IV

neveu, m. nephew.

Newton (Isaac), famous English mathematician, physicist, astronomer and philosopher, discoverer of the laws of gravitation and of the composition of light (1642-1727).

Ney (Michel), due d'EIchingen, prince de la Moskova, maréchal de France, covered himself with glory in the wars of the Revolution and Empire; he was called by Napoleon, "le Brave des braves." During the Hundred Days he declared himself for Napoleon, and was shot by order of a court of the peers (176g- 1815).

nez, w. nose.

m, conj. nor; — ... — , neither . . . nor.

niaiserie, /. silliness, nonsense.

Nicolas, Nicholas.

nid, m. nest.

nier, v. to deny.

Nil, m. Nile.

Nîmes, city in the department of Gard; montagne de — , a chain of hills to the north of Nîmes.

Niort, small city in the department of Deux-Sèvres.

niveau, m. level; de — , on a level.

niveleur, m. leveler, extremely democratic (used adjective-

Noailles, village in the department of Oise ; also the nam-e of a famous French family prominent from the sixteenth century to the nineteenth, especially to be noted are: Antoine de Noailles and his brother François, admiral and diplomate respectively (sixteenth century), Louis- Antoine de Noailles, cardinal (seventeenth century), Annes- Jules de Noailles, his son and his grandson, all three marshalls in the French army (seventeenth and eighteenth centuries), Louis, vicomte de Noailles, deputy from the nobles to the States General.

noble, adj. and s. noble.

noblement, adv. nobly.

noblesse, /. nobility, nobleness, loftiness.

Noblet (Michel), known especially as director of build-

ings and guard of the fountains at Paris (died in 1677).

noce, /. wedding.

nocturne, adj. nocturnal.

Noël, m. Christmas; noël, m.

Christmas carol.

nœud, m. knot, tie, knob, knuckle.

noir, -e, adj. and s. black.

noircir, v. to blacken.

nom, m. name; j'ai — , my name is.

nomade, m., f. nomad, wanderer, wandering tribes (in pi.).

nombre, m. number, a number.

nombreux, -euse, adj. numerous.

Noménoé, Duke of Brittany after Charlemagne had conquered the country; he later made Brittany independent by defeating Charles le Chauve; he died in 851.

nominal, -e, adj. nominal, of names.

nommer, v. to name, nominate, appoint.

non, adv. no, not; — pas, not, not at all; — seulement, not only.

nonchalamment, adv. carelessly, indifferently, indolently.

non-moi, m. non-ego.

nord, m. North; Nord, m. the most northern department of France.

nord-ouest, m. northwest.

normand, -e, adj. and s. Norman (written Normand when s.).

Normandie, /. Normandy.

Northmans, m. pi. Northmen

(the Scandinavian invaders of France in the ninth century; Normandy was given to them in 911)-

nos, see notre.

notable, adj. and s. notable, eminent, eminent person.

notaire, m. notary.

note, /. note, bill.

noter, v. to note, notice.

notre (nos, pi.), poss. adj. pr.

our.

nôtre, poss. adj. pr. (usually v^ith article), ours, our; les nôtres, ours, our men.

Notre-Dame, /. Our Lady (title often applied to the Virgin Mary).

Notre-Dame, the celebrated metropolitan church of Paris, begun in 1163, situated on the île de la Cité; — de Liesse, a miraculous image in the village of Liesse (department of Aisne) dating from the twelfth century, it has long been an object of pilgrimages.

nourrice, /. nurse.

nourrir, v. to nourish, nurse, rear, feed, support, foster, sustain, keep up, keep.

nourrisson, m. nursling.

nous, conj. and disj. pr. we, us, to us, etc.

nous-mêmes, pr. we ourselves, ourselves.

nouveau (nouvel before vowels), nouvelle, adj. new, recent, other, another; de — , anew, again; nouvelle, /. news, novelette.

nouveauté, /. novelty, newness.

novembre, m. November.

noyades, /. pi. drownings at Nantes (and at Lyons) in the French Revolution.

noyau, m. stone (of fruit), core, nucleus.

noyer, m. walnut-tree.

noyer, v. to drown; se — drown oneself, be drowned, drown.

Noyon, town in the department of Oise.

nu, -e, adj. naked, bare; pieds, pieds nus, barefooted.

nuage, m. cloud.

nuance, /. shade, gradation.

nudité, /. nudity, nakedness, bareness.

nuée, /. thick cloud.

nuit, /. night.

nul, -le, adj. and pr. no, null, of no value, of no force, without result, no one, not any.

nullement, adv. in no wise, by no means.

Nuremberg, city in Bavaria.

nymphe, /. nymph

o, used as abbreviation for numeral adverbs: 1° = primo, 2° = secundo.

ô, inter j. oh!

obéir, V. to obey; obéissant, -e, obedient.

obéissance, /. obedience.

obérer, v. to run in debt; obéré, -e, over head and ears in debt, deeply involved.

objecter, v. to object.

objection, /. objection.

objet, m. object, article.

VOCABULARY

obligation, /. obligation, engagement, pledge.

obliger, v. to oblige, compel; obligeant, -e, obliging, courteous; obligé, -e, obliged, required.

oblique, adj. oblique, indirect.

obliquement, adv. obliquely, askance.

obscur, -e, adj. and m. obscure, dark, obscurity, dark side, depths.

obscurcir, v. to obscure, darken, make obscure.

obscurité, /. obscurity, darkness.

obséder, v. to beset, importune, pester, possess.

observateur, m. observer.

observation, /. observation.

observer, v. to observe, watch.

obstacle, m. obstacle, hindcrance.

obstination, /. obstinacy, pertinacity, stubbornness.

obstinément, adv. obstinately.

obstiner, v. to make obstinate; s' — , be obstinate, insist, hold pertinaciously, be obstinate; obstiné, -e, adj.

and s. obstinate, obstinate person.

obstruer, v. to obstruct, choke.

obtenir, v. to obtain, get, obtain permission.

obvier, v. to obviate, prevent.

occasion, /. occasion, opportunity.

occident, w. occident, west; Occident, m. Occident.

occidental, -e, adj. occidental, western.

occuper, v. to occupy, keep busy, hold the attention, appear as attorney; s' — , occupy oneself, be occu-

pied, pay attention, concern oneself (with); occupé, -e, occupied, busy; occupant, -e, adj. and s. occupying, occupant.

océan, m. ocean.

océanique, adj. oceanic.

O constantia martyrum, O constancy of martyrs (Latin).

octobre, w. October (abbreviated: Oct.).

octogénaire, m. octogenarian.

oculaire, adj. ocular; témoin — , eye-witness.

Oder, m. Oder, a river rising in Silesia and flowing northward through Germany to the Baltic Sea.

odieux, -euse, adj. odious, hateful.

odorer, v. to perceive by smelling, scent.

œil (yeux, pi.), m. eye.

œillet, m. carnation, eyelet; huile d' — (more usually huile d'œillette), oil extracted from poppies.

œuf, m. egg.

œuvre, /. work.

offenser, v. to offend, outrage, hurt, disturb.

office, m. office, duty, business, prayers, service, public v>^orship.

officiel, -le, adj. official.

officier, in. officer.

officieux, -euse, adj. fond of rendering service, officious, unofficial.

officine, /. apothecary's laboratory.

offrir, V. to offer, present.

Ogger, a clerk mentioned by Michelet in an anecdote about King Robert.

VOCABULARY

ogive, /. ogive, pointed arch.

oh, inter j. oh!

oindre, v. to anoint.

Oise, /. a river rising in Belgium and flow^ing through France to join the Seine a little below Paris; also a French department through which this river flows.

oiseau, m. bird.

olivier, m. olive-tree.

Olivier (François), Chancellor of France under François I^r and Henri II (1487-1560). He died the year Charles IX came to the throne.

OUioules, village in the department of Var ; val d' — , valley in which the village lies.

ombrage, m. shade (also in pi).

ombrager, v. to shade.

ombre, /. shade, shadow.

omniscience, /. omniscience.

on, indef. pr. one, people, we, you, they, etc. (often used with an active verb to substitute a passive).

once, /. ounce.

oncle, m. uncle.

onde,/, wave, billow.

ondoyer, v. to undulate, float in waves; ondoyant, -e, undulating, waving.

ondulation, /. undulation.

onduler, v. to undulate, wave, roll.

onduleux, -euse, adj. undulatory, rolling.

onze, card, eleven (elision no longer allowed before this numeral).

onzième, ord. eleventh.

opération, /. operation, financial transaction.

opérer, v. to operate, work, have an effect, effect; s' — , be effected, be wrought, take place.

opiniâtre, adj. obstinate, stubborn.

opinion, /. opinion.

opposer, V. to oppose; opposé, -e, opposed, opposite, contrary.

Opposition, /. opposition.

oppresser, v. to oppress.

oppresseur, m. oppressor.

opulence,/, opulence, wealth.

opulent, -e, adj. opulent, wealthy.

or, conj. now, but.

or, m. gold.

oracle, m. oracle.

orage, m. storm.

orageux, -euse, adj. stormy.

oi^nge, /. orange.

Orange, town in the department of Vaucluse ; the town and the surrounding territory were united to France in 1673; noted for its ruins of a Roman theatre, amphitheatre and arch; Guillaume d' — , see Guillaume; prince d' — , at the time of the massacre of Saint Bartholomew the Prince of Orange was William the Silent ( 1 533-1 584), founder of the House of Orange- Nassau, which ended in 1702 with William III; see also Guillamne.

orateur, m. orator.

oratoire, m. and adj. oratory, chapel, oratorical.

ordinaire, adj. and m. ordinary, usual, the usual thing; à 1' — , d' — , ordinarily, usual.

VOCABULARY

ordinairement, adv. ordinarily.

ordonnance, /. ordonnance, prescription, order.

ordonner, v. to order.

ordre, m. order.

oreille, /. ear; dire (parler) à r — , to speak low, whisper; dormir sur les deux oreiiles, sleep soundly or in peace.

oreiller, m. pillow.

orfèvre, m. goldsmith, silversmith.

orfraie, /. sea-eagle, osprey.

organe, m. organ (of the body), voice.

organique, adj. organic.

organisation, /. organization.

organiser, v. to organize.

organisme, m. organism.

orgie, /. orgy.

orgueil, m. pride, arrogance.

orgueilleux, -euse, adj. and s.

proud, arrogant, haughty, arrogant person.

Orient, m. Orient.

oriental -e, adj. oriental, eastern.

originaire, adj. originary, pertaining to the origin, innate.

originairement, adv. originally.

original, -e, adj. and m. original, primitive, odd, queer.

originalité, /. originality.

origine, /. origin.

Orleannais, m. former French province, at different times forming a duchy belonging to the family of Orleans; it was definitely united to France in 1495.

Orléans, Orleans, former capital of Orleannais, now a city on the Loire in the department of Loiret; duc

d' — , there have been many dukes of Orleans; Michelet alludes to Charles d' — , chief of the Armagnacs and a delicate poet; he was the father of Louis XII (1391-

orme, m. elm.

ornement, ornament, decoration.

orphelin, -e, m., f. orphan.

OS, m. bone.

oser, V. to dare.

ossements, m. pi. bones (of a dead body).

osseux, -euse, adj. bony.

Ostrasie, /. Austrasia, the Eastern kingdom of Gaul under the Franks (511- 843), its capital was Metz; it was the fortunate rival of Neustria, and it was in this Eastern kingdom that the Carlovingian dynasty originated (more usually written Austrasie).

ostrasien, -ne, adj. and s. Austrasian (written Ostrasien when 5.; the word is more usually written Austrasien) .

oter, V. to remove, take off or away, take out.

Othon III, Otto, Emperor of Germany in 983 (980-1002).

Otrante, Otranto, village and port of the "heel" of southern Italy.

ottoman, -e, adj. and s. Ottoman Turk (written Ottoman when s.)\ the name comes from Othman or Osman I, founder of the Turkish Empire (1259-1326).

ou, conj. or; — ... — , either ... or.

VOCABULARY

OÙ, adv. where, where ? in or into which, when; d' — , whence; par — , which way?

whereby, through which.

oubli, m. forgetfulness, oblivion.

oublier, v. to forget.

Ouessant (île d'), /. island of Ushant, a small island with a few inhabitants lying a few miles west of the coast of Finistère ; there are also a few small islands near by, hence the îles d' — are spoken of.

ouest, m. west.

oui, adv. yes.

ouïr, V. to hear (used only in the infinitive, past participle and compound tenses).

ours, m. bear.

outil, m. tool.

outrage, m. outrage, gross insult.

outrager, v. to outrage; outrageant, -e, outrageous, abusive, insulting.

outre, prep, and adv. beyond, besides; en — , in addition, besides.

ouverture,/, opening.

ouvrage, m. work.

ouvrier, -ère, adj. and s.

working, workman, workwoman.

ouvrir, v. to open, cut or dig (a trench); s' — , open, be disclosed; ouvert, -e, opened, open.

pacification, /. pacification, pacifique, adj. pacific, peaceful, bent on peace.

pacte, m. pact, compact.

page,/, page (of a book); m.

page (boy).

païen, -ne, adj. and s. pagan.

paille, /. straw.

Pailliers (por de), m. passage in the Pyrenees south of the department of Ariège.

pain, tn. bread, loaf.

Paine (Thomas), English publicist; he became a Frenchman, and was a member of the Convention, after having shown sympathy with its ideas in his writings (1737-1809).

pair, m. peer.

paire, /. pair.

paisible, adj. peaceful, calm, in peace.

paisiblement, adv. peacefully.

paître, v. to graze, feed on.

paix, /. peace.

palais, m. palace; — de justice, court-house.

Palais-Royal, m. name given to the palace in Paris built by Lemercier for Richelieu in 1629; it was at first known as the Palais-Cardinal, later it served as a residence for the princes of Orleans; the building surrounds a garden, which was used for political meetings at the beginning of the Revolution.

pâle, adj. pale.

pâleur, / pallor, paleness.

pâlir, V. to become pale.

palme,/ palm, palm-branch.

pamphlet, m. pamphlet.

pampre, m. vine-branch full of leaves.

panache, m. plume of feathers, plume.

VOCABULARY

panique, /. and adj. panic, panical.

pantalon, m. trousers, pair of trousers.

pape, m. pope.

papier, ni. paper.

papillon, m. butterfly.

Papinien, Papinianus, noted Roman jurisconsult, put to death by Caracalla in 212.

Pâques, /. pi. Easter; — fleuries, Palm-Sunday.

par, prep, through, by, with, on account of, because of, for, along, by way of, throughout, from, per, in,

on; ci là, here and

there; de — le roi, in the name of the king; de — Dieu, from or by command of God.

paradis, m. paradise.

paraître, v. to appear.

parallèle, adj. parallel.

paralyser, v. to paralyze.

parce que, conj. because.

parchemin, m. parchment.

parcourir, v. to run over or through, pass over, go about, look over, overrun.

Pardaillan, the most prominent member of this family in 1572 was Antoine- Arnaud (died in 1624).

par-dessous, see dessous.

par-dessus, see dessus.

par-devant, see devant.

pardon, m. pardon, I beg your pardon.

pardonner, v. to pardon.

Paré (AmJjroise), surgeon of Henri II, Francois II, Charles IX, and Henri III; he was the first to substitute the ligature for cauter-

ization of the arteries in amputations (1517-1590).

pareil, -le, adj. similar, like, such a; un — , such a.

parent, -e, m., f. relative, kinsman, kinswoman; pi.

relatives, parents.

parenté, /. relationship.

parer, v. to adorn.

paresse, /. laziness, idleness.

paresseux, -euse, adj. lazy.

parfait, -e, adj. perfect.

parfaitement, adv. perfectly, entirely.

parfois, adv. at times.

parfum, m. perfume.

parfumer, v. to perfume.

parier, v. to wager, bet.

Paris, Paris.

parisien, -ne, adj. and s.

Parisian (written Parisien when s.).

parlage, m. empty talk, chatter.

parlement, m. parliament (usually judicial).

parlementaire, adj. and m.

parliamentary; m. bearer of a flag of truce, ofhcer sent to communicate with the enemy.

parlementer, v. to parley.

parler, v. to speak, talk; se — à l'oreille, whisper into each other's ears.

parleur, -euse, m., f. talker, speech-maker, speaker.

parmi, prep, among, in.

parodie, /. parody.

paroi, /. wall, partition, inner wall.

paroisse, /. parish, parishchurch.

parole, /. word, speech.

parricide, adj. and s. parricidal, parricide.

part, /. part, share, direction, side; à — , aside, to one side, apart; quelque —, somewhere; d'autre — , on the other side or hand; nulle — , nowhere; nulle autre — , nowhere else; de — ou d'autre, on one side or on the other.

partage, m. share, portion, distribution.

partager, v. to share, divide; se — , be divided.

Parthenay, town in the department of Deux-Sèvres.

parti, m. party, side, decision; prendre le — , to make up one's mind; prendre son — , make up one's mind, become resigned; prendre mon — , take my part; prendre un — , make a decision; prendre — , take sides; tirer — de, reap advantage from, turn to account; faire un mauvais — à, do an ill turn to, treat badly.

partialité, /. partiality.

particulier, -ère, adj. particular, peculiar, private, individual.

particulièrement, adv. particularly.

partie, /. part, portion, party, game, match, contracting party, opponent; gagner la — , to win the game, win the day, win; avoir trop forte — , have more than one's match.

partiel, -le, adj. partial.

partir, v. to depart, leave; à — de, from.

partisan, m. partisan.

partout, adv. everywhere.

parvenir, v. to reach, attain, arrive, succeed, come to.

parvis, m. porch or elevation before a church.

pas, m. step, pace.

pas, adv. not, no; ne . . . — , not, no.

Pascal (Blaise), famous French mathematician,

physicist and philosopher, in literature he is known as the author of the Lettres provinciales, containing perhaps the strongest attack ever written against the Jesuits, and the Pensées, fragments of an unfinished Apology for the Christian religion (1623- 1662).

Pasquerel (Jean), Augustine friar and Jeanne Dare's confessor.

passablement, adv. passably, tolerably.

passage, m. passage, thoroughfare, passing, road, way.

passager, -ère, adj. and s.

passing, transient, remaining only a short time, passenger, traveler.

passe, /. pass, channel.

passer, v. to pass, pass over, pass out; se — , pass, happen, take place, be passed; se — de, do without; passé, -e, adj. and m. passed over, past.

passion, /. passion, love, last suffering.

passionner, v. to impassion, move; passionné, -e, passionate-

pasteur, in. shepherd, pastor.

Patay, village in the depart-

VOCABULARY

ment of Loiret; Jeanne Dare here defeated the English in 1429.

Patelin (l'avocat), title of the most famous farce of the Middle Ages (written before 1470), a more modern version is by Brueys and Palaprat (1706); Patelin is a wheedling, flattering and hypocritical lawyer who, after having cheated a merchant, is himself tricked by an apparently simple peasant.

patenter, v. to license.

Pater, m. the Lord's Prayer, Pater Noster (so called from the first word).

paternel, -le, adj. paternal.

pathétique, adj. pathetic.

pathos, m. pathos.

patiemment, adv. patiently.

patience, /. patience.

patient, -e, adj. and s. patient, culprit about to be executed.

patienter, v. to wait with patience.

pâtir, V. to suffer; la nature pâtit, she suffered from the great effort she made to restrain her feelings.

patriarche, m. patriarch; — de Jérusalem, bishop of Jerusalem.

patrie, /. native land, fatherland.

patron, m. patron, owner, protector, patron saint.

pâturage, m. pasture, grazing.

Pau, former capital of Beam, now a city in the department of Basses-P5n-énées, on the gave de — .

Paul (called le chevalier).

born on the sea near Marseilles; he became a noted French naval officer (1598- 1669).

paume,/, palm (of the hand), an old game much like tennis; jeu de — , tennis, tennis-court (old).

pause, /. pause.

pauvre, adj. and s. poor, pitiful, sorry, poor person, beggar.

pauvreté, /. poverty.

pavé, m. pavement, pavingstone.

pavilion, m. tent (especially in the army, and usually coming to a point at the top), pavilion, flag.

Pavilion (Nicolas), French bishop noted for his quarrels with the pope (1597- 1677).

payer, v. to pay, pay for.

pays, m. country, district, land.

paysage, m. landscape.

paysan, -ne, m.,f. peasant.

Pays-Bas, m. pi. Low Countries (Holland).

peau, /. skin.

péché, m. sin.

pécher, v. to sin.

pêcher, v. to fish, catch (fish).

pécheur, pécheresse, m., f.

sinner.

pêcheur, -euse, m., f. fisherman, fisherwoman.

pécuniairement, adv. in a pecuniary way; poursuivre — , to sue.

pédant, -e, adj and s. pedantic, pedant.

peindre, v. to paint, picture.

peine,/, suffering, grief, pain, difficulty, trouble, labor;

à — , scarcely; ce n'est plus

la — , it is no longer worth while.

peinture, /. painting, paint.

Pelage, Pelagius, chief of a sect of heretics who denied salvation by Grace, and who also denied any original sin (fifth century).

pêle-mêle, adv. pell-mell, helter-skelter.

pèlerin, m. pilgrim.

pèlerinage, m. pilgrimage.

pencher, v. to bend, lean, incline.

pendant, prep, during; — que, conj. while.

pendentif, m. pendentive (portion of a vault between the arches under a dome).

pendre, v. to hang.

penetration, /. penetration.

pénétrer, v. to penetrate, enter, go in; se — , become penetrated.

pénible, adj. distressing, painful, difificult, laborious.

pénitence, /. penitence, penance.

pénitent, -e, m., f. penitent; — blanc, white penitent, member of a religious order which (with the blue and black penitents) assists criminals at their execution, buries them, etc.; these orders are chiefly in Italy and southern France, and often do public penance.

pennon, w. pennon (pennant usually borne at the end of the lance).

pensée,/, thought, mind; être dans ses pensées, to be given up to one's thoughts.

penser, v. to think; donner à — , make one thoughtful.

penseur, m. thinker.

pensif, -ive, adj. thoughtful, in thought, pensive.

pension,/, pension, boardinghouse.

Pensylvanie, /. Pennsylvania.

pente, / slope, declivity, propensity.

Pentecôte (la), /. Pentecost, Whitsuntide (festival fifty days after Easter, in memory of the descent of the Spirit on the Apostles).

percer, v. to pierce, run through, go or wear through, stick out.

percevoir, v. to collect.

perdre, v. to lose, ruin, waste; se — , lose oneself, ruin oneself, get lost, be lost; perdu, -e, lost, desolate, forlorn.

Perdu (mont), see mont Perdu.

père, m. father; — de famille, father of a family (to distinguish from a priest); les Pères du désert, name given to the ancient anchorites.

perfectible, adj. perfectible.

perfide, adj. perfidious, treacherous.

Périgueux, city in the department of Dordogne.

péril, m. peril, risk, danger.

périlleux, -euse, adj. perilous.

périodique, adj. periodical.

périr, v. to perish; faire — , have killed.

permanent, -e, adj. permanent, lasting, everlasting.

permettre, v. to permit, allow.

permission, /. permission.

Péronne, village in the department of Somme;

VOCABULARY

Charles le Téméraire (Duke of Burgundy) and Loui? XI here had an interview in 1468 which forced Louis to sign an humiliating treaty.

perpétuer, v. to perpetuate; se — ,*be perpetuated.

perpétuité, /. perpetuity, perpetual duration.

perron, m. perron, elevated stone landing.

perruque, /. wig.

perruquier, -ère, m., f. wigmaker, hair-dresser, hairdresser's wife.

persécuter, v. to persecute.

persécution, /. persecution.

persévérance,/, perseverance.

persévérer, v. to persevere.

persister, v. to persist.

personnage, m. personage, person, figure.

personnalité, /. personality.

personne, /. person; m. no one, any one; ne . . . — , no one.

personnel, -le, adj. personal.

personnellement, adv. personally.

personnifier, v. to personify; se — , be personified.

persuader, v. to persuade.

perte, /. loss.

peser, v. to weigh, be oppressive, rest; — pour, be heavy for, favor strongly; pesant, -e, heavy, dull.

peste, /. pest, plague.

pétiller, v. to sparkle.

petit, -e, adj. and s. little, small, short, petty, unimportant, fine, common, little one, young; Petit-Antoine, there is now no street of this name in Paris.

petite-fille, /. granddaughter.

petitesse, /. smallness, small size.

petit-fils, m. grandson.

Pétrarque, Petrarch, the celebrated Italian poet, scholar, historian, and archaeologist; he was the first great humanist of the Renaissance; most of his poems were composed near the fountain of Vaucluse in honor of Laura (1304-

pétrifier, v. to petrify.

pétrir, v. to knead.

Petrucci, name of a noble Siennese family, of which the most powerful member was Pandolfo, who died in 1512; a member of this family assisted in the massacre of Saint Bartholomew.

pétulance, /. petulance.

peu, adv. and m. little, few, not very, far from; — à — , little by little; quelque — , to some extent, a little; pour — que, conj. however so little; tant soit — , ever so little.

peuple, m. people, common people, lower classes, nation; les gens du — , the common people; petit — , poor people, lov/er classes.

peupler, v. to people; se — , become peopled.

peuplier, m. poplar.

peur, /. fear; avoir — , to be afraid; faire — à, frighten; prendre — , become afraid.

peut-être, adv. perhaps.

Peyrou (le), m. name of a square and an arch of triumph on the hill on which MontpeUier is built.

VOCABULARY

Pézon, a captain and butcher, one of the slaughterers in the massacre of Saint-Bartholomew.

pharisien, -ne, m.,f. Pharisee.

phénomène, m. phenomenon.

Philippe IV, le Bel, king of France from 1285 to 1314 (born in 1268, son of Philippe III); see also Boniface VIII. He is the first of the modern kings in standing out against the pope and feudalism; he increased the royal domain and improved the French administration and the courts.

Philis, see La Charce.

philosophe, m. and adj. philosopher, philosophical.

philosophie, /. philosophy.

philosophique, adj. philosophical.

Phlipon (Manon), wife of the statesman Roland, she was noted for her intellect, her kind heart and her fondness for the arts and literature, her salon in Paris was frequented by the Girondins, and she was beheaded because of her hostility to the Montagnards; she has left interesting Mémoires (1754-

1793)phosphore, m. phosphorus.

phraséologie,/, phraseology.

physiologie, /. physiology.

physionomie,/, physiognomy,

face, expression.

physique, adj. physical.

pic, m. peak.

picard, -e, adj. and s. Picard,

inhabitant of the old Prov-

ince of Picardy (written Picard when s.).

Picardie, /. Picardy, former French province, finally united to France in 1477.

pièce, /. piece, room, document; — de canon, cannon.

pied, m. foot; donner du — , to kick.

piège, m. trap, snare.

pierre, /. stone.

Pierre, Peter.

Pierre-Perthuis, commune in the department of Yonne.

pierreries, /. pi. jewels, precious stones; — commîmes, cheap stones or jewelry.

Pierrette, a woman of the early fifteenth century who claimed to be inspired.

pierreux, -euse, adj. stony.

piété, /.piety.

pieu, m. stake.

pieusement, adv. piously.

pieux, -euse, adj. pious.

pile, /. pile.

Piles (Armand de Clermont, baron de). Huguenot captain, noted for his bravery; killed in the massacre of Saint Bartholomew (about

pillage, m. pillage, pillaging, plunder.

pillard, m. pillager, plunderer.

piller, V. to plunder, pilfer, sack, rob, commit depredations.

pilotin, m. pilot-boy; also formerly used for a young officer serving his apprenticeship in the merchant marine.

pin, m. pine-tree, fir.

pinadas, /. pi. pine lands (a Southern word).

VOCABULARY

pince, /. nippers; pi. tongs,

pincers.

pinceau, m. brush (of a

painter).

pique, /. pike.

piquer, v. to prick, sting, bite,

goad, spur; piquant, -e,

stinging, biting, pointed,

lively, piquant.

pirate, m. pirate.

pire, adj. worse; le — ,

worst.

pis, adv. worse; le — , worst.

pistolet, m. pistol.

pitié, /. pity; faire — à, to

seem pitiful to.

pitoyable, adj. pitiable, compassionate, pitiful.

pittoresque, adj. picturesque.

pivot, m. pivot.

pivoter, v. to turn on a pivot,

shoot a perpendicular root

(tap-root).

place,/, public square, place,

room, office, fortress, stead;

gens en — , people in office;

faire — , to give way; —

forte, stronghold.

placer, v. to place; se — ,

place oneself, take one's

place.

placet, m. petition.

plafond, VI. ceiling.

plage, /. beach.

plaider, v. to plead.

plaideur, m. pleader, litigant,

arguer, disputer.

plaie, /. wound.

plain, -e, adj. level, flat; de

pied, on a level, on the

same level (without going

up or down).

plaindre, v. to pity, spare,

grudge; se — (de), complain (of).

plaine, /. plain.

plainte, /. complaint, lamentation.

plaire, v. to please; se — , take pleasure (in), be pleased (to).

plaisanterie, /. joke; par — , as a joke.

plaisir, m. pleasure; à — , at one's ease, without hinderance, at will; plaisant, -e, amusing, humorous, ludicrous.

plan, m. plan, plane; le premier — , the foreground, the front of the stage.

planche, /. plank, board.

planer, v. to plane, hover, soar, tower.

planète, /. planet.

Plantagenets, m. pi. dynasty which occupied the English throne from 1154 to 1485 (Henry II to Henry VII), in the fourteenth century the House was divided into the two branches, York and Lancaster, causing the war of the Two Roses. The name comes from Geoffrey Plantagenet. Count of Anjou, who married Matilda of England in 11 27; their son, Henry, count of Anjou, became Henry II of England; this English king had from his father Anjou, from his mother Normandy and Maine, he received Poitou and Aquitaine by marrying Eléanore the divorced wife of Louis VII, later he obtained Brittany by a marriage of one of his sons.

The name is said to come

VOCABULARY

from Geoffrey's habit of wearing a sprig of broom (genêt) in his hat.

plantation, /. plantation.

plante, /. plant.

planter, v. to plant, place, set up.

plantureux, -euse, adj. plentiful, fruitful.

plat, w. dish.

plat, -e, adj. flat.

plateau, m. platter, plateau.

platitude, /. platitude; pi.

senseless talk.

plâtre, m. plaster.

plébéien, -ne, adj. plebeian.

plein, -e, adj. full, open (air, sea, etc.); en — , in the middle of.

pleur, m. weeping; pi. tears.

pleurer, v. to weep, weep for.

pleuvoir, v. to rain.

plier, V. to fold, bend.

Plogoff (l'enfer de), m. a dangerous bay or abyss near the pointe du Raz (department of Finistère).

plomb, m. lead; les plombs de Venise, prisons just beneath the roof of the Doge's Palace in Venice; they were destroyed in 1797, and were not the same as the puits, which were for political crimes and were in the cellars; these still exist.

plonger, v. to plunge, dive, sink, take a downward direction, penetrate, sweep down upon.

pluie, /. rain, shower, flood (of tears).

plume, /. feather, pen.

plupart,/, greater part, most; la — des, most.

plus, adv. more, together with, in addition, no more; le — , (the) most; tout au — , at the very most; ne . . . — , no longer; de — , in addition, more; non —, no longer, either; — ... — , the more . . . the more; de — en — , more and more.

plusieurs, adj. pi. several.

Plutarque, Plutarch, Greek historian and moralist; author of a celebrated work, the Lives of famous men of Greece and Rome (lived from about 45 to about 125 A.D.).

plutôt, adv. rather, sooner.

pluvieux, -eu3e, adj. rainy.

Plymouth, English city and important military port on the English Channel.

PÔ, m. Po, river flowing eastward across northern Italy to the Adriatic Sea.

poche, /. pocket.

poème, m. poem.

poésie,/, poetry, poesy, verse.

poète, m. poet.

poétique, adj. poetic.

poids, m. weight.

poignant, -e, adj. poignant, sharp, acute.

poignard, m. poniard.

poignarder, v. to stab (with a poniard).

poil, m. hair (of the body, of an animal).

point, m. point, place, degree, respect; au — que, to such a point that.

point, adv. not at all; — de, no ... at all; ne . . . — , not at all; non — , not at all; — du tout, not at all.

pointe, /. point, end, prom-

VOCABULARY

on tory; à la — du jour, at daybreak; qui frappait de — et de taille, which could be used as a spear and as an axe.

pointer, v. to point, aim.

pointu, -e, adj. pointed.

poison, m. poison.

poisson, m. fish.

^.oitevin, -e, adj. and s. of Poitou, inhabitant of Poitou (written Poitevin when s.).

Poitiers, former capital of Poitou, now a city in the department of Vienne ; it was near Poitiers (at Vouillé) that Clovis defeated the Goths in 507, that Charles-Martel crushed the Saracens in 732, and that the Black Prince took Jean le Bon prisoner in 1356 (at Maupertuis).

Poitou, m. former French province, finally united to France in 1369; it was taken from the English by Philippe-Auguste in 1204.

poitrine, /. breast, chest.

poix, /. pitch.

polémique, adj. polemical.

poli, -e, adj. polite, polished.

police, /. police.

Polignac (Yolande, princesse de), wife of Jules de Polignac and an intimate friend of Marie- Antoinette (1749-

politesse, /. politeness, civility; faire — à, to be polite to.

politique, adj. and s. political; m. politician, statesman; /. politics.

Pologne, /. Poland, former

kingdom of Europe, founded in the ninth century; it is now divided between Russia, Prussia and Austria (the first partition occurred in 1772); roi de — , reference in the text is to Henri III, who was elected king of Poland, but returned to France at the death of his brother Charles IX.

polonais, -e, adj. and s. Polish, Pole (written Polonais when 5.).

poltron, -ne, adj. and s. poltroon, cowardly, toward.

pomme, /. apple.

pommier, m. apple-tree.

Pompadour (Antoinette Poisson, marquise de), notorious mistress of Louis XV; she was indirectly responsible for the Seven Years' War (1721-1764).

pompe, /. pump.

pompe, /. pomp.

pompeux, -euse, adj. pompous, stately.

ponce, /. pumice; pierre — , pumice-stone (porous volcanic rock, especially used for polishing).

Ponce-Pilate, Pontius Pilate, Roman governor of Judœa, who delivered Christ to the Jews; he died in France (Vienne) in 39 a.d.

pont, m. bridge, deck; — flottant, pontoon; — de la Révolution, now called the pont de la Concorde, built (1787-90) in part with the stones of the Bastille; it crosses the Seine from the place de la Concorde to the Chamber of Deputies.

\'OCABULARY

Pont-de-l'Arche, village on the Seine in the department of Eure.

Pontins (les marais), pi. m.

the Pontine Marshes, a vast unhealthy plain in the province of Rome.

Pontivy, town in the department of Morbihan.

pont-levis, m. drav^^bridge.

populace, /. populace.

populaire, adj. popular, of the people.

popularité, /. popularity.

population, /. population, people.

populeux, -euse, adj. populous.

per (or port), m. mountain pass in the Pyrenees; — de Gavarnie, the principal pass of the Pyrenees, near Gavarnie; — de Vénasque, a dip in the frontier ridge of the Pyrenees, ten miles south of Luchon (Haute- Garonne).

porc, m. hog, pig, pork.

Porrée (Gilbert de la), a famous scholastic theologian and bishop of Poitiers (about 1 070-1 1 5 4).

port, m. port.

portail, in. portal (large main entrance of an edifice).

porte, /. door, gate, doorway.

porte-clefs, m. turnkey.

portée, /. reach, compass, range, brood, litter.

porter, v. to carry, bear, bring, wear, support, bring up, declare, rest, deal, lay (hands on), go home or reach the mark (of a shot); se — , be (of the health),

be directed, give oneself (a blow).

porteur, m. bearer, porter; — d'eau, water-carrier.

portier, -ère, m., /. porter, portress, door-keeper, gatekeeper.

portique, m. portico, porch.

portrait, w. portrait.

Portsmouth, English city and military port on the English Channel.

Portugal, m. Portugal.

posément, adv. sedately, composedly.

poser, V. to place, put, lay down, rest, set or put down, put in place, ask (a question).

positif, -ive, adj. positive.

position, /. position.

posséder, v. to possess, have command of, own, have.

possession, /. possession.

possible, adj. possible.

poste, /. post-office, post, mail; hôtel des postes, post-office; m. military post, post, position, guardhouse, em-ploymenf.

postérité, /. posterity.

Pothin (saint). Saint Pothinus, he preached Christianity at Lyons in the second century; Michelet cites the Greek adjective Ilo^etj'os, 'longed for,' 'desired,' as the etymon.

pouce, m. thumb, inch.

poudre, /. powder; pi. powder-magazine.

Pouille, /. Apulia (district of southern Italy).

pouilleux, -euse, adj. lousy, wretched.

pour, prep, for, to, in order

VOCABULARY

to, for the sake of, on account of; — elle, for her, as far as she is concerned; — que, conj. in order that, that; used substantively:

dire le — et le contre, to give both sides (pro and con).

pourpre, adj. andf. purple.

pourquoi, conj. why?

pourrir, v. to rot; pourri, -e, rotten.

poiuriture, /. putrefaction, rot, decay.

poursuite, /. pursuit.

poiursuivre, v. to pursue, prosecute, sue, seek for, endeavor to obtain.

pourtant, adv. and conj. however, nevertheless.

poiu^oir, V. to provide.

pourvu que, conj. provided that.

pousse,/, shoot, sprout.

pousser, v. to push, push up, send forth, spring up, grow, grow out, crop out, drive, impel, push on, raise, utter, urge on, give vent to.

poussière, /. dust.

Poussin (Nicolas, usually called le), one of the most famous French painters, he excelled in historical landscapes; his works are the Shepherds of Arcadia, the Deluge, the Flight into Egypt, Moses saved from the Waters, etc. (1594- 1665).

poutre, /. beam, girder.

pouvoir, V. to be able, can, be able to do, may; se — , be possible; m. power; je n'y peux rien, I cannot help it; n'en — plus, to be at the end of one's re-

sources, be completely exhausted.

Pradt (l'abbé Dominique de), chaplain of Napoleon I (.1759-1837).

prairie, /. meadow, field,

prairie.

préalablement, adv. previously, first of all. précaution, /. precaution.

précéder, v. to precede.

précepte, m. precept, command.

précepteur, m. tutor, preceptor.

prêche, m. Protestant sermon,

meeting-house.

prêcher, v. to preach, exhort.

précieux, -euse, adj. precious.

précipice, m. precipice.

précipitamment, adv. precipitously.

précipiter, v. to precipitate, dash down, dash, throw down; se — , rush forth, rush forward, throw oneself down.

précis, -e, adj. precise.

précisément, adv. precisely,

exactly.

préciser, v. to state precisely, determine clearly, specify.

précoce, adj. precocious, premature.

précurseur, m. precursor, forerunner.

predicant, m. Calvinistic

preacher.

prédicateur, m. preacher.

prédiction, /. prediction.

prédire, v. to predict.

préférer, v. to prefer.

préjugé, m. prejudice.

prélat, m. prelate.

préméditation, /. premeditation.

VOCABULARY

premier, -ère, ord. first; entrer le — , to be the first to enter; au — , in the second story (abbreviated: 1er).

premièrement, adv. in the first place.

prendre, v. to take, take possession of, take on, catch, seize, take up or from, lay hold of, acquire, find, take root, succeed, make (arrangements, inquiries, etc.); se — à, set about, proceed to, lay hold of; s'y — , go about it; s'en — à, lay the fault upon one, blame, attack; — par (of direction), go by way of; vous ne ferez ce que vous dites qu'il ne vous en prenne mal, you will not do what you say without suffering for it.

préoccupation, /. preoccupation, attention.

préoccuper, v. to preoccupy.

préparer, v. to prepare.

près, prep, (usually with de) and adv. near, about to, to, with, nearly; à peu — , almost; de — , near at hand, within a short time, for or at a short distance, at close range; à peu de chose — , nearly.

prescription, /. prescription, precept.

présence, /. presence; en — , in presence, face to face.

présent, -e, adj. present; à — , at present, now.

présenter, v. to present; se — , present oneself, be presented, appear.

président, m. president, presiding judge, chairman.

présider, v. to preside, preside over.

présomption, /. presumption.

présomptueux, -euse, adj. and s. presumptuous, presumptuous person.

presque, adv. almost, nearly.

presqu'île,/, peninsula.

pressentiment, m. presentiment.

pressentir, v. to have a presentiment of.

presser, v. to press, importune, urge, be urgent.

prestige, m. prestige, fascination, enchantment.

présumer, v. to presume, suppose.

prêt, -e, adj. ready.

prétendre, v. to pretend, claim; prétendu, -e, pretended, so-called, false.

prêter, v. to lend.

prétexte, m. pretext.

prétexter, v. to give as a pretext, feign.

prêtre, m. priest (also used adjectively).

preuve, /. proof.

prévaloir, v. to prevail.

prévenir, v. to anticipate, warn, inform, avert, hinder.

prévoir, v. to foresee; prévoyant, -e, provident, farseeing.

prévôt, m. provost, mayor; — des marchands, mayor (of Paris under the old monarchy).

prier, v. to pray, beg, request.

prière, /. prayer.

primatie,/. primacy, primateship.

primitif, -ive, adj. primitive, original.

VOCABULARY

primo, adv. firstly, in the first place (abbreviated: i^).

prince, m. prince; le Prince noir, the Black Prince (socalled from the color of his armor), son of Edward III, he won the battle of Poitiers, and took Jean le Bon prisoner (1330-1376)-

princesse, /. princess.

principal, -e, adj. and s. principal, main, chief.

principe, m. principle.

printemps, m. spring.

prise,/, capture, seizure, prize, hold, clutch; lâcher —, to let go, give up.

prison, /. prison.

prisonnier, -ère, w.,/. prisoner.

privation, /. privation, loss, want.

privé, -e, adj. private.

privilège, ra. privilege.

privilégier, v. to privilege.

prix, m. price, cost, value, prize; à — d'argent, by dint of money, in consideration of a payment.

probable, adj. probable.

probablement, adv. probably.

probe, adj. honest, upright.

probité, /. probity, honesty, integrity.

problème, m. problem.

procéder, v. to proceed, advance.

procédm"e,/. proceedings, legal procedure.

procès, m. process, lawsuit,

trial; verbal, minutes,

official written report.

processif, -ive, adj. quarrelsome, litigious.

procession, /. procession.

prochain, -e, adj. and s. next,

approaching, early, near at hand, neighbor, fellow creature.

proche, adj. and prep, near, nigh; de — en — , by degrees, from place to place, one after the other.

proclamation, /. proclamation.

proclamer, v. to proclaim.

procurer, v. to procure; se — , procure for oneself.

procureur, m. attorney, prosecuting attorney; — du roi royal prosecuting attorney or attorney general.

prodige, m. prodigy, marvel, miracle.

prodigieusement, adv. prodigiously.

prodigieux, -euse, adj. prodigious, stupendous, amazing.

prodigue, adj. prodigal, lavish, wasteful.

productif, -ive, adj. productive.

produire, v. to produce; se — , be produced, be shown, come forth.

produit, m. product.

professeur, m. professor.

profit, m. profit, advantage.

profiter, v. to profit, be of use.

profond, -e, adj. deep, profound.

profondément, adv. deeply, profoundly, thoroughly.

profondeur, /. depth.

progrès, m. progress (also in pi.).

progressif, -ive, adj. progressive.

proie, /. prey.

projet, m. project, scheme, plan.

VOCABULARY

projeter, v. to project, throw out.

prolifique, adj. prolific.

prolongement, m. prolongation, extension.

prolonger, v. to prolong; se — , extend.

promenade, /. walk, outing, promenade, place for walking or driving.

promener, v. to take out for a walk, take out, lead, carry about, let wander or turn (the eyes); se — , walk, take a walk or ride, etc.

promesse, /. promise.

promettre, v. to promise.

prompt, -e, adj. prompt, ready.

prononcer, v. to pronounce, utter, declare; se — , be pronounced.

prophète, m. prophet.

prophétie, /. prophecy.

proportion, /. proportion.

proposer, v. to propose.

propre, adj. own, clean, proper, appropriate, neat, peculiar, very; posséder en — , to have as one's own.

proprement, adv. properly, correctly, neatly, literally, just so.

propreté, /. neatness, cleanliness.

propriétaire, m. proprietor, landlord, owner.

propriété, /. property, ownership.

prosaïque, adj. prosaic.

prosaïsme, in. prosiness, dulness.

proscription, /. proscription.

proscrire, v. to proscribe, outlaw, banish; proscrit, -e, adj. and s. banished, outlaw, exile.

prose, /. prose.

prospérer, v. to prosper.

prospérité, /. prosperity.

prostituer, v. to prostitute, expose shamefully.

prote, m. foreman in a printing-office.

protecteur, -trice, m., j. protector, protectress.

protection, /. protection.

protéger, v. to protect.

protestant, -e, adj. and s.

Protestant.

protestantisme, m. Protestantism.

protestation, /. protestation, protest.

protester, v. to protest.

proue, /. prow.

prouver, -v. to prove.

provençal, -e, adj. and s.

Provençal, of Provence (written Provençal when 5.).

Provence, /. Provence, formerly the extreme southeastern province of France, united to France in 1487.

proverbe, m. proverb.

providence, /. providence; cité de la Providence, city of God.

province, /. province.

provincial, -e, adj. provincial.

provincialite, /. provinciality, provincialism, local characteristics (rare).

Provins, town in the department of Seine-et-Mame.

provocant, -e, adj. provoking.

provoquer, v. to provoke, call for, demand.

prudemment, adv. prudently, cautiously.

prudence, /. prudence.

prudent, -e, adj. prudent.

VOCABULARY

prud'homme, m. upright man,

good man.

Prusse,/. Prussia; since 187 1 the King of Prussia has been Emperor of Germany; before this the Emperor of Germany signifies the Emperor of the German Federation (that is, the Holy Roman Empire, terminated by Napoleon in 1806).

psalmiste, m. psalmist; le Psalm.iste, the Psalmist (David).

psaume, m. psalm.

psychologie, /. psychology.

puanteur, /. stench.

public, -ique, adj. and m. pub-

publicité, /. publicity, advertising.

publier, v. to publish, proclaim.

pucelle, /. maid, maiden; la Pucelle, the Maid of Orleans.

pudeur, /. modesty, decency, shame.

pudique, adj. chaste.

puis, adv. then, afterwards, next.

puisque, conj. since.

puissamment, adv. powerfully, potently.

puissance, /. power.

puissant, -e, adj. powerful, mighty.

puits, m. well; — de Venise, see plomb.

punir, V. to punish.

punissable, adj. punishable, deserving of punishment.

punition, /. punishment.

pur, -e, adj. pure.

purement, adv. purely.

pureté^ /. purity.

ptu*itain, -e, adj. and s. Puritan.

puy, m. mount, mountain (applied usually to the mountains of Auvergne); — de Dôme, name given to an extinct volcanic mountain in Auvergne (department of Puy-de-Dôme).

P5rrénées (les),/, pi. the Pyrenees.

qu', see que.

quai, m. quay.

quaker, m. Quaker.

qualité, /. quality.

quand, conj. when, if; —

même, even if.

quant (à), adv. as for, as to.

quantité, /. quantity.

quarante, card, forty.

quart, m. quarter (fraction),

fourth. quartier, m. quarter, quarter

of a town.

quartz, m. quartz.

quasi, adv. almost (often used

as a prefix).

quatorze, card, fourteen.

quatorzième, ord. fourteenth, quatre, card. four.

quatre - vingt - deux, card.

eighty-two.

quatre-vingt-dix, card, ninety.

quatre-vingt-huit, card.

eighty-eight.

quatre-vingts, card, eighty.

quatre-vingt-six, card, eighty-

six.

quatre - vingt - treize,

ninety-three.

quatre - vingt - trois,

eighty-three.

quatrième, ord. fourth.

card, card.

VOCABULARY

que, conj. and adv. that, in order that, than, until, as, the fact that, how, when, whenever, whether, only, let (with subjunctive); used also to avoid repetition of a conjunction, then takes meaning of the first conjunction; — de, how many; ne . . . — , only, but, except, anything but; est-ce — , phrase used in introducing a question; c'est — , it is because, the fact is; — ...

OU non, whether ... or not; — ... — (before the main verb), whether . . . or; -^— ... ne (with the subjunctive), without; je n'ai — faire ici, I have nothing to do here; 11 n'était pas au quai — , he was not yet on the quay when.

que, rel. pr. whom, which,

what, ever.

que, int. pr. what ? ; qu'est-ce

que, what?

quel, -le, adj. pr. {rel. or int.), what, which, who, what a; — que, whatever; je ne sals — , some.

quelconque, indef. adj. pr.

whatever, whatsoever, or other; une personne — , some person or other.

quelque, indef. adj. pr. some, some little, a few; — ...

que, whatever, however.

quelquefois, adv. sometimes.

quelqu'un, -une, indef. pr.

(quelques-uns, -unes, pi.), someone, somebody, some.

querelle, /. quarrel.

quérir, v. to seek, look for.

Quesnay (François), French economist, founder of the

school of the physiocrats; he was one of the originators of the maxim "laissez faire, laissez passer" (1694-

question, /. question.

queue, /. tail.

quevaisier, m. formerly a tenant (in Brittany) who held land subject to the quevaise, or right of the youngest child to inherit the estate (Old French).

qui, rel. pr. who, which, whoever; — que, whoever; à — que ce soit, to any one at all.

qui, int. pr. who? which?; qu'est-ce — , what?; — estce, who?

Quiberon, village on the peninsula of the same name in the department of Morbihan; a small army of noble emigrants (émigrés) were here captured in 1795 by Hoche, and shot near Auray.

quiconque, indef. pr. whoever.

quidam, quidame, m., f. person whose name is not known, certain person (in the plural this word regularly takes s, Michelet writes quidam in the plural).

quincaillier, m. hardwareman.

Qui nescit dissimulare, nescit regnare, whoever does not know how to dissimulate, does not know how to reign (Latin).

Quinet (Edgar), French philosopher, historian, poet and politician; chief works

4Ôâ

VOCABULARY

are Ahasuériis and la Revolution (1803-187 5).

quinze, card, fifteen; — jours, fortnight, two weeks.

quinzième, ord. fifteenth.

quitter, v. to quit, leave, let go, lay aside, take off.

quoi, inter, and rel. pr. what?

which? what, which; de — , wherewith, means, reason; — que, whatever; je ne sais — , I do not know what, something; inter j. what!

quoique, conj. although.

rabattre, v. to put or beat down, lower; se — , change one's direction, fall back.

Rabaut (Paul), celebrated Protestant pastor of Nîmes and missionary of the desert, that is, of the Cévennes, etc. (1718-1794).

rabbin, m. rabbi.

Rabelais (François), one of the greatest French writers, author of Gargantua and Pantagruel; he taught that the instincts should be followed, thus representing the side of the Renaissance opposed to Calvinism (before 1500-1553).

racaille, /. rabble, riffraff.

race, /. race, breed.

racheter, v. to buy back again, ransom, redeem.

rachitique, adj. rickety.

racine, /. root.

raconter, v. to tell, relate, recount, tell about or of; se — , tell about oneself, tell one's own story.

rade, /. roadstead.

radicalement, adv. radically.

radoteur, w. dotard.

raffermir, v. to make firm, steady; se — , recover or regain strength, recover one's poise.

raffinement, m. refinement, subtlety.

rage, /. rage, fury, anger.

raide, adj. stiff, rigid.

raideur, /. stiffness.

raidir, v. to stiffen.

Rainier, Michelet refers to Régnier au Long Col, whose father was Emperor Lothaire's son-in-law; he was ancestor of the counts of Hainaut (died in 946).

raisin, m. grape, grapes.

raison,/, reason; avoir — , to be right; avoir — de, to have reason to, be right in.

raisonnable, adj. reasonable.

raisonnablement, adv. reasonably.

raisoimement, m. reasoning.

raisonner, v. to reason.

raisonneur, -euse, adj. and s. arguer, reasoner, given to arguing, impertinent.

rajeunir, v. to make or grow young again.

rallier, v. to rally; se — , rally.

ramasser, v. to pick up, get together.

rameau, m. bough, branch; dimanche des Rameaux, Palm-Sunday.

ramener, v. to bring or lead back.

ramoneur, m. chimney-sweeper.

rançon, /» ransom.

rançonner, v. to ransom.

VOCABULARY

tang, m. rank, row.

ranger, v. to range, arrange, draw or line up, put in order.

ranimer, v. to reanimate, enliven, arouse.

Raphaël (or in Italian Raffaelle Sanzio), Raphael, celebrated Italian painter of the Roman school; he is one of the three greatest artists of the Renaissance (the others being Leonardo da Vinci and Michael Angelo); he aided in the decoration of the Vatican, and excelled in his Madonnas (1483-1520).

rapide, adj. rapid, swift, quick, steep.

rapidement, adv. rapidly.

rapidité, /. rapidity.

rapine, /. rapine, plunder, robbery, spoil.

rappeler, v. to recall; se — , remember, recall.

rapport, m. report, relation, respect, manner, communication.

rapporter, v. to bring back, carry back, ascribe, report; se — à, refer to, coincide with, go back to, fit; s'en

— à, refer oneself to, trust to, appeal.

rapprocher, v. to draw or bring near or together; se

— (de), approach, draw near, approach again; rapproché, -e, near, brought together.

raquette, /. racket.

rare, adj. rare, scarce, occasional, few, infrequent.

ras, -e, adj. closely cut, with short nap, smooth, plain;

faire table rase de, to throw aside (old notions).

rasoir, m. razor.

rassembler, v. to reassemble, assemble, collect; se — , meet, congregate.

rassurer, v. to reassure; se — , reassure oneself, be reassured.

rat, m. rat.

rattacher, v. to tie again, fasten, attach again, attach; se — , be or become attached.

ravage, m. ravage, havoc, damage.

ravager, v. to ravage, lay waste, destroy.

ravir, v. to ravish, enrapture, delight.

ravissement, m. rapture, ecstasy.

raviver, v. to revive.

Raynal (l'abbé Guillaume), French philosopher and historian, author of a political and philosophical history of the Europeans in the Indies (1713-1796).

rayon, m. ray, beam, shelf.

rayonner, v. to beam, shine, radiate; rayonnant, -e, radiant, beaming, shining.

Raz (pointe du), /. -cape at the western extremity of the department of Finistère.

réaction, /. reaction.

réalisation, /. realization.

réaliser, v. to realize.

réalité, /. reality.

rebaptiser, v. to rebaptize, baptize again.

rebelle, adj. and s. rebellious, rebel.

rebuter, v. to rebuff, re-

VOCABULARY

pulse, dishearten, disgust; se — , be rebuffed, be disheartened; rebutant, -e, repulsive, repellent.

récemment, adv. recently.

récent, -e, adj. recent.

receveur, m. tax-collector.

recevoir, v. to receive, admit, take in; se faire — bachelier, pass one's bachelor's examination.

recherche, /. investigation, searching, search.

rechercher, v. to seek again, search.

réciprocité, /. reciprocity, reciprocation.

récit, m. recital, narration, tale, account.

réclamation, /. claim, complaint, opposition; se mettre en — , to begin to complain, lodge complaints.

réclamer, v. to reclaim, claim, protest, demand.

récolte, /. harvest, crop.

recommander, v. to recommend, commend, bid.

recommencer, v. to recommence, begin again.

récompense, /. recompense, reward.

récompenser, v. to reward.

réconciliation, /. reconciliation.

réconcilier, v. to reconcile; se — , become friends again, get on good terms again.

reconnaître, v. to recognize, realize, know, discover.

reconquérir, v. to reconquer, regain.

reconstituer, v. to reconstitute.

recourir, v. to run again, have recourse (to).

recouvrerj v. to recover, re- ^ gain.

récréer, v. to recreate, divert, gladden, refresh.

recruter, v. to recruit.

recueillir, v. to gather, collect, receive, pick up, take in; se — , collect one's thoughtp., meditate, retire within oneself; recueilli, -e, meditative.

reculer, v. to draw back, fall back, go back, recoil.

reculons (à), adv. backwards.

rédaction,/, editing, wording.

redescendre, v. to descend again, go or come down again.

redevenir, v. to become again.

rédiger, v. to draw up, write down.

redoublement, m. redoubling, increase.

redoutable, adj. dreadful, formidable.

redoute, /. redoubt.

redouter, v. to dread.

redresser, v. to straighten, erect again, set right, correct, redress; se — , draw oneself up, straighten up again.

réduire, v. to reduce, subjugate, conquer.

réel, -le, adj. and m. real.

réellement, adv. really, in reality.

refaire, v. to make again, make over, recommence.

réfléchir, v. to reflect.

réflexion, /. reflection, meditation.

refluer, v. to flow back, fall back.

reflux, m. ebb.

réformateur, m. reformer.

VOCABULARY

reformation, /. reformation; la Réformation, the Protestant Reformation.

refouler, v. to drive back.

refrapper, v. to strike again.

réfugier (se), v. to take refuge.

refus, m. refusal.

refuser, v. to refuse; se — , refuse oneself, refuse.

régal, m. feast, entertainment.

régaler, v. to treat, regale, entertain.

regard, in. glance, sight, look, regard, attention, eye.

regarder, v. to regard, look at, look, see, consider.

régent, m. regent; the Regent of England (who also claimed to govern France) during the minority of Henry VI, was John, Duke of Bedford, uncle of Henry

régime, m. form of government, rule, government; l'ancien — , the old monarchy (before 1789).

régiment, m. regiment.

région, /. region, district.

registre, m. register, record.

règle, /. rule; dans les règles, according to the rules.

règlement, m. regulation, rule, law, laws, by-laws, statute.

régler, v. to regulate, settle.

Regnard (Jean - François) , French comic poet, inferior to Moli'^re in depicting character, but superior in constructing amusing intrigues; his masterpiece is the comedy le Joueur (1655-1709).

règne, m, reign.

régner, v. to reign.

regorger, v. to overflow.

regret, m. regret; à — , reluctantly.

regretter, v. to regret.

régularité, /. regularity.

régulier, -ère, adj. regular.

réhabiliter, v. to rehabilitate.

rehausser, v. to raise, make higher or taller, enhance.

Reims, Rheims, city in the department of Marne; by the aid of Jeanne Dare Charles VII was here crowned in 1429.

reine, /. queen.

rejeter, v. to reject, throw back.

rejuger, v. to judge again, try again, reconsider.

relâcher, v. to slacken, release; se — , slacken, grow loose.

relaps, -e, adj. and s. relapsed (into heresy), relapser {s is pronounced).

relation, /. relation, connection, account, narration; la Relation (protestante), the Protestant account of the massacre of Saint Bartholomew.

relever, v. to lift again, lift, raise, set up again, take up, pick up, exalt, relieve, recover; se — , raise oneself up, stand up, rise again, get up again, recover.

relief, m. embossment, work in relief; pi. remains (of a meal).

relieur, m. bookbinder.

religieusement, adv. religiously, strictly.

religieux, -euse, adj. religious; m. monk; /. nun.

VOCABULARY

religion, /. religion, obligation, devotion, sacred duty; la Religion, the Protestant religion.

relique, /. relic.

relire, v. to read again.

remarier, v. to marry again.

remarquable, adj. remarkable, observable.

remarquer, v. to remark, notice.

rembarquer, v. to re-embark; se — , re-embark.

rembarrer, v. to repulse, throw^ back.

Rembrandt (full name Paul Harmens — van Ryn), famous Dutch painter, chief of the reactionists against the classic Italian school; chief paintings: Night Watch, Lesson in Anatomy, Syndics of the Guild of the Cloth-makers, etc.

remède, m. remedy, cure, salvation.

remédier (à), v. to remedy.

remémorer, v. to recall.

remercier, v. to thank.

remettre, v. to put back, set again, deliver, give over, give, refer, entrust; se — , put oneself back, compose oneself, recover; se — à, begin again, give oneself over to; s'en — à, refer to, appeal to.

Remiremont, town in the department of Vosges; it contains an abbey-church founded in 910, and a former Palace of the Abbesses (a nunnery for the nobility), v^^hich is now the city hall.

remise, /. delivery, delay, deferring.

remonter, v. to remount, go up again, go back, ascend.

remontrer, v. to show again.

remords, m. remorse.

rempart, m. rampart.

remplacer, v. to replace, substitute.

remplir, v. to fill; rempli, -e, filled, full.

remuer, v. to stir, stir up, move, rouse, shake; remuant, -e, restless, busy.

renaissance, /. rebirth, regeneration; la Renaissance, the revival of arts and sciences in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.

renaître, v. to be born again, rise again.

renard, m. fox; roman de Renard (or Renart), the great animal epic of Old French, in places a witty satire on the upper classes; it consists of a string of adventures loosely connected by means of Renard and the other animals, who are the actors, and gives a picture of feudal life in the twelfth century.

Renaud, Reynold; — de Montalban (or Montauban), the most celebrated of the paladins (except Roland) of whom Ariosto, sings, he was the son of Duke Aymon, brother of Bradamante, and cousin of Roland, his horse was the famous Bayard; before Ariosto he is the hero of the Old French epic that

VOCABULARY

bears his name (thirteenth century).

rencontre, /. meeting; venir à la — , to come to meet.

rencontrer, v. to meet, find; se — , meet, be found.

rendez-vous, m. meeting, appointment, rendez-vous.

rendre, v. to render, give back, give, surrender, make, produce, restore, bear (witness); se — , render oneself, surrender, betake oneself, go; — en cendre, reduce to ashes.

René d'Anjou, called le Fon roi René, born at Angers, (his titles are: due d'Anjou, duc de Bar et de Lorraine, comte de Provence); he has always remained popular in Provence because of his peaceful and paternal government; he became king of Sicily in 1417 and inherited the kingdom of Naples, but could never gain control of this latter kingdom; he cultivated literature (1409- 1480).

renégat, -e, in.,f. renegade.

renfermer, v. to shut up, confine.

renflement, m. swelling.

renfoncer, v. to plunge deeper; se — , sink deeper, sink back.

renfort, m. re-enforcement.

Renier, merely suggested by Michelet as the possible etymon of Rainier ; there is a hero of one of the Old French epics by this name.

renier, v. to deny, disown, abjure.

Rennes, former capital of the duchy of Brittany, now a city in the department of Ille-et-Vilaine.

renom, m. renown.

renommer, v. to name again, make renowned; renommé, -e, renowned.

renoncer (à), v. to renounce.

renouveler, v. to renew, renovate, make over, rebuild; se — , be renewed.

renseignement, w. information, inquiry (also in fl.).

rente, /. income, annuity, income from goverrriTert bonds, stocks, etc.

rentrer, v. to re-enter, go back in, come hy, cort^'-^ home, return, turn in or back, come home, bring back.

renverser, v. to overturn, upset, throw over or back, turn upside down, reverse, invert; se — , throw oreself back, be overturned.

renvoyer, v. to send back or away, dismiss, drive back, repell, refer; se — le msssacre, put the responsibility for the massacre each upon the other.

repaître, v. to feed, feast; se — , feed (on), delight (in).

répandre, v. to scatter, spread, shed, diffuse, spread out, distribute, frequent; se — , spread, be spread.

repas, m. meal, repast.

repasser, v. to pass again, cross again, repass.

repentir (se), v. to repent.

répéter, v. to repeat.

répit, m. respite.

replacer, v. to replace, put back.

VOCABULARY

replâtrer, v. to plaster again, patch up.

repli, m. fold, winding.

replier, v. to fold again, fold; se — , fall back.

répliquer, v. to reply.

répondre, v. to respond, answer, reply; se — , correspond, agree.

réponse, /. response, answer, reply.

reporter, v. to carry back, bear back.

repos, m. repose, rest, restingplace.

reposer, v. to repose, rest, lie, replace; se — , rest.

repousser, v. to push back, throw back, repulse, cast aside.

reprendre, v. to take again, take back, recover, regain, seize again, begin again, continue, resume, reply, rebuke, find fault with, correct.

représentant, m. representative.

représentation, /. representation.

représenter, v. to represent; se — , present oneself again, appear again.

reprocher, v. to reproach, reproach for.

reproduire, v. to reproduce, copy; se — , be reproduced.

républicain, -e, adj. and s.

republican.

républicanisme, m. republicanism.

république, /. republic.

requérir, v. to summon, request, demand.

requête, /. request, petition, application.

réserve, /. reserve.

réserver, v. to reserve, put by.

résider, v. to reside.

résigner, v. to resign.

résistance, /. resistance.

résister, v. to resist, withstand, oppose, endure.

résolution, /. resolution.

résonner, v. to resound, ring again.

résoudre, v. to resolve, determine, solve; se — , make up one's mind; se — en, resolve itself into; résolu, -e, resolute.

respect, m. respect.

respectable, adj. respectable, worthy of respect.

respecter, v. to respect.

respectueusement, adv. respectfully.

respectueux, -euse, adj. respectful.

re:piratoire, adj. respiratory.

ressemblance,/, resemblance; à la — de, similar to.

ressembler, v. to resembh; ressemblant, -e, resembling, similar, like.

resserrer, v. to tie or bind again, bind close together, confine, restrain, limit, draw tight again, shrink, draw tighter.

ressortir, v. to go or come out again, protrude.

ressource, /. resource.

ressusciter, v. to resuscitate, rise from the dead, come to life again.

reste, m. rest, remains, trace, remnant; au — , du — , besides; être en — , to be behindhand.

rester, v. to remain, stay.

restriction, /. restriction.

VOCABULARY

résultat, m. result.

résulter, v. to result, follow.

résumé, m. summary, epitome, resume.

résumer, v. to sum up, recapitulate.

résurrection, /. resurrection.

rétablir, v. to re-establish, restore.

rétablissement, m. re-establishing, recovery, re-establishment.

retard, m. delay.

retarder, v. to retard, delay, keep back, be slow.

retenir, v. to retain, hold back, hold, confine, keep, restrain, reserve.

rçtentir, v. to resound, ring out.

Rethel, small town in the department of Ardennes.

retirer, v. to retire, draw back, take from, get, draw out, withdraw; se — , retire, withdraw.

retomber, v. to fall again, fall back, relapse.

retour, m. return, recovery; de — , back; sans — , irretrievably.

retourner, v. to return, turn around, turn; se — , turn around or over; s'en — , return, turn back.

rétractation, /. retraction, recantation, disavowal.

rétracter, v. to retract; se — , retract, recant.

retraite, /. retreat.

retrancher, v. to retrench, intrench, cut off.

retrouver, v. to find again; se — , find oneself again, be found again, be again.

Retz (Gilles de), French mar-

shall, his crimes suggested to Perrault the story of Bluebeard (1404- 1440); Albert de Gondi, due de — , Marshall of France, and noted diplomate (died in 1603), he was grandfather of Cardinal de — (Paul de Gqndi), French writer and politician, played an important part in the Fronde, author of interesting Mémoires (16 1 3-167 9).

réunir, v. to reunite, bring or get together, unite, gather; se — , unite, gather, be combined.

réussir, v. to succeed, be successful.

revanche, /. revenge; en — , in retaliation.

rêve, m. dream.

réveil, m. awakening, waking.

réveiller, v. to awaken; se — , awaken, awake.

révélateur, -trice, adj. and s.

revealing, that reveals, capable of making discoveries or revelations, revealer.

révélation, /. revelation.

révéler, v. to reveal; se — , reveal oneself, be revealed.

revendiquer, v. to claim.

revenir, v. to come back, return; elle revint à elle, she recovered herself.

revenu, m. revenue.

rêver, v. to dream, dream of.

reverdoyer, v. to become green again (rare;.

révérence, /. reverence, respect, bow, courtesy; — gardée, with all due respect.

révérer, v. to revere.

rêverie, /. revery, dreaming, day-dream, fancy.

VOCABULARY

revers, m. reverse, backside, misfortune, calamity.

revêtir, v. to reclothe, clothe, put on, don, dress again, cover; se — , be covered, be covered again.

rêveur, -euse, adj. dreaming, dreamy, musing, lost in thought.

révocation, /. revocation, disavowal, disclaimer.

revoir, v. to see again.

révolution, /. revolution; la Révolution, the French Revolution of 178g.

révolutionnaire, adj. revolutionary.

révoquer, v. to revoke, recall.

rhéteur, m. rhetorician.

rhétorique, /. rhetoric.

Rhin, m. Rhine (this river rises in the Saint-Gothard range of the Alps and flows through Switzerland, Germany and Holland, dividing into three arms before reaching the North Sea).

Rhône, m. Rhone (this river rises in Switzerland, from the glacier of the same name, flows through Lake Geneva and southward to the Mediterranean).

ribaud, -e, adj. and s. ribald, ribald or lewd person, debauchee.

Richard 1er, Cœur de Lion, Richard I, the Lion- Hearted, king of England from ii8g to 1199; frère — , celebrated preacher and ^onk, obtained much success in Paris and Lyons, and was one of Jeanne Dare's chaplains at Or-

leans (it is not known what became of him after 1430).

riche, adj. and s. rich, rich person.

Richelieu (Armand-Jean du Plessis, cardinal de). Minister of Louis XIII, one of France's greatest statesmen; he accomplished the overthrow of the Protestants and of the powerful nobles (thus paving the way for the absolute monarchy of Louis XIV), and the abasement of Austria; see also Rochelle. He also founded the French Academy (1585-1642). Armand, duc de — , Marshall of France, grandnephew of the Cardinal, influential at the courts of Louis XIV and Louis XV (1696-1788).

Richemont (Artus de Bretagne, comte de). Connétable de France under Charles VII (1393-1458).

richesse, /. wealth, riches (also in pi.).

rideau, m. curtain.

ridicule, adj. and m. ridiculous, ridiculousness, ridiculous act or characteristic.

rien, m. nothing, anything; ne . . . — , nothing; — que, only; — • de plus, nothing more; ne . . . — autre que, nothing but.

rieur, -euse, adj. and s. laughing, laugher, bantering.

Riez, village in the department of Basses-Alpes.

rillettes, /. pi. potted pork chopped fine and cooked in grease.

rire, v. to laugh; m. laugh,

VOCABULARY

laughter; riant, -e, laughing, smiling, cheerful.

risée, /. laughter, burst of laughter, object of derision, mockery, laughingstock.

risible, adj. laughable, comical.

risque, m. risk.

risquer, v. to risk, run a risk; se — , risk oneself, risk.

rituel, m. ritual.

rivage, m. shore, bank.

rival, -e, adj. and s. rival.

rivaliser, v. to rival, vie; — à qui, vie to see v^dio.

rivalité, /. rivalry.

rive, /. bank.

riverain, -e, adj. bordering (on rivers or forests).

rivière, /. river.

robe, /. dress, gown, robe, cloth (also used figuratively for lawyers and clergymen); — de chambre, dressing-gown.

Robert II, le Pieux, son of Hugues Capet and Adélaïde de Poitou, king of France from 996 to 1031; he married Suzanne, daughter of the king of Provence; he repudiated this wife and married his cousin Berthe de Bourgogne (for this in spite of his piety, he was anathematized by the church, and was also forced to divorce her); his last wife was Constance, daughter of Guillaume, comte d'Arles.

Robert 1er, d'Artois, son of Louis VIII, the insult alluded to in the text was

inflicted on Thibault de Champagne (1216-1250).

Robespierre (Maximilien), French lawyer (born at Arras), leader in the Convention, and during the Reign of Terror, he was the soul of the Committee of Public Safety, and established the worship of the Supreme Being; he was overthrown on the ninth of Thermidor (July 27, 1794) and was beheaded (175S-1794).

robuste, adj. robust, strong, sturdy, hardy.

roc, m. rock.

Rcchambeau (Jean-Baptiste- Eonatien, comte de), Marshall of France; he was in command of the French troops sent to the American Revolutionists (17 25-1807).

Rochefort, city, stronghold and military port near the mouth of the river Charente in the department of Charente Inférieure .

Rochelle (la), former capital of the old province of Aunis, now a city and port in the department of Charente - Inférieure ; Protestantism secured a firm hold here in 1554, and the Huguenots formed almost an independent republic; Richelieu captured the city after a long siege (1627- 1628); Catherine de — , see Catherine.

rocher, m. rock, cliff.

Rochette, Protestant minister executed at Toulouse in

VOCABULARY

Rodez, town in the department of Aveyron.

Rodney (George), English admiral, distinguished himself in the American Revolutionary War (17 17-1792).

Rohan, name of an illustrious French family; the greatest members were Henri, due de — , Protestant general under Louis XIII; Louis de — , beheaded because of a plot against Louis XIV; Edouard, cardinal de — , involved in the affair of the necklace under Marie-Antoinette.

roi, m. king.

roide, see raide (form now generally used).

roideur, see raideur (form now generally used).

roidir, see raidir (form now generally used).

Roland, famous paladin, one of the twelve peers of Charlemagne, rendered immortal by the Chanson de Roland, the greatest of the Old French epics (written about 1080), and by the Orlando furioso (15 16) of Ariosto; he was killed in the valley of Roncevaux by Basques (not by Saracens, this is a later addition) while covering Charlemagne's retreat from Spain in 778.

Roland de la Platiêre (Jean- Marie), French statesman and Minister of the Interior in 1792; he was a friend of the Girondins, and committed suicide on hearing of his wife's execu-

tion (1734-1794). See also Phlipon.

Rolandt (Flemish spelling for Roland), name of a great bell in Ghent; it is one of the heaviest of the fortyfour bells in the great belfry, it dates from 1314, but was recast in 1661; the name on the bell is written Roelant.

rôle, m. part, rôle.

Rolin (Nicolas), a rich and influential chancellor of Burgundy under Philippe le Bon (1422-1461).

Romagne, /. Romagna, former province of Italy (estates of the church) of which Ravenna was the capital.

romain, -e, adj. and s. Roman (written Romain when s.).

roman, m. novel, story, romance.

romance, /. ballad, sentimental song.

romancier, m. novelist, writer of romances (also used adjectively).

romanesque, adj. romanesque, romantic, fantastic.

Rome, Rome.

Romee (Isabelle), mother of Jeanne Dare (Romee was a name given to those who had made the pilgrimage to Rome).

rompre, v. to break, break down, break off, destroy or pull down (the balance).

Roncevaux, name of valley or pass in the Pyrenees, department of Basses-Pyrénées; see also Roland (in English the form Roncesvalles is sometimes used).

VOCABULARY

rond, -e, adj. and m. round, circle.

ronger, v. to gnaw, eat away, eat out.

Roosebeck (usually written Roosebeke or Rosebeke), Belgian commune, scene of victory of Charles VI over the Flemish troops in

rose, /. rose; adj. pink; la Rose blanche, la Rose rouge, York, Lancaster (in the war of the Two Roses), see also Lancastre.

Rosemonde (or Rosamonde), mistress of Henry II of England; it is not proved that she was killed in a labyrinth by Henry's wife, Alienor d'Aquitaine, probably this is only a legend (born about 1140, died after 1175).

rotation, /. rotation.

rôtir, V. to roast.

roture, /. plebeian state.

roturier, -ère, m., f. commoner.

Rou (poème de). Old French poem on Rollo or the Normans, by the Anglo-Norman poet Wace, written in the twelfth century.

roue, /. wheel.

Rouen, former capital of Normandy, now a city on the Seine in the department of Seine-Inférieure ; Jeanne Dare was burned here in

rouer, v. to break on the

wheel; roué, m. one broken

on the wheel, rake.

Rouergue, m. former country

of southern France, united

to France by Henri IV in 1589; its capital was Rodez; it corresponded to the modern department of Av&yron.

rouet, m. small wheel.

rouge, adj and s. red.

rougir, v. to redden, make red, blush.

Rouillard, canon of Notre- Dame killed in the massacre of Saint Bartholomew.

rouler, v. to roll, roll about or up, revolve.

roulier, m. carter, wagoner.

Rousseau (Jean- Jacques), celebrated French author and philosopher; chief works:

la Nouvelle Hcloïse, Emile, Contrat Social, Confessions; he preached the return to nature and the original innocence of man; he is the forerunner of Romanticism in literature, and of the philosophical ideas of the French Revolution (1712-1788).

Roussillon, m. former French province united to France in 1659 (there is also a small village of this name in the department of Isère).

Roussillon (Gérard de), one of the heroes of the Old French epics; the historical Gérard (or Girard) lived in Burgundy, and fought against Charles le Chauve.

roussillonnais, -e, adj. and s.

of Roussillon, inhabitant of Roussillon (written Roussillonnais when s.).

route,/, route, way, highway, journey, road ; — de, way to.

VOCABULARY

rouvrir, v. to reopen.

roux, rousse, adj. russet, reddish brown, red-haired.

royal, -e, adj. royal.

royalisme, m. royalism.

royaliste, adj. and s. royalist.

royaume, m. kingdom.

royauté, /. royalty.

Rubens (Peter Paul), noted Flemish painter; his chief works are: Descent from the Cross, Crucifixion of Saint Peter, Portrait of Plelen Fourment and her Children, etc. (157 7-1640; pronounced Rubins).

rude, adj. rude, rough, rugged, heavy, severe, coarse.

rudement, adv. rudely, roughly-

rue, /. street.

ruine, /. ruin, fall.

miner, v. to ruin, impoverish; se — , ruin oneself, be ruined.

ruisseau, m. small stream, rivulet, gutter.

ruminer, v. to ruminate, ponder, think over.

ruse, /. artifice, cunning, deceit, craft, ruse.

rusé, -e, adj. artful, crafty, tricky.

russe, adj. and s. Russian (written Russe when s.).

Russie, /. Russia.

rythme, m. rhythm, rhythmical composition, verse (also written rhythme).

s , see se or si.

sa, see son.

Sabaoth, qualification given

by the Hebrews to Jehovah; it means of the celestial armies.

sable, m. sand.

sabot, m. wooden shoe.

sac, m. sack, bag.

saccager, v. to sack.

sacerdoce, m. priesthood.

sacre, m. anointing, coronation.

sacré, -e, adj. sacred, holy.

sacrement, m,, sacrament.

sacrer, v. to anoint, crown, consecrate.

sacrificateur, m. sacrificer, high priest.

sacrifice, ot. sacrifice.

sacrifier, v. to sacrifice.

safran, m. saffron.

sagace, adj. sagacious.

sage, adj. and s. good, wellbehaved, prudent, wise, wise man, etc.

sagesse, /. wisdom, good behavior, steadiness moderation, propriety.

saignée, /. bleeding, bloodletting.

saigner, v. to bleed; se — , bleed oneself, drain oneself of cash.

saillie, /. spurt, sally, projection.

sain, -e, adj. healthy, sound.

saint, -e, adj. and s. saintly, holy, sacred, consecrated,

saint, holy man; père.

Holy Father; Saint-Esprit, Holy Spirit.

Saint-Antoine (la porte), /.

formerly a gate in the eastern wall of Paris, the Bastille v/as a former porte Saint- Antoine enlarged to a fortress by Charles V and Charles VI, then left

VOCABtTLARY

standing after the fortifications had been cleared away by Louis XIV; le faubourg — , the industrial section of Paris lying east of the place de la Bastille.

See also Antoine ; la rue — , street running from the place de la Bastille to the rue de Rivoli.

Saint-Augustin (ordre de), m.

order of Saint Augustine, see Augustin.

Saint -Barthélémy (la), /. the massacre of Saint Bartholomev/ (1572), see selection for details; the name comes from the day on which it began, August 24; Saint Bartholomew was one of the twelve apostles.

Saint-Bénigne, a church in Dijon (the name comes from Saint Benignus, who is buried here, died about

Saint-Bertin, an abbey founded about 648 by the saint of the same name at Saint- Omer (department of Pasde-Calais) .

Saint - Bertrand - de - Comminges, commune in the department of Haute-Garonne.

Saint-Brieuc, small city in the department of CôteGdu-Nord.

Saint-Claude, town in the department of Jura.

Saint-Denis, city five miles north of Paris, noted for the abbey which was the burial place of the French kings, and which was

founded by Dagobert in

Saint-Cenys, an old writing for Saint-Denis.

Saint-Domingue, San Domingo, capital of Haiti.

Sainte -Aulaire (comte Louis de), French diplomate and historian, author of an Histoire de la Fronde (1778-1854).

Sainte -Baume (la), /. name of a small mountain-chain lying east of Marseilles, and containing the Sainte- Baume, said to be the grotto to which Mary Magdalen retired to end her days; the grotto has been transformed into a chapel.

Sainte -Catherine de Fierbois, a commune in the depart- -s ment of Indre-et -Loire ; there is now a church on the site of the one where Jeanne Dare found her sword; there is also a tradition that Charles -Martel left his sword here after defeating the Saracens.

Sainte-Croix, name of the cathedral of Orleans; it was destroyed by the Huguenots in 1567, and has since been rebuilt.

Sainte-Geneviève (la Bibliothèque), /. an important library near the Panthéon in Paris, noted for its manuscripts, portraits and early printed books.

saint-empire, m. Holy Empire founded by Charlemagne in 800, and lasting to 911; the Holy Roman Empire founded by Otto

VOCABULARY

the Great in 962 and abolished in iSg6, is known in French as the Empire d' Allemagne.

Saintes, town in the department of Charente-Inférieure.

sainteté,^/, sanctity, holiness.

Saint - Etienne - du - Mont, church near the Panthéon in Paris, built between 1517 and 1541; it contains the tomb of Saint Genevieve.

Saint-Florent (-le-Vieil), village on the Loire in the department of Maine-et- Loire, scene of several combats between the Vendeans and the Republicans in 17Q3.

Saint -Florentin (Louis de), Minister of Louis XV, chief distributer of lettres de cachet against the Protestants (1705-1777).

Saint-Flour, village in the department of Cantal.

Saint -Germain (le faubourg), old aristocratic quarter on the left bank of the Seine, opposite the Jardin des Tuileries and the Louvre.

Saint - Germain - l'Auxerrois, old church (fourteenth century) opposite the colonnade of the Louvre in Paris; it was here that the signal was given for the massacre of Saint Bartholomew.

Saint-Hilaire de Poitiers, a church in Poitiers, said to have been founded before the sixth century (Saint

Hilary became the first bishop of Poitiers about

Saint-Honore (le faubourg), quarter in Paris, jying north of the Champs-Elysées.

Saint-Hubert, name of a chapel and abbey in the village of the same name in southeastern Belgium; see also Hubert.

Saint-Irénée, name of a church in Lyons (Saint Irenseus was a Greek bishop of Lyons, and was martyred about 200).

Saint-Jean (la salle), a large hall in the Hôtel de Ville in Paris; chevaUer de —, knight of Saint John, that is of the powerful, religious order of this name, which dates from the first crusade; la — , June 24.

Saint - Jean - d'Angely, small town in the department of Charente -Inférieure ; it was one of the chief strongholds of the Protestants, but was taken from them in 1S69.

Saint- Jean de Castanedo, a church in the forest of Macon.

Saint- Jean-le-Blanc, a fort defending Orleans on the south at the time of the siege (1428-1429).

Saint-Louis, see Louis IX.

Saint-Louis (la croix de), /.

cross of the order of Saint Louis; this was a royal military order created in 1693 to reward officers for valor, it has not been conferred since 1830.

VOCABULARY

Saint-Malo, town and port in the department of Ille-et- Vilaine.

Saint -Marceau (le faubourg), the southeastern quarter of Paris.

Saint-Marcou, Saint Marculphus (died in 558) is said to have revealed to the French kings the faculty of curing scrofula; he is said to have founded the abbey at Nanteuil; there is now no church of this name in Rheims, but the name is borne by two hospitals for the poor.

Saint-Martin de Limoges, an abbey in Limoges.

Saint-Martin de Tours, a church in Tours over the spot where the tomb of Saint Martin was discovered; this saint was bishop of Tours, he died about

Saint-Mathieu, cape at the western extremity of the department of Finistère.

Saint-Maurice, the Romanesque and Gothic cathedral of Angers, dating from the twelfth and thirteenth centuries.

Saint-Médard de Soissons, an abbey (on the river Aisne, opposite Soissons) powerful under the Merovingian and the Carlovingian kings; even as late as 1530 it was a place of pilgrimage, now there are only scanty remains.

Saint-Michel, see Mont-Saint- Michel; la — , Saint Michael's day (September 29).

Saint -Nizier (pont de), m.

perhaps the reference is to the bridge over the Saône in Lyons, opposite the church of Saint-Nizier; it is one of the oldest bridges in Lyons, now called pont du Change.

Saint-Ouen, church at Rouen, one of the most beautiful Gothic churches in existence; it was built chiefly between 13 18 and 1339; Cimetière de — , the cemetery alluded to in the text is now a public garden.

Saint-Pierre (-le-Moûtier), village in the department of Nièvre, taken from the English by Jeanne Dare in 1429.

Saint-Pierre de Caen, church in Caen, begun in the thirteenth century, partly Gothic, partly dating from the Renaissance; it contains much elaborate decoration.

Saint-Pothin, Saint Pothinus, a church in Lyons on the left bank of the Rhone; see also Pothin.

Saint-Priest, statesman and Intendant of Languedoc during the early part and middle of the eighteenth century; he was the father of the far more celebrated statesman François-Emmanuel, comte de — (1735- 1821).

Saint-Quentin, city in the department of Aisne; it derives its name from the youthful martyr who introduced Christianity here

VOCABULARY

in the third century; the church of the same name, near the center of the town, dates in part from the twelfth century.

Saint-Remi (also written Saint -Remy), village in the department of Bouchesdu-Rhone, a Roman arch has been preserved here; also an old church in Rheims named for Saint Remâgius, the bishop of Reims, who baptized Clovis, Christmas 496. The coronation of the French kings took place, however, in the Cathedral, not in the church of Saint-Remi.

This latter church was founded in 852, but was rebuilt in the eleventh and twelfth centuries.

Saint-Roch, church in the rue Saint-Honoré in Paris; it is here that Bonaparte put down the Royalist uprising of October 5, 1795 {ck = k).

Saint-Sauveur, a church in Rouen at the time of Jeanne Dare's execution.

Saint-Semin, a fine Romanesque church in Toulouse, begun in the twelfth century, restored by the architect Viollet-le-Duc in the nineteenth century.

Saint-Sévère, French marshall at the siege of Orleans.

Saint-Simon (Louis de Rouvroy, due de), French writer and courtier of Louis XIV, especially noted for his Mémoires, in which he

describes with remarkable penetration the courtiers of his time (1675-1755).

Saint-Vanne, an ancient and powerful Benedictine abbey at Verdun, now in ruins; it was noted for its learning, and was the center of a reform in the order in 1600.

saisir, v. to seize, catch, take or get possession of, take hold of, comprehend, get on, strike, gripe, grasp.

saisissement, m. sudden shock, pang, grip, violent impression.

saison, /. season.

salaire, m. day's pay, pay, hire.

salant, -e, adj. salt; marais — , salt-marsh.

Salcède, an enemy of the Guises, and a Catholic victim of the massacre of Saint Bartholomew.

sale, adj. dirty, nasty.

salé, -e, adj. salt, briny.

salicor, m. salt-wort.

salir, V. to dirty, soil, make foul.

Salisbury, Michelet refers to Thomas of Montagu, third count of Salisbury, the most famous of the English leaders in the latter part of the Hundred Years' War; he was mortally wounded at the siege of Orleans (138S-1428).

salle, /. hall, room.

salon, m. drawing-room, salon.

salut, m. salutation, bow, salute, greeting, safety, salvation, rescue.

VOCABULARY

salutaire, adj. salutary, healthy, wholesome.

salutation, /. salutation, bow.

samedi, m. Saturday.

Sanche (VII, le Fort), last native king of Navarre (reigned 1194-1234); he was succeeded by the Frenchman Thibaut ï^^, Count of Champagne.

sanctifier, v. to sanctify.

sanctuaire, m. sanctuary.

sang, ni. blood.

sanglant, -e, adj. bloody.

sanglier, m. wild boar; le Sanglier des Ardennes, name given to Guillaume de La Marck because of his ferocity; he was brought up by the bishop of Liege, but the latter drove him away after he had assassinated an inmate of the bishop's palace; he was afterwards a brigand in the employ of Louis XT (about 1446-1485).

sangloter, v. to sob.

sangsue, /. leech.

sanguin, -e, adj. sanguine, ardent, hot.

sanguinaire, adj. sanguinary, blood-thirsty.

sans, prep, without, if it were not for, had it not been for; — que, conj. without.

Santerre (Antoine- Joseph), a Parisian brewer, he commanded the National Guard in 1793, and became a general in the war of the Vendée (1752-1809).

Saône,/, a French river rising in the department of Vosges, and joining the Rhone at Lyons.

sapience, /. wisdom (old).

sapin, m. fir-tree.

Saragosse, Saragossa, Spanish city, formerly the capital of Aragon.

Sa.rlabous, former Protestant captain who renounced his faith and aided in the murder of Coligny.

sarrasin, m. buckwheat.

sarrasin, -e, adj. and s. Saracen (written Sarrasin when s.).

sarrau, m. smock-frock (light garment or blouse worn by workm.en and children over the other clothing).

Sartine (Gabriel de), French lieutenant of police and 'Secretary of the Navy' (1729-1801).

Sassenage, hamlet in the department of Isère; la fée de — , a fairy thought to have lived in the celebrated grottoes, near the hamlet; Mélusine is also connected with these grottoes.

Satan, w. Satan.

satanique, adj. satanical.

satire, /. satire.

satirique, adj. satirical.

satisfaction, /. satisfaction.

satisfaire v. to satisfy.

Satyre Ménippée, see Ménippée (satyre is an old writing for satire).

sauf, sauve, adj. safe; prep.

save, except; — à, only to.

saule, m. willow.

Saumur, town in the department of Maine-et-Loire, Michelet alludes to the dolmen near by, one of the largest in existence.

saut, m. leap, jump.

VOCABULARY

sauter, v. to leap, jump, leap over, blow up, explode; se faire — , blow oneself up.

sauteur, m. leaper, jumper, vaulter, time-server.

sauvage, adj. and s. savage, wild.

sauvegarde, /. safeguard.

sauver, v. to save; se — , save oneself, be saved, run away.

sauveur, m. saver, rescuer, deliverer; le Sauveur, the Savior.

savane, /. savanna (an open plain or meadow destitute of trees, and covered with grass).

Savannah, city and port in Georgia.

savant, -e, adj. learned, scholarly, skilled.

Savoie, /. Savoy, formerly a district in southeastern France, belonging to the States of Sardinia, since i860 it has belonged to France, forming the departments of Savoie and Haute-Savoie ; the House of Savoy long possessed Savoy as a duchy, besides Piedmont and Sardinia; the family now rules over Italy; le duc de — , reference in the text is to Victor- Amédée II (1666-1732).

savoir, v. to know, know of, know how, can; faire — , inform, send word to.

savoyard, -e, adj. and s. Savoyard, of Savoy (written Savoyard when s.).

Saxons, m. pi. a Germanic people who, with other Germanic tribes, invaded

and conquered England in the fifth and sixth centuries.

scabreux, -euse, adj. rough, ticklish, dangerous, slippery.

Scala (de la or della), a famous Italian family, many members belonged to the Ghibelline party, and were lords of Verona.

scandale, m. scandal.

scandaleusement, adv. scandalously.

sceau, m. seal.

scélérat, -e, adj. and s. wicked heinous, villain, wretch, scoundrel.