IO
VOCABULARY
héritier, -ère, m., f. heir, heiress.
héroïque, adj. heroic.
héroïsme, m. heroism.
'héros, m. hero.
hésitation, /. hesitation.
hésiter, v. to hesitate.
'hessois, -e, adj. and s. Hessian (written Hessois when s.).
'hêtre, m. beech-tree.
heure, /. hour, o'clock, time; de bonne — , early; sur r — , on the spot, immediately.
heiireusement, adv. happily, fortunately.
heureux, -euse, adj. happy, fortunate, felicitous.
'heurter, v. to strike against, knock, strike or run (into); se — , strike (against), strike against one another, come into collision.
hier, adv. yesterday.
Hilaire (saint), saint Hilary, a bishop of Poitiers, died in 367; also a bishop of Aries, died in 44g.
Hippolyte (saint), Saint Hippolytus, bishop of Ostia, and martyr of the third century; his day is August
hippopotame, m. hippopotamus.
histoire, /. history, story.
historien, w. historian (used also adjectively).
historique, adj. historical.
hiver, m. winter.
Hoche (Lazare), celebrated French general of the Revolution and the first Republic (1768-1797).
hoir, m. heir (old).
'hollandais, -e, adj. and s.
Dutch, Dutchman (written Hollandais when s.).
'Hollande, /. Holland.
hommage, m. homage.
homme, m. man; — de guerre, soldier; — d'armes, man at arms, soldier; — d'Église,
churchman; femme, un-
sexed man.
'hongrois, -e, adj. and s. Hungarian (written Hongrois when 5.).
honnête, adj. honest, honorable, decent, respectable,
honnêteté, /. honesty, fairness, probity, respectability.
honneur, m. honor.
honorable, adj. honorable.
honorer, v. to honor.
'honte, /. shame; avoir — , to be ashamed.
'honteux, -euse, adj. shameful.
horizon, m. horizon.
horloge, /. clock; quai de l'Horloge, name of the quay at the northwestern end of the He de la Cité.
horloger, m. watch-maker, clock-maker.
horreur, /. horror; d' — , of horror, terrible; avoir — , to be horrified; faire — , horrify, arouse a feeling of horror.
horrible, adj. horrible.
horriblement, adv. horribly.
'hors (de), prep, out of; — de lui, beside himself, etc.; — l'honneur, except honor.
hospitalité, /. hospitality.
hostile, adj. hostile.
hostilité, f. hostility, enmity.
hôte, m. host, guest.
VOCABULARY
hôtel, m. hotel, mansion, private house,' hall; — de ville, city hall.
'hotte, /. basket (for carrying things on the back).
'houblon, m. hop, hops.
'houille, /. coal.
'houx, m. holly.
Hubert (saint), bishop of Maestricht and Liege, patron saint of hunters, said to have lived in the seventh century; he is also known as the Apostle of the Ardennes, and according to a celebrated legend he v^as converted on seeing a crucifix between a deer's antlers while hunting; see also Saint-Hubert.
'huée, /. hoot, hooting.
'huguenot, -e, adj. and s.
Huguenot.
Hugues, Hugh; Hugues Capet, son of Hugues le Grand, comte de Paris (died in 956); he is the first of the Capetian kings and became king of France in 987 (about 938-996); — ler^ duke of Burgundy from 943 to 956.
huile, /. oil.
huis, m. door; à — clos, with closed doors (little used except with clore).
huissier, m. usher, sheriff's bailiff, process-server, doorkeeper (in court, etc.).
'huit, card, eight; — jours, a week.
'huitième, ord. eighth.
HuUin (Pierre-Augustin), at the time of the capture of the Bastille a sergeant (born in Geneva), later he
became a count and a general (1758-1841).
htunain, -e, adj. and s. human, humane, human being.
hiunaniser, v. to humanize; s' — , become humanized or softened.
humanité, /. humanity, mankind, benevolence, kindness, mercifulness.
humble, adj. humble.
humblement, adv. humbly.
humeur, /. humor, mood, feeling, turn of mind.
humide, adj. humid, damp, moist.
humilier, v. to humiliate.
'hvirlement, m. howl, howling, shriek.
'hussite, adj. and s. Hussite; the Hussites were followers of John Hus (1369-1415), the Bohemian reformer and precursor of the Protestants; after Hus had been excommunicated and burned, his followers kept up long wars against the imperial troops until 147 1.
hyène, /. hyena.
hymne, m. hymn.
hypocrisie,/, hypocrisy.
hypocrite, adj. and s. hypocritical, hypocrite.
hypocritement, adv. hypocritically.
Ibères, m. pi. Iberians, the most ancient people of western Europe mentioned by history; they lived in Spain, Gaul and on the Italian coasts.
ibérien, -ne, adj. Iberian
VOCABULARY
(also used at times as s. in place of Ibères, even as adj. the more usual form is ibérique).
ici, adv. here; bas, here
below.
idéal, -e., adj. and m. ideal.
idéalisme, m. idealism.
idéalité, /. ideality.
idée, /. idea.
identique, adj. identical.
idiome, m. idiom, dialect.
idiot, -e, adj. and s. idiotic, idiot.
idolâtre, adj. and s. idolatrous, idolater.
idolâtrie, /. idolatry.
idolâtrique, adj. idolatrous.
idole, /. idol.
idylle, /. idyl.
ignoble, adj. ignoble, base, vile.
ignorance, /. ignorance.
ignorer, v. to be ignorant of, be ignorant, not to know.
il, conj. pr. he, it, there (impersonal).
île, /. island; — de France, former name of the island of Mauritius.
Ile-de-France, /. former district of France, became a province in the fifteenth century; the capital was Paris.
iliade, /. Iliad, the celebrated Greek Epic of Homer on the Trojan war.
lUiers, village in the department of Eure-et-Loir ; Florent d' — , French captain (about 1400-1475).
illogique, adj. illogical.
illuminer, v. to illuminate, light up, enlighten.
illusoire, adj. illusory, delusive, deceitful.
illustre, adj. illustrious.
image,/, image, likeness, picture.
imaginatif, -ive, adj. imaginative.
imagination, /. imagination.
imaginer, v. to imagine, conceive; s' — , imagine.
imberbe, adj. beardless.
imbiber, v. to imbibe; s' — , soak oneself.
imitation, /. imitation; l'Imitation de Jésus-Christ, title of a Latin pious work attributed to Gerson, Thomas a Kempis and others; the author is not known.
imiter, v. to imitate.
immédiat, -e, adj. immediate.
immense, adj. immense, unlimited.
immensité, /. immensity.
imminent, -e, adj. imminent.
immobile, adj. motionless, immovable, fixed.
immobilité, /. immobility.
immortaliser, v. to immortalize.
immortalité, /. immortality.
immortel, -le, adj. immortal.
immuable, adj. and in. immutable, fixed, unchangeable, immutable thing.
imparfait, -e, adj. imperfect.
impatience, /. impatience.
impatient, -e, adj. impatient.
impérial, -e, adj. imperial.
impétuosité, /. impetuosity, vehemence.
impie, adj. and s. impious, wicked, impious or ungodly person.
impiété, /. impiety, wickedness.
impitoyable, adj. pitiless.
implacable, adj. implacable.
VOCABULARY
implorer, v. to implore, call upon, pray for.
importance, /. importance,
important, -e, adj. important.
importer, v. to matter; n'importe, no matter.
imposer, v. to impose, overawe, keep in awe, prescribe, bring on.
impossibilité, /. impossibility.
impossible, adj. impossible.
impôt, m. tax, taxes.
imprenable, adj. impregnable.
impression, /. impression.
impressionnable, adj. impressionable.
imprévu, -e, adj. unforeseen, unexpected; à 1' — , unexpectedly.
imprimer, v. to impress, print, imprint.
imprimerie,/, printing, printing-office.
improvisation, /. improvisation.
improviser, v. to improvise.
improviste (à 1'), adv. unawares, unexpectedly.
imprudence, /. imprudence.
imprudent, -e, adj. and s. imprudent, imprudent person.
impudent, -e, adj. impudent.
impuissant, -e, adj. impotent, powerless.
impulsion, /. impulse, impetus.
impunément, adv. with impunity.
impuni, -e, adj. unpunished.
inaccessible, adj. inaccessible.
inaperçu, -e, adj. unperceived, unobserved.
inapplicable, adj. inapplicable.
inattendu, -e, adj. unexpected.
inaugurer, v. to inaugurate.
incapable, adj. incapable.
incarnation, /. incarnation.
incarner (s'), v. to become incarnate.
incendie, m. fire, conflagration.
incendier, v. to set fire to, burn, burn down.
incertain, -e, adj. uncertain.
incertitude,/, incertitude, uncertainty.
incessamment, adv. incessantly.
incision,/, incision.
inclination, / inclination.
incommode, adj. inconvenient, troublesome.
incomparable, adj. incomparable.
incompatible, adj. incompatible, inconsistent.
incomplet, -ète, adj. incomplete.
inconnu, -e, adj. unknown.
inconséquent, -e, adj. inconsequent, inconsistent.
inconstant, -e, adj. inconstant.
incontestable, adj. incontestable, indisputable.
incrédule, adj. and s. incredvilous, unbeliever, disbeliever, incredulous person.
incrédulité, /. incredulity.
incroyable, adj. incredible.
incultivable, adj. that cannot be cultivated, impossible to cultivate.
Inde,/. India; Indes (les), pi.
Indies, India; mer des Indes, Indian Ocean.
indécent, -e, adj. indecent.
indécis, -e, adj. undecided, doubtful.
indécision, /. indecision.
indéfiniment, adv. indefinitely.
VOCABULARY
indélicatesse, /. indelicacy.
indépendamment, adv. independently.
indépendance, /. independence.
indépendant, -e, adj. independent.
index, m. index, forefinger.
indice, m. indication, sign, probable evidence.
indien, -ne, adj. and s. Indian (written Indien when s.).
indienne, /. printed calico.
indifférence, /. indifference.
indigence, /. indigence, poverty.
indigène, adj. indigenous, native.
indigent, -e, adj. and s. indigent, penurious, poor, wretched, poor in ideas, indigent person.
indignation, /. indignation.
indigne, adj. unworthy, shameful, contemptible.
indigner, v. to make indignant; s' — , become indignant; indigné, -e, indignant.
indignité, /. indignity, infamy.
indiquer, v. to indicate, point out, show.
indiscret, -ète, adj. and s. indiscreet, indiscreet person.
indispensable, adj. indispensable.
indisposer, v. to indispose, set against (oneself).
individu, m. individual, self.
individualité, /. individuality.
individuel, -le, adj. individual.
indocile, adj. indocile, intractable, ungovernable.
indolent, -e, adj. indolent.
indomptable, adj. indomitable.
induire, v. to induce, lead, bring.
indulgence, /. indulgence.
indulgent, -e, adj. indulgent.
industrialisme, m. industrialism.
industrie,/, industry.
industriel, -le, adj. industrial, manufacturing. ^
industrieux, -euse, adj. industrious.
ineffable, adj. ineffable.
ineffaçable, adj. indelible, not to be effaced.
inégal, -e, adj. unequal, uneven, changing.
ineptie,/, ineptness, stupidity, absurdity.
inertie, /. inertia,, inertness, inactivity.
inévitable, adj. inevitable.
inexorable, adj. inexorable, inflexible, relentless.
inexplicable, adj. inexplicable.
inexprimable, adj. inexpressible.
infaillible, adj. infallible, absolutely certain.
infailliblement, adv. infallibly, without fail, surely.
infamant, -e, adj. defaming, ignominious,
infâme, adj. infamous.
infamer, v. to make infamous
infatigable, adj. indefatigable.
infection, /. infection.
inférieur, -e, adj. inferior,
lower.
infester, v. to infest, overrun.
infidèle, adj. and s. unfaithful,
infidel.
infiltration, / infiltration, infini, -e, adj. and m. infinite.
VOCABULARY
endless, numberless, infinite extent; à 1' — , infinitely, without end.
infiniment, adv. infinitely.
infinité, /. infinity, infinite number.
infirme, adj. infirm, frail, weak.
influence, /. influence.
influencer, v. to influence.
influent, -e, adj. influential.
information, /. inquiry, information; envoyer aux informations, to send to inquire (about a person's character, etc.).
informe, adj. unformed, shapeless.
informer, v. to inform; s' — , inquire.
infortuné, -e, adj. and s. unfortunate, unfortunate person.
infranchissable, adj. insurmountable.
Lngegno, m. talent, genius (Italian).
ingénieux, -euse, adj. ingenious, clever.
ingrat, -e, adj. and s. ungrateful, ingrate.
ingravance, /. violence, outrage (Old French).
inhabitable, adj. uninhabitable.
initiation, /. initiation.
initier, v. to initiate; s' — , become initiated, hear all about a subject.
injure, /. insult; pi. insults, invectives, abusive language.
injurier, v. to insult, abuse.
injuste, adj. unjust.
injustice, /. injustice.
innocence, /. innocence.
innocent, -e, adj. innocent; cimetière des Iimocents,
formerly a cemetery in Paris where now are the fountains of the same name and the central market.
innocenter, v. to acquit, declare innocent.
innombrable, adj. innumerable.
innover, v. to innovate, make innovations.
inouï, -e, adj. unheard of.
in pace, m. subterranean prison or dungeon in a monastery where prisoners were confined until their death (pronounced innpace).
inquiet, -ète, adj. anxious, uneasy, restless.
inquiéter, v. to disturb, worry; s' — , be disturbed, be uneasy, fret, be anxious.
inquisiteur, m. inquisitor.
inquisition,/, inquisition; l'Inquisition, the Inquisition (especially the Spanish Inquisition of the thirteenth century).
insalubre, adj. insalubrious, unhealthy.
inscription, /. inscription.
inscrire, v. to inscribe.
insecte, m. insect.
insensé, -e, adj. mad, foolish.
insidieux, -euse, adj. insidious, treacherous.
insigne, adj. egregious, signal.
insipide, adj. insipid.
insister, v. to insist.
insolence, /. insolence.
insolent, -e, adj. insolent.
insoluble, adj. insoluble, that cannot be untied or broken.
insomnie, /. insomnia, sleeplessness, lack of sleep.
VOCABULARY
inspiration, /. inspiration.
inspirer, v. to inspire; s'- — ■ de, gain one's inspiration from; inspiré, -e, m., f.
person inspired by Heaven.
instamment, adv. instantly, urgently.
instance,/, instance, entreaty, solicitation, urging, insistence.
instant, m. instant; à 1' — , instantly, at once.
instinct, in. instinct.
instituteur, m. school-master.
instructif, -ive, adj. instructive.
instruction,/, instruction, lesson, preparation (for a trial)
instruire, v. to instruct, apprise, acquaint, inform; instruit, -e, instructed, informed, learned.
instrument, m. instrument.
insu, m. ignorance, unknown; occurs only in such phrases as: à son — , without his (her) knowledge.
insulte, /. insult.
insulter, v. to insult.
insurgé, m. insurgent, rebel.
insurgent, m. insurgent (usually limited to certain Hungarian troops and to the American insurgents in the Revolution; an old word).
intelligence, /. intelligence, knowledge, skill.
intelligent, -e, adj. intelligent.
intendant, m. intendant, steward; also formerly in France a delegate who acted as inspector for the king in each province.
intention, /. intention, purpose.
interdire, v. to interdict, forbid, prohibit, dumfound, amaze.
intéresser, v. to interest; s' — à, take an interest in; intéressant, -e, interesting; intéressé, -e, interested, concerned in, biassed, selfish.
intérêt, w. interest.
intérieur, -e, adj. and m. interior, inner, in the mind, etc.
intermédiaire, m. medium, intervening space or territory.
interprète, m.,f. interpreter.
interpréter, v. to interpret.
interrogatoire, m. examination, trial.
interroger, v. to interrogate, question, ask.
interrompre, v. to interrupt.
intervenir, v. to intervene.
intervention, /. intervention.
intervertir, v. to turn around, change the order of; s' — , be changed.
intime, adj. intimate, inmost, essential.
intimement, adv. intimately, closely.
intimer, v. to intimate.
intimider, v. to intimidate.
intituler, v. to entitle; s' — , take the title, be entitled.
intolérant, -e, adj. intolerant.
intrépide, adj. intrepid.
intriguer, v. to intrigue, puzzle; intrigant, -e, adj. and s. intriguing, intriguer.
introduction, /. introduction.
introduire, v. to introduce; s' — , introduce oneself, gain admittance, be introduced.
inutile, adj. useless.
inutilité, /. uselessness.
invalide, adj. and m. dis-
VOCABULARY
abled, infirm, disabled or old soldier; les Invalides, Soldiers' Home (in Paris on the left bank of the Seine).
invariable, adj. invariable.
invasion, /. invasion.
invention, /. invention.
invincible, adj. invincible.
invisible, adj. invisible.
inviter, v. to invite.
invocation, /. invocation.
invo:iuer, v. to invoke, appeal to, call upon.
invraisemblable, adj. improbable.
lonie, /. Ionia, formerly a country lying along the western coast of Asia Minor, inhabited by Greeks who had emigrated from Greece.
irlandais, -e, adj. and s. Irish, Irishman (written Iriandais when s.).
Irlande, /. Ireland.
ironie, /. irony.
ironique, adj. ironical.
irrégulier, -ère, adj. irregular.
irrésistible, adj. irresistible.
irrévocable, adj. irrevocable.
irritable, adj. irritable.
irriter, v. to irritate, anger, excite, provoke; s' — , be irritated.
Is, legendary city of Brittany, destroyed because of the impiety of its inhabitants; it is supposed to have been on the baie des Trépassés.
Isabelle, Isabella; — lère^ la catholique, queen of Castile; she married Ferdinand of Aragon, thus beginning the union of all Spain, which was completed by
the capture of Grenada in 1492(1451-1504). See also Ferdinand.
Isambart de la Pierre, an Augustine monk who comforted Jeanne Dare at her execution.
Isengrin, name given to the wolf when he is personified in the Old French animal epic le Roman de Renard.
Iseult, the heroine in the Old French legend of Tristan and Iseult, one of the finest poems of the Breton cycle; this legend is the subject of Wagner's opera.
isolé, -e, adj. isolated.
Israel, name which Jacob received after his victorious fight with the angel; Jacob was the father of twelve sons, who founded the twelve tribes of Israel; the kingdom of Israel was one of the two kingdoms formed in Palestine after the death of Solomon and comprised ten tribes; used absolutely Israel usually signifies the Jewish race.
issu, -e, adj. sprung (from), descending, descended.
issue,/, issue, exit, outlet.
Istrie, /. Istria, an Austrian peninsula in the Adriatic.
Italie, /. Italy.
italien, -ne, adj. and s. Italian; à l'italienne, in the Italian style (written Italien when s.).
ivre, adj. intoxicated, drunk.
ivresse, /. intoxication.
Izarn, bishop of Grenoble from 950 to 976 (also written Isam).
VOCABULARY
j', see je.
jacque, m. {or /.), in Old French a peasant's jacket, then applied to peasants or serfs in general (hence the name Jacques Bonhomme).
Jacques, James.
jadis, adv. of old, in former times.
jalousie, /. jealousy.
jaloux, -ouse, adj. and s.
jealous, jealous person; les — de, those who are jealous of.
jamais, adv. never, ever; ne . . . — , never; à — , for ever.
jambe,/, leg; à toutes jambes, as fast as their legs could carry them.
janséniste, adj. and s. Jansenist, Jansenistic (the Jansenists were followers of the Dutch theologian Jansenius (1585-1638); they believed in predestination and in limiting free-will; the center of Jansenism in France was Port-Royal, near Paris; among the prominent Jansenists were Pascal and Arnauld).
janvier, m. January.
jardin, m. garden.
jardinier, m. gardener.
Jargeau, village in the department of Loiret; the English were here defeated by Jeanne Dare in 1429.
Jarnac, small town in the department of Charente; the Catholics under the due d'Anjou (Henri III) here
defeated the Protestants under the prince de Condé in 1569.
jaser, v. to chatter, gossip.
jaune, adj. yellow.
je, conj. pr. I.
Jean, John; — II (le Bon), king of France from 1350 to 1364, son of Philippe VI, de Valois; he was defeated by the Black Prince at Maupertuis (near Poitiers) and taken prisoner in 1356; he was released after the Peace of Brétigny (1360), which was so disastrous for the French; he is known as John the Good; Michelet also mentions — sans Terre, John Lackland, fourth son of Éléonore and Henry II, king of England from 1199 to 1 2 16; he was born in 1167 and was the brother of Richard Cœur de Lion; maître — , a cannonier from Lorraine at the siege of Orleans; saint — , one of the twelve apostles and best loved disciple of Christ.
Jean- Jacques, see Rousseau.
Jeanne, Jane (the English have translated — Dare, or — d'Arc, by Joan of Arc).
Jeannin (Pierre), French lawyer, born at Autun, he was Minister under Henry IV (1540-1623).
Jefferson (Thomas), third president of the United States (1743-1826).
Jehanne, old spelling of Jeanne.
Jehannette, diminutive of Jehanne, compare the English Janet.
VOCABULARY
Jehovah, Jehovah (highest name for God in Hebrew).
Jemmapes, Belgian town, near the French department of Nord ; the Austrians were here defeated by the French under Dumouriez in 1792 (also written Jemappes).
Jerusalem, Jerusalem, former capital of Judsea, on the river Jordan; the kingdom of Jerusalem was founded by the first Crusaders in 1099; Godefroy de Bouillon was its first king; the kingdom was overthrown by Saladin in 1187; the title King of Jerusalem, however, continued after the fall of the Latin kingdom; it was borne by the kings of Naples (house of Anjou) until René d'Anjou, then it passed to the house of Savoy, being given up only in 1859.
jésuite, m. Jesuit.
Jésus, Jesus; Jésus-Christ, Jesus Christ.
jet, m. jet, puff, sprout, shoot.
jeter, v. to throw, hurl, cast, throw out, fling, throw away or aside, cast aside, ring out (of bells); se — , throw oneself, dash.
jeu, m. game, sport, play; avoir beau — , to have a fine hand, have an easy time.
jeudi, m. Thursday.
jeune, adj. young, youthful; — fille, girl, young lady.
jeûne, m. fasting; jour de — fast-day.
jeûner, v. to fast.
jeunesse, /. youth.
joie, /. joy, delight, pleasure.
joindre, v. to join, clasp, adjoin; se — (à), join oneself (to), unite (with), join.
Joinville, village in the department of Haute-Marne, le sire de — , French historian and counselor of Louis IX, born at Joinville (1224-1317); in his Mémoires he has given most valuable material for the study of the life of Louis IX.
joli, -e, adj. pretty.
jonc, m. rush, reed, cane.
Joseph n, Emperor of Germany (Austria) from 1765 to 1790.
Joubert (Barthélémy), French general killed at the battle of Novi (1769-1799).
joue,/, cheek; coucher en — , see coucher.
jouer, V. to play, feign, play the part of, deceive, counterfeit, pretend to be; ■ — cartes sur table, play with one's cards exposed on the table.
jouet, m. plaything, toy.
joueur, -euse, m., f. player, gambler.
jouir, V. to enjoy (with de); — dans le mensonge, rejoice in lying.
jouissance, /. enjoyment.
jour, m. day, daylight, light; se faire — , to make one's way out, come to light; être grand — , be broad daylight.
journal, m. newspaper.
Joux, an important fortress in the department of Doubs.
joyeux, -euse, adj. joyous^
VOCABULARY
merry, cheerful, glad, wanton.
jubilé, m. jubilee.
judaïque, adj. Judaical (applied to what follows closely the letter, but neglects the spirit, as the Pharisees used to do).
Judée, /. Judaea, strictly that part of Palestine which lay between the Dead Sea and the Mediterranean; but also applied to Palestine as a whole.
judicieux, -euse, adj. judicious, prudent.
Judith, Jewish heroine, who, to save the city of Bethulia, cut off the head of Holophernes (Apocrypha).
juge, m. judge; — d'instruction, examining magistrate.
jugement, m. judgment, sentence, trial, verdict.
juger, V. to judge, sentence.
juif, -ive, adj. and s. Jewish, Jew, Jewess.
juillet, m. July; en Juillet, in the Revolution of July, 1830 (which overthrew Charles X and placed the Orleans branch on the throne).
juin, tn. June.
Jules II, Julius II, pope from 1503 to 1513; he was a keen politician and took part in the Italian wars.
Jumièges, commune in the department of Seine-Inférieure ; it contains the ruins of a Merovingian abbey.
Jumonville (Coulon de), French officer shot by the English (who were under the command of Washing-
ton), when he had come to demand the surrender of a fort on the Ohio. The French regarded this shooting as a violation of the rights of an officer who came to parley, and it marks the beginning of the war between the French and the English (about
jupe, /. skirt.
jupon, m. petticoat, short skirt or kilt.
Jura, m. name of a chain of mountains between France amd Switzerland; also the adjacent French department.
jurat, m. former municipal magistrate in Bordeaux and in the south of France (it is a southern form for juré; they corresponded to the capitouls of Toulouse and the échevins of the north).
jurer, v. to swear, swear by; juré, m. juror.
juridiction, /. jurisdiction.
jurisprudence, /. jurisprudence.
juron, m. oath.
jusque, prep, to, up to, until; jusqu'à, to, as far as, even, even to; jusqu'en, as far as in, even in; jusqu'ici, till
now, up to the present;
là, till there, till then, so far, to that point; jusqu'à ce que, conj. until.
juste, adj. and s. just, exact, right, righteous, just or righteous man; au — , exactly.
justement, adv. exactly, just
VOCABULARY
at this time, precisely, justly.
justice,/, justice, court, court of justice, execution; faire — de, to punish.
justifier, v. to justify, vindicate.
Juvenal, Juvenal, Latin satirist and poet, author of Satires, in which he holds the vices of Rome up to ridicule (lived from about 42 to about 125 A.D.).
Kléber (Jean-Baptiste), celebrated general of the French Revolution, distinguished himself at the battle of Fleurus (1794; and in Egypt, where he was assassinated (1753- 1800).
Korrigan, m. a name given in Brittany to evil spirits (having the form of fairies or dwarfs).
Kymrys (or Kymris) m. pi.
Cymri or Welsh. Michelet uses this word to designate the ancient Celtic inhabitants of Britain (it is also often confused with Cimhri and Cimmerians).
V used before on for euphony.
r, see le, la (article or pronoun).
la, see le (article or pronoun).
là, adv. there, here (frequent as affix or suffix); haut,
up there, on high; bas,
yonder, over there; par — , that way, because of that, by that, on that side; de — , from there, from that source, hence, from that.
Labé (Louise), French poetess, born at Lyons in 1526, wife and daughter of a rope-maker, hence she is often called la Belle Cordière; died about 1566.
laborieux, -euse, adj. laborious.
labourer, v. to plough, till.
laboureur, m. ploughman, tiller.
La Bruyère (Jean de), French moralist and tutor of the grandson of the grand .Condé; he is the author of the Caractères, noted for the perfection of his style and the exactness of his portraits (1645-1696).
Iab3n:inthe, m. labyrinth, maze.
lac, m. lake.
La Chalotais (Louis-René de), attorney-general in Brittany; he brought about the suppression of the Jesuits (1701-1785).
La Charce (Philis la Toiu"-du- Pin de), French heroine, who, at the head of her vassals, prevented the Duke of Savoy from invading Dauphiny (1645- 17 03; usually written Philis de La Tour Dupin de).
lâche, adj. and s. cowardly, coward.
lâchement, adv. cowardly, dastardly.
lâcher, v. to loosen, let out,
VOCABULARY
release, let go; — bride à, give iree iciii to, let go.
lâcheté, /. cowardice, cowardly act.
lacs, m. noose, snare, string.
Lafayette (Marquis de), statesman and soldier, he took an active part in the American and in the French Revolution, also in that of 1830 (1757-1834).
La Hire (Etienne), famous Gascon captain, accompanied Jeanne Dare to Orleans, and later tried to release her from the prison of Rouen (about 1390-
laid, -e, adj. and m. homely, ugly.
laïque, adj. lay, secular,
laisser, v. to let, leave; — là, leave there, abandon.
lait, m. milk.
Lalande (Joseph- Jérôme de), eminent French astronomer (1732-1807).
Lamartine (Alphonse de), poet and statesman, noted especially for the harmony and gentle melancholy of his verse; author of Meditations poétiques, Harmonies poétiques et religieuses, Jocelyn, etc. (1790-1869).
Lamballe (Marie - Thérèse- Louise, princesse de), devoted friend of Marie- Antoinette, perished in the September massacres (1749-1792).
Lamennais (Félicité de), French philosopher and theologian, a brilliant and vigorous writer; in the latter part of his life he
broke away from orthodox Catholicism, and advanced revolutionary doctrines in the Paroles d'un Croyant (1782-1854).
lamentable, adj. lamentable, sorrowful, deplorable, distressing.
lamenter, v. to lament; se — , lament.
Lamettrie (Julien de), French physician and materialist, friend of Frederick the Great (1709-1751).
Lancastre, Lancaster, name of an English House descending from Edward III, victorious opponents of the House of York in the war of the Two Roses; this war lasted from 1455 to 1485, and owes its name to the white and red roses of the coats of arms of York and Lancaster.
lance, /. lance.
lancer, v. to dart, throw, hurl, throw out, let go, give a start, launch.
lanciner, v. to shoot (of pain); lanciné, -e, filled with pain, aching.
landais, -e, adj. and s. belonging to the heaths, inhabitants of the heaths or of the department of Landes (written Landais when 5.).
lande, /. w^aste land, heath; les Landes, a department of southwestern France, owing its name to the heaths that make up two thirds of its extent.
langage, m. language.
Langeais, village on the Loire
VOCABULARY
in the department of Indreet-Loire, noted for its magnificent castle built in 1460.
Langres, town in the department of Haute-Mame.
langue,/, tongue, language.
Languedoc, m. former province of southern France (capital Toulouse), united to France in 1271.
languedocien, -ne, adj. and s.
of the province of Languedoc, inhabitant of this province (written Languedocien when s.).
langueur, /. languor, apathy, indifference.
languir, v. to languish, stagnate.
Lanoue (François de), known as Bras defer, French captain and Calvinist under Henri IV at the battle of Ivry in 1590 (1531-1591).
lanterne, /. lantern, streetlantern (hung on a rope).
Lanvau, Michelet alludes to a hamlet of this name near Brest.
Laon, city on a steep hill in the department of Aisne (pronounced Lan).
lapidaire, m. lapidary.
lapin, m. rabbit.
Laplace (Pierre de), French Protestant, jurisconsult, moralist and historian; killed in the massacre of Saint Bartholomew (about 1 5 20-1 57 2); Pierre-Simon, marquis de — , celebrated French astronomer and mathematician (1749-
La Poule, Suffolk's name was William de la Pole; ap-
parently Michelet thought that these were two persons.
large, adj. broad, wide, sweeping.
largeur, /. breadth, width.
larme, /. tear; pleurer à chaudes larmes, to shed hot tears.
larmoyer, v. to weep, shed tears.
La Rochefoucauld (François III, comte de), one of the leaders of the French Protestants, killed in the massacre of Saint Bartholomew (about 1531-1572).
larron, m. thief.
las, -se, adj. weary, tired; de guerre lasse, for the sake of peace and quiet.
La Salle d'Offremont (marquis de), French general and author; he was second in command of the Parisian militia in 1789, one of the first nobles to adopt republican views (1734-181S).
lascif, -ive, adj. lascivious, wanton.
lassitude, /. weariness, exhaustion.
latin, -e, adj. and s. Latin (written Latin when s.).
latitude, /. latitude.
Latoiu* d'Auvergne, name of a celebrated French family, originating in the village of Latour in Auvergne; Théophile Corret de — , French soldier, born in Carhaix (Finistère), celebrated for his bravery; he refused any title beyond that of captain of grenadiers, even refusing the title of First Grenadier of the Republic
VOCABULARY
which Napoleon offered him; it is, however, by this title that he is known (1743-1800).
La Trémouille (Georges), Minister of Charles VII, and one of the adversaries of Jeanne Dare (1385- 1446).
Latude (Jean-Henri, called Masers de), an adventurer who, because of his relations with Madame de Pompadour, was confined for thirty-five years in the Bastille and other prisons (1725-1805).
Launay (Bernard-René, marquis de), governor of the Bastille (1740-1789).
Laure, Laura de Noves, Petrarch's love, born in Provence and noted for her beauty; she has been immortalized by the poet in his verses (1308-1348).
laurier, m. laurel.
Lausanne, Swiss city on the northern bank of Lake Geneva.
Laval, city in the department of Mayenne.
lavande, /. lavender.
Lavaysse, a young officer in the merchant marine, and friend of the Calas family.
lave, /. lava.
laver, v. to wash, clean; se — , wash oneself, be washed or bathed; s'en — les mains, wash one's hands of it.
La Villette, former commune outside of Paris, now a northern section of the city.
la Vrillière (Louis-Phely-
peaux, marquis de), French statesman who had especial charge of the Protestants (1672-1725).
Lajrfour, usually written Laifour, a village near the cliffs of the same name in the Meuse valley (department of Ardennes).
Lazare, Lazarus, a poor leper, mentioned in the parable of the rich man and Lazarus, given in Luke xvi.
lazzi, m. rather free joke, piece of buffoonery (in Italian this word is plural, it may also be so used in French:
les lazzi or les lazzis).
le, la (1' before vowels; les, pi.), def. art. the; de la sorte, in that way.
le, la (!' before vowels; les, pi.; lui, leur, indirect), conj.
pr. him, her, it, so, them, to him, to them, etc.
le Brigant (Jacques), French philologist who attempted to derive all languages from the Celtic (17 20-1804).
Lebrun (Charles), noted Parisian painter, of considerable influence on the art of his time; his chief work is the series of Battles of Alexander in the Louvre (1619-1690).
leçon, /. lesson.
lecture, /. reading.
Léda, Leda, she was the wife of Tyndareus, and was loved by Jupiter in the form of a swan.
légal, -e, adj. legal.
légalement, adv. legally.
légendaire, adj. legendary.
légende, /. legend.
VOCABULARY
léger, -ère, adj. light, slight, unsteady, fickle.
légèreté,/, lightness, frivolity, fickleness, volatility.
légion, /. legion.
légiste, m. legist, lav^yer.
légitime, adj. legitimate.
légitimité,/, legitimacy, rightfulness.
léguer, V. to bequeath.
lendemain, adv. follovi^ing day, next day.
Lenotre (André), French landscape gardener, designed the park of Versailles (1613-1670).
Lens, city in the department of Pas-de -Calais ; Condé here defeated the Spaniards and thus laid the way for the peace of Westphalia (1648).
lent, -e, adj. slow.
lentement, adv. slowly.
lenteur, /. slowness.
Léon, m. Leon, a former kingdom of Spain, joined to Castile in 1230.
lèpre, /. leprosy.
lequel, laquelle (lesquels, lesquelles, pi.), rel. and int.
pr. which, who, which?
who?
Lérins (île de), /. a small island of the department of Alpes-Maritimes; Saint Honoratus here founded a celebrated monastery and school in the latter part of the fourth century; it was the most influential school of Gaul in the fifth century.
les, see le.
Lespinasse (Ml le de), French woman noted for her wit and for her salon in which
she entertained the Encyclopedists (1732-1776).
leste, adj. nimble, quick, lively.
lestement, adv. quickly, light-
ly-
Lesueur (Eustache), Parisian painter, his chief work is a series on the life of Saint Bruno in the Louvre (1616 -
lettre, /. letter; pi. letters, literature; gens de lettres, literary people.
lettré, -e, adj. lettered, literary, learned.
leiu", conj. pr. see le; adj.
their; le — , theirs; elle n'est point des leurs, she does not at all belong among them.
levain, m. leaven, yeast.
levée, /. gathering, collection, embankment, levy, levee.
lever, v. to raise, stand up, end (a meeting); se — , rise, arise, dawn; levé, -e, risen, up.
lèvre, /. lip.
l'Hôpital (Michel de; also written l'Hospital), French statesman; he became Chancellor of France in 1560; he stood for toleration in the Religious Wars, and endeavored to prevent the shedding of blood; he was ambassador to the Council of Trent (1507-
1573)liane, /. bind-weed, vine.
libérateur, -trice, m., /. liberator, deliverer.
liberté, /. liberty.
libertin,- -e, adj. and s. libertine, rake, unbeliever.
VOCABULARY
libraire, m. bookseller.
libre, adj. free.
licence,/, license, leave, licentiate's degree or examinai tion (degree higher than the bachelor's, but lower than the doctor's, which gives the right to teach).
licite, adj. lawful, allowable.
licitement, adv. lawfully, licitly.
liège, m. cork; arbre à — , cork-tree.
Liège, city of eastern Belgium.
lier, V. to bind, tie, tie up; se
— à, be connected with, be continued by; liant, -e, pliant, supple; lié, -e, bound, united, very intimate.
liesse, /. mirth, joy.
lieu, m. place, spot, reason; au — de, instead of; avoir — , to take place; saint — , sacred spot, shrine; il y a
— de, there is reason to.
lieue, /. league (2^ miles).
lieutenant, m. lieutenant; —
général du royaume, a title given to the high official who acts for the king (when a prisoner of war, during his minority, etc.), Henri II gave the title to the due de Guise, but it has been rarely conferred.
ligne, /. line; vaisseau de — , ship of the line.
ïig^e, /. league; la Ligue, the League formed by the due de Guise in 1576, with the ostensible purpose of defending Catholicism, but really to overthrow Henri III; Henri IV saw that by
becoming a Catholic he could put an end to the League already discredited because of its alliance with Spain.
Limagne (la),/, a fertile plain in the department of Puyde-Dôme, limaille, /. filings.
limite, /. limit, boundary.
Limoges, city in the department of Haute-Vienne, limon, m. slime, ooze, mud.
Limousin, m. former French province, annexed to France under Henri IV; limousin, -e, adj. and s. of Limousin, inhabitant of this province (written Limousin when s.).
Limoux, town in the department of Aude.
lin, m. flax.
Linguet (Simon-Nicolas-Henri), celebrated French lawyer and publicist; among many works he has left Mémoires de la Bastille (1736-1794).
lion, m. lion.
lire, V. to read; se — , be read.
lis, m. lily.
lisière, /. border, outskirts, edge.
liste, / list.
lit, m. bed.
litanie,/ long-winded prayer; pi. litany, prayers.
littéraire, adj. literary.
littérature, / literature.
littoral, m. coast, sea-shore.
Liverpool, second commercial city of England, at the mouth of the Mersey.
