri ler^ due de Guise, who, after a career as a soldier, directed the massacre of Saint Bartholomew, he later attempted to depose Henri III, and seize the crown, but was assassinated by the king (i 550-1588); the brother of the last-named Guise was also Cardinal (full name Louis de Lorraine, Cardinal de — ; 1555- 1588). The family stands for the defense of Catholicism in the Religious Wars of the sixteenth century; although this was to advance their own ambition as much as from religious conviction.
Guizot (François), French statesman and historian; his best known works are the Histoire de la Revolu-
tion d' Angleterre, and the Histoire de la Civilisation en Europe et en France (1787-1874).
Gustave III, Gustavus III, king of Sweden in 177 1; he favored the spread of French ideas in Sweden (1746-1792).
Guyenne, /. former province of southern France, capital Bordeaux; the English gained control over the province by the marriage of Henry II and Eleonore d'Aquitaine in 1154; it was then fought for during a long period, but was finally won by the French in 1453- Louis XI gave the province to his brother Charles in 1469, but it was eventually united to France in 1472.
Guyot de Provins, French trouvère (that is, a northern troubadour); he lived at the court of Champagne, then traveled in various countries, and from castle to castle in France; known especially for his long satirical poem which he called the Bible; he lived in the latter part of the twelfth and earlier part of the thirteenth centuries.
[*h = aspirate h]
*ha, inter j. ah! oh!
habile, adj. skilful, clever.
habilement, adv. skilfully.
habit, m. coat, garb, clothes; pi. coats, clothes.
VOCABULARY
habitant, m. inhabitant.
habitation, /. habitation, dwelling, abode.
habiter, v. to live in, dwell, inhabit.
habitude,/, habit; d' — , usual, usually.
habituel, -le, adj. habitual.
habituer, v. to habituate, accustom.
*hache, /. axe, battle-axe.
'Hachette (Jeanne Laisne, called), French heroine, celebrated for her defense of her native city of Beauvais when it was besieged by Charles le Téméraire in 1472; she knocked down with her hatchet the standard-bearer of the Burgundians.
*haie, /. hedge.
'haillon, m. rag, tatter.
'Hainaut, m. formerly a district of the Carlovingian Empire, it now forms a province of Belgium; also name of a former French province acquired in 165g, and now embraced in the department of Nord.
'haine, /. hatred, hate.
'haïr, V. to hate.
'haleter, v. to pant, be out of
breath, gasp.
'hallebarde, /. halberd.
'hameau, m. hamlet.
Hamlet, prince of Jutland, known from a legend related by a Danish historian (Saxo Grammaticus); he may have lived in the fifth century. He feigned madness to avenge his father, and has been rendered immortal by Shake-
speare in his drama Hamlet (1602).
'hanter, v. to haunt.
'haranguer, v. to harargue. 'harasser, v. to harass, wear
out.
'hardi, -e, adj. bold, fearless, 'hardiesse, /. boldness.
'hardiment, adv. boldly.
'hareng, m. herring; bataille [ des Harengs, battle delivvered by the French, in order to stop a consignment of herrings destined for the English who were then besieging Orleans (February 12, 1429).
harmonie, /. harmony.
'hasard, m. hazard, chance,
risk.
'hasarder, v. to risk; se — , risk; si hasardé, in such a dangerous condition.
'hasardeux, -euse, adj. hazardous.
'hâte, /. haste, hurry; avoir — , to be in a hurry; à la — , in haste.
'hâter, v. to hasten, hurry;
se — , hasten, hurry.
Haumette, young girl of Domremy, a friend of Jeanne Dare.
Hausset (Madame de), ladyin-waiting to Madame de Pompadour, author of Mémoires (1720-1824).
'haut, -e, adj., adv. and m.
high, tall, lofty, aloud, loud, exalted, illustrious, sublime, loudly, top; en — , upstairs, above; d'en — , upper, from on high, spiritual.
'hautain, -e, adj. haughty.
'hautement, adv. highly, resolutely, boldly, aloud.
VOCABULARY
'hauteur, /. height.
'havre, m. haven, port.
'Havre (le), city and important port on the English channel in the department of Seine-Inférieure.
héberger, v. to shelter.
hébraïque, adj. Hebrew.
hélas, inter j. alas!
Helvétius (Claude-Arien), Parisian writer and materialistic philosopher, author of the wotIl De I' Esprit (1715-
1771)- Henri, Henry; — H, Henry II, Emperor of Germany from 1002 to 1024; also known as saint Henri; — IV, Henry IV, king of France in 1589 (1553-1610); the following English kings of this name are mentioned in the text: Henry II (reigned from 1154 to ii8q), instigator of the murder of Thomas ^ Becket and husband of Ek'onore de Guyenne; Henry III (reigned from 12 16 to 1272); Henry V, an energetic and skilful ruler, he defeated the French at Agincourt, and proclaimed himself regent and heir to the French crown (reigned from 1413 to 1422); Henry VI, son of the preceding; he tried in vain to retain the conquests of his father in France, it was during his reign (1422— 147 1) that the English were driven from France, from the discontent arose the civil war of the Two Roses; Michelet also mentions Prince
Henry, a son of Henry II, and brother of Richard Cœur de Lion (he died in 1 183); — d'Angoulême, illegitimate brother of Henri III (he was killed in 1586); — d'Anjou, name by which Henri III was known before he became king in 1574 (he was the son of Henri II and Catherine de Médicis (1551-1589); — de Guise, see Guise.
Hérault, w. department in southern France on the Mediterranean; also the river flowing southward through this department and emptying into the sea.
'héraut, m. herald; — d'armes, herald-at-arms.
herbe, /. grass, herb.
Hercule, Hercules, the most celebrated of the heroes of Greek mythology, son of Jupiter and Alcmena, noted above all for his strength and size; after executing his twelve celebrated labors and performing numerous other exploits, he was poisoned by the tunic of the Centaur Nessus; the word has thus come to mean a 1 strong man, particularly at a fair or in a circus; hercule de foire, m. strong man.
herculéen, -ne, adj. Herculean.
héréditaire, adj. hereditary.
hérésie, /. heresy.
hérétique, adj. and s. heretical, heretic.
'hérisser, v. to bristle; se — , bristle; hérissé, -e, bristling.
