scène, /. scene, stage
sceptique, adj. and m. skeptical, skeptic.
schismatique, adj. and s.
schismatical, schismatic.
schisme, m. schism (usually a division in the Christian church).
schiste, m. schist, slate.
science, /. science, learning.
scolastique, adj. and m. scholastic, schoolman (applied to the schools and philosophers of the Middle Ages).
scorbut, m. scurvy.
scribe, m. scribe.
scrupule, m. scruple; ne se faire aucun — , to have no scruples.
scrupuleux, -euse, adj. scrupulous.
sculpter, V. to sculpture, carve.
sculpture, /. sculpture.
se (s'), reft. pr. himself, herself, itself, themselves, eto.
séance, /. sitting, meeting; lever la — , to close the meeting, end the sitting.
VOCABULARY
sec, sèche, adj. dry, dried up, lean, spare, severe, sharp, unfeeling.
sécher, v. to dry, dry up.
sécheresse,/, dryness, severity, harshness.
second, -e, ord. second.
secondaire, adj. secondary.
seconder, v. to second, support, assist.
secouer, v. to shake.
secourable, adj. helpful, willing to help, assisting, succoring.
secourir, v. to succor, aid, help.
secours, m. succor, aid, help, relief, assistance; pi. things serving as aid, troops for aid, succor, aid; crier au — , to cry for help; aider d'un — , send substantial aid to, support.
secousse, /. shake, shaking, shock, jerk.
secret, -ète, adj. and in. secret, secrecy.
secrétaire, m. secretary.
secrètement, adv. secretly.
séculaire, adj. venerable, secular, one hundred years old, coming once in a century, lasting for ages.
séculier, -ère, adj. secular.
secundo, adv. secondly, in the second place (abbreviated: 2°; pronounced seconda) .
sécurité, /. security, sense of security.
Sedaine (Michel- Jean), French dramatic poet, his best comedy is the Philosophe sans le savoir (1719-1797).
Sedan, town in the department of Ardennes.
sédentaire, adj. sedentary.
séduire, v. to seduce.
segment, m. segment.
Séguin (frère), professor of theology at the University of Poitiers, one of Jeanne Dare's examiners at Poitiers.
Sêgun, there have been several prominent men of this name : Philippe-Henri, marquis de —, French Marshall (1724-1801); his son Louis-Philippe, diplomate and historian (17 53-1830); Philippe-Paul, son of the preceding, general and historian (1780-1873).
Segusii, m. pi. an ancient Gallic people, who occupied the valley of the Loire as far as the junction of the Saône and the Rhone; Lyons is said to have been founded by them (also written Segusiani and Segusiavi).
seigneur, m. lord, noble; le Seigneur, the Lord; Notre- Seigneur, Our Lord; le — roi, His Highness the King.
seigneurie, /. seigniory, territory subject to a lord.
sein, m. breast.
Sein (île de),/, a small island with a few inhabitants off the western coast of the department of Finistère; it was a former abode of druidesses.
Seine, / Seine, river rising in the department of Côted'Or, flowing by Troyes, Paris and Rouen to the English Channel at le Havre; also the depart-
VOCABULARY
ment of which Paris is the center.
Seine-Inférieure, /. department lying to the north of the mouth of the Seine.
seize, card, sixteen.
seizième, ord. sixteenth.
séjour, m. abode, stay, sojourn, residence.
selon, prep, according to, following.
semaine, /. week.
semblable, adj. similar, like.
semblant, m. pretense, appearance.
sembler, v. to seem.
semer, v. to sow, strew, scatter, spread abroad.
sémillant, -e, adj. brisk, sprightly, lively.
séminaire, m. seminary.
séminal, -e, adj. seminal.
Semur, village in the department of Côte-d'Or.
sénat, m. senate.
sénéchal, m. seneschal, high bailiff, bailiff.
Senlis, town in the department of Oise.
sens, m. sense, good sense, meaning, reason, direction, feeling; être dans son bon —, to be in his (her) right mind.
Sens, town in the department of Yonne.
sensibilité, /. sensitiveness, feeling, compassion.
sensible, adj. sensitive, perceptible.
sensorium, m. sensorium, brain.
sensualisme, m. sensualism.
sensualité, /. sensuality.
sensuel, -le, adj. sensual.
sentence, /. sentence.
sentier, m. path.
sentiment, m. sentiment, consciousness, feeling, sensation, sense.
sentimental, -e, adj. sentimental.
sentimentalité, /. sentimentality.
sentinelle, /. sentinel.
sentir, v. to feel, perceive, be sensible or conscious of, smell; se — , feel oneself, feel that one has or is.
séparation, /. separation; — des eaux, water-shed.
séparer, v. to separate; se — , be separated, separate.
sept, card, seven.
septembre, m. September; les massacres de — , the massacre of political prisoners, which occurred in the Parisian prisons September 2-5, 1792.
septentrional, -e, adj. northern.
septième, ord. seventh.
sépulcral, -e, adj. sepulchral,
sépulcre, m. sepulchre.
sépulture, /. burial.
séquestrer, v. to sequester.
serein, -e, adj. serene, unruffled, calm.
sérénité, /. serenity.
serf, -ve, adj. and s. serf, in bondage.
sergent, m. sergeant.
sérieux, -euse, adj. and m.
serious, seriousness; au — , seriously.
serment, m. oath.
sermon, m. sermon.
serpent, m. serpent.
serrer, v. to tighten, squeeze, press, embrace, tie, crowd, draw or pi;il tight; se — ,
VOCABULARY
press together, crowd; serré, -e, tight, close, narrow, compact, tight-fitting, close together.
serrurier, m. locksmith.
servage, m. bondage, serfdom.
servante,/, maid servant, servant.
Servet (Michel), Servetus, Aragonese physician and theologian burned by Calvin at Geneva in 1553 (born about 1509).
service, m. service, duty, servants.
servir, v. to serve, attend to, worship; se — de, make use of.
serviteur, m. attendant, servant.
servitude, /. servitude, bondage.
ses, see son.
Seu d'Urgel (la), stronghold and village of Spain (Catalonia); the bishop of this village and the French government are joint protectors of the little republic of Andorra (also written la Seo-de-Urgel).
seul, -e, adj. alone, single, mere; combattre — à — , to fight in single combat or without the aid of a third party.
seulement, adv. only, even, alone.
sève, /. sap, vigor (also used figuratively for wine, etc.).
sévère, adj. severe, stern.
sévérité, /. severity.
Sévigné (Marie de Rabutin- Chantal, marquise de), a distinguished French liter-
ary woman, known especially for her Lettres, which she wrote to her daughter (1626-1696).
Seville, Seville, city of southern Spain.
Sèvre nantaise (la), /. small river flowing into the Loire at Nantes from the south.
Sèvre niortaise (la), /. small river flowing by Niort to the Atlantic near la Rochelle.
Sèvres (plateau des deux), m.
plateau in the department of Deux-Sèvres.
sexe, m. sex.
Sforza, name of a famous Milanese family in the fourteenth, fifteenth and sixteenth centuries; in the year of the invasion of Charles VIII, Ludovico became duke of Milan (1451-1508).
Shakespeare (William), the great English dramatist . (1564-1616).
si, conj. and adv. if, to see if, so, however, yes (contradiction).
Sibérie, /. Siberia.
sibylle, /. sibyl, prophetess; Sibylle, Sibylle, name given to Jeanne Dare by one of her godmothers.
Sicile, /. Sicily.
sicilien, -ne, adj. and s. Sicilian (written Sicilien when s.).
Sidney, a comedy by Cresset, suicide is its subject (1745).
siècle, m. century, age, era, world, society (old in this latter sense).
siège, m. seat, siege, see.
VOCABULARY
siéger, v. to sit (of assemblies, court, etc.).
sien, -ne, poss. adj. pr.
(usually with article), his, her, its; les siens, his (or her) people (soldiers, etc.).
Sienne, Sienna, Tuscan city in the province of the same name (written Siena in Italian).
sifflement, m. whistle, whistling.
siffler, V. to whistle.
sifflet, m. whistle, cat-call.
signal, m. signal.
signaler, v. to signalize, mark, point out, show.
signature, /. signature.
signe, in. sign, indication; en — , as a sign.
signer, v. to sign.
significatif, -ive, adj. significant.
signification, /. signification; faire la — , to serve notice.
signifier, v. to signify, mean, notify, serve (legal).
silence, m. silence.
silencieusement, adv. silently.
silencieux, -euse, adj. silent.
sillon, m. furrow.
simple, adj. simple, plain, mere.
simplement, adv. simply.
simplicité, /. sim.plicity.
simuler, v. to simulate, feign; simulé, -e, feigned, sham.
sincère, adj. sincere.
sincérité, /. sincerity.
singularité, /. singularity.
singulier, -ère, adj. singular, peculiar.
singulièrement, adv. singularly.
sinistre, adj. sinister.
sinistrement, adv. sinisterly.
sinon, conj. if not, otherwise, except.
sinueux, -euse, adj. winding.
Sion, Swiss village in the upper Rhone valley.
sir. Sir (English title).
sire, m. sire, lord, sir.
Sirven (Pierre-Paul), a French Protestant, born at Castres in 1709; he was condemned to death by the parliament of Toulouse in 1764, for having supposedly killed his daughter to prevent her from becoming a Catholic; he was executed in effigy only, and was rehabilitated by Voltaire five years later.
Sisteron, village in the department of Basses-Alpes.
site, m. site, landscape.
situation, /. situation, state.
situer, v. to place; situé, -e, situated.
six, card. six.
sixième, ord. sixth.
slave, adj. and s. Slavic, Slav (written Slave when s.).
sobre, adj. sober, abstemious.
sobriété,/, sobriety, soberness.
sociabilité,/, sociability, social life.
sociable, adj. sociable.
social, -e, adj. social.
société, /. society.
Socrate, Socrates, the celebrated Greek philosopher; he wrote no book, but taught by conversation, he believed in the education of the natural instincts of man, his philosophy is given in the Dialogues of his pupil Plato (468-400 B.c.).
VOCABULARY
Sodome, Sodom, ancient city of Palestine, near the Dead Sea, destroyed by the fire of Heaven because of its depravity.
sœur, /. sister.
soi, refl. pr. oneself, himself, itself (usually indefinite).
soie, /. silk.
soif, /. thirst; avoir — , to be thirsty.
soigner, v. to take care of, care for, look after; soigne, -e, cared for, neat.
soigneusement, adv. carefully.
soi-même, refl. pr. oneself.
soin, m. care, attention.
soir, m. evening.
Soissons, town in the department of Aisne.
soit, adv. be it so, so be it; — . . . — , either (whether) . . .
or; — que ... — que, whether ... or.
soixante, card, sixty.
soixante -dix, card, seventy.
sol, m. soil, ground, sou (now written SOU in this latter sense); — d'or, a gold coin in use. among the Romans at the time of the Empire and under the Merovingians and the Carlovingians; little used later when . the sou d'argent came in.
soldat, m. soldier.
soleil, m. sun, sunshine, sunlight.
solennel, -le, adj. solemn.
solennellement, adv. solemn-
solennité, /. solemnity.
Solfatare (la), /. la Solfatara, a half-extinct crater near Pozzuoli (not far from Naples).
solidaire, adj. solidary, having
common interests.
solidarité, /. solidarity.
solide, adj. solid, strong, firm.
solidement, adv. solidly, firm-
ly-
solidis fundatum ossibus intus, built about a solid frame (Latin).
solitaire, adj. solitary, lonely, deserted, alone.
solitude, /. solitude.
solive, /. joist, rafter.
solliciter, v. to solicit, entreat, ask for.
solution, /. solution.
sombre, adj. somber, dark, gloomy.
Sombrenil (Charles-François Virot, marquis de), he became governor of the Invalides in 1786 (1727-1794).
sommation, /. summons.
somme, /. sum.
sommer, v. to summon, call upon, demand the sursender of.
sommet, m. summit, top.
son, m. sound.
son, sa (ses, pi.), pass. adj.
pr. his, her, its, one's.
sonder, v. to sound, pump.
songe, m. dream.
songer, v. to dream, muse, think.
sonner, v. to ring, sound, strike (of a clock, etc.).
sonnerie, /. ringing.
sonnette, /. small bell.
sonore, adj. sonorous.
Sorbin de Sainte-Foi (Arnaud), French theologian and preacher to the king (1532-1606).
sorcier, -ère, m., f. sorcerer^ sorceress, witch.
Sorel (Agnès), mistress of Charles VII, known as la Dame de Beauté (Charles had given her an estate called Beauté-sur-Marne); she exerted a great and excellent influence over the king (1422-1450).
sort, m. lot, fate, fortune.
sorte, /. sort, way, kind; de (en) — que, conj. so that; de la — , see le ; en quelque — , in a way.
sortie,/, going out, exit, sally, sortie, egress, coming out, leaving.
sortir, v. to go out, come out, get out, leave, spring, originate.
sottise, /. silliness, folly, stupidity, foolishness.
sou, m. sou, cent.
Souabe, /. Sv^^abia (district of southern Germany).
soucier, v. to disturb; se — , care, be concerned.
soudain, -e, adj. sudden.
soudainement, adv. suddenly, of a sudden.
soudure, /. solder, welding.
souffler, V. to blow, breathe.
soufflet, m. bellows, box on the ears, affront, slap.
souffleter, v. to buffet, slap in the face, cuff, drub, insult.
souffrance, /. suffering.
souffrir, v. to suffer, tolerate; souffrant, -e, suffering, patient, full of suft'ering, unwell.
souhaiter, v. to wish, wish for.
soulager, v. to relieve.
soulèvement, m. rising, uprising.
soulever, v. to raise, lift, heave up, arouse; se — ,
raise oneself, be raised, rise.
soulier, m. low shoe.
soumettre, v. to submit, subject, se — ; submit oneself, subm.it; soumis, -e, submitted, submissive, dutiful.
soumission, /. submission.
soupçon, m. suspicion.
soupçonner, v. to suspect.
soupçonneux, -euse, adj. suspicious.
souper, V. to take or eat supper; m. supper.
soupir, m. sigh, gasp.
source, /. source, spring.
sourcil, m. eyebrow.
sourciller, v. to knit one's brows, frown, not move a muscle (with a negative).
sourd, -e, adj. deaf, mufiSed, dull; faire le — , to pretend to be deaf; faire la sourde oreille, turn a deaf ear.
sourire, v. to smile; m. smile.
sournois, -e, adj. sly, cunning, tricky.
sous, prep, under, beneath; — quelques rapports, in some respects.
souscrire, v. to subscribe.
sous-ofRcier, m. non-commissioned officer.
soustraire, v. to subtract, get away, keep from; se — a, withdraw, escape, avoid, exempt oneself from.
soutenir, v. to sustain, bear, maintain, stand by, support, undergo, endure; se — , be maintained, hold out, continue.
souvenir (se), v. to remember; m. memory, recollection, remembrance, souvenir, ob-
VOCABULARY
ject to commemorate an event, memorial.
souvent, adv. often.
souverain, -e, adj. and s.
sovereign.
souveraineté, /. sovereignty, suzerainty.
spadassin, m. hector, bully, brawler.
Spandau, Prussian city and stronghold near Berlin.
Sparks (Jared), American historian of the American Revolution and biographer (1789-1866).
Spécial, -e, adj. special.
spécialement, adv. especially.
spectacle, m. spectacle, show, play, sight.
spectateur, m. spectator.
spectre, m. specter.
spéculateur, m. speculator.
spéculation, /. speculation.
sphère, /. sphere.
Spielberg, stronghold and prison in Austria (Moravia), known especially in literature because of Silvio Pellico's confinement here.
spiritualiste, adj. and m.
spiritualistic, spiritualist.
spirituel, -le, adj. witty, bright, intellectual, mental, spiritual; père — , spiritual father.
Splendeur, /. splendor.
splendide, adj. splendid.
spoliation, /. spoliation, plundering, plunder.
squelette, m. skeleton.
station, /. station, stop, stopping-place; faire leurs stations, to pause at- the successive representations of the Passion (which are usually placed around the
nave of a church and visited in succession).
statue, /. statue.
Steinkerke, Belgian hamlet near the French department of Nord, the French here defeated William III in 1692.
Stenay, village in the department of Meuse.
stérile, adj. sterile, barren.
stérilité, /. sterility.
stigmate, m. brand, scar, mark; pi. stigmata (five marks said to have tjeen found on the bodies of certain saints in imitation of the five wounds of Christ).
stipuler, v. to stipulate.
stoïcien, -ne, adj. and s. stoical, stoic.
Strasbourg, Strasburg, Germ.an city near the left bank of the Rhine.
stupéfait, -e, adj. stupefied, astonished.
stupeur, /. stupor; saisi de — , stupefied.
subir, V. to undergo, submit to.
subit, -e, adj. sudden.
subitement, adv. suddenly.
subjuguer, v. to subjugate, become master of.
sublime, adj. and m. sublime.
submerger, v. to submerge.
subordonner, v. to subordinate, place under the command of.
subr-ister, v. to subsist, last.
subterfuge, in. subterfuge.
subtil, -e, adj. subtle.
subtilité, /. subtlety.
succéder, v. to succeed, follow.
succès, m. success.
VOCABULARY
successeur, m. successor.
succession, /. succession.
successivement, adv. successively.
succomber, v. to succomb.
Sudre, a lawyer who defended Calas.
Suède, /. Sweden.
suer, V. to sweat, exude.
sueur, /. sweat.
suffire, V. to suffice, be enough; suffisant, -e, sufficient.
suffisamment, adv. sufficient-
ly- Suffolk (WilUam, Duke of),
English officer who was compelled by Jeanne Dare to raise the siege of Orleans; he was afterwards Minister of Henry VI
Suffren (Pierre-Andre, bailli de), French naval officer, fought with bravery against the English in the Indies; he was bailiff in the order of Malta, hence his title (1726-1788).
suicide, m. suicide.
suicider (se), v. to commit suicide; suicide, -e, m., f.
suicide (person).
suie, /. soot.
Suisse, /. Switzerland; — , Suissese, m., f. Swiss; suisse, adj. Swiss.
suite, /. following, continuation, succession, train, attendants; par — de, in consequence of; tout de — , immediately, at once.
suivre, v. to follow, pursue; suivant, -e, following.
sujet, -te, adj. and m. subject.
sultan, m. sultan.
superbe, adj. superb.
superiemr, -e, adj. superior, upper.
supériorité, /. superiority.
superstitieux, -euse, adj. superstitious.
suppléer, v. to supply, take the place of, make up for, make up the deficiency.
supplément, m. supplement, addition.
supplice, m. punishment, torment, torture.
supplier, v. to supplicate, beg, entreat.
supposer, v. to supposa, imagine, invent.
suppôt, m. agent, tool, imp.
supprimer, v. to suppress.
suprême, adj. supreme, last.
sur, prep, on, upon, over, about, out of (a number).
sûr, -e, adj. sure, certain, safe.
surcharger, v. to overload.
Surcouf (Robert), famous French privateersman, later was made a baron (1773- 1827).
surdité, /. deafness.
sûrement, adv. surely, safely.
sûreté, /. safety, surety, security; place de — , stronghold; il faut prendre vos sûretés, you must look to your safety (or protect yourself with guarantees).
surface, /. surface.
surgir, v. to rise.
sur-le-champ, adv. instantly, immediately.
surmonter, v. to surmount, rise above, top.
surnaturel, -le, adj. supernatural.
surnom, m. surname.
VOCABULARY
surprendre, v. to surprise, be surprising, take unawares.
surprise, /. surprise.
sursaut, m. start; en — , with a start.
surtout, adv. above all, especially.
surveillance, /. supervision, watch.
survenir, v. to come up, happen by, happen unexpectedly.
survivre, v. to survive; survivant, -e, adj. and s. surviving, survivor; se — , survive with loss of one's faculties.
sus, adv. and prep, above, upon; courir — à, to fall upon, attack.
suspect, -e, adj. suspicious, suspected.
suspecter, v. to suspect.
suspendre, t». to suspend, hang; se — après lui, cling to him.
sustenter, v. to sustain, support, feed.
symbole, w. symbol.
symétrique, adj. symmetrical.
symétriquement, adv. symmetrically.
sympathie, /. sympathy.
sympathique, adj. sympathet-
sympathiser, v. to sympathize.
synon5rme, adj. and m. synonymous, synonym.
système, m. system.
t, used with the third person of a verb, when ending in a vowel, to avoid hiatus
with a following subject pronoun beginning with a vowel (due to analogy with verbs having the letter in the stem, eit-il, dort-il, etc.; it came from the language of the common people).
t', see te.
ta, see ton.
tabernacle, m. tabernacle.
table, /. table.
tableau, m. picture.
tablier, m. apron.
tache, /. stain, spot.
tâcher, v. to try.
taciturne, adj. taciturn.
taciturnité, /. taciturnity.
tact, m. tact.
taille, /. cut, figure, stature, size, edge.
Taillebourg, commune in the department of Charente- Inférieure; Louis IX here defeated the English in
tailler, v. to cut, hew, trim, carve.
tailleur, m. tailor.
taillis, 7n. copse, undergrowth.
taire, v. to suppress, keep quiet; se — , become silent, be quiet, hold one's tongue.
Talbot (John), officer in command of the English army in the time of Jeanne Dare
(1388-1453)talent, m. talent.
tambour, m. drum, drummer.
Tamise, /. Thames.
tandis que, conj. whereas,
while.
tannerie,/, tan-yard, tannery.
tanneur, m. tanner.
tant, adv. so much, so; — de,
so much, so many; — que,
conj. so long as; y a-t-il —
VOCABULARY
que, is there so much reason to?
tantôt, adv. soon, just now; — ... — , now . . . now.
tarasq[ue, /. a figure representing a fabulous monster, which is said to have ravaged the country about Tarascon in the first century; the town, according to the tradition, owes its name to this monster, from which it was dehvered by Saint Martha.
This figure is taken about the streets at Pentecost, and on Saint Martha's Day (July 29), especially in Tarascon.
Tarbes, small city in the department of Hautes-Pyrénées.
tard, adv. late.
tarder, v. to delay, be slow (in); il me tarde de, I long to.
tardif, -ive, adj. tardy, late.
tarir, v. to dry up, be drained dry, be exhausted.
Tarn, m. river rising in the department of Lozère, and flowing through the department of Tarn into the Garonne.
tartare, adj. and s. Tartar (written Tartare when s.).
tas, m. pile, heap.
tasse,/, cup.
tâter, V. to feel, feel of, grope, experience.
tâtons (à), adv. groping, feeling one's way.
taureau, m. bull.
Tavannes (Gaspard de Saulx, seigneur de), Marshall of France; he was noted for
his bravery, he belonged to the Catholic and Spanish party and was one of the guiltiest in the massacre of Saint Bartholomew (1509-
^573)taverne, /. tavern.
taxe, /. set price, toll, tax.
te (f), conj. pr. (famiUar), you, to you.
teint, m. dye, tint, complexion.
tel, -le, adj. such, a certain; un — , such a, so and so; de — , such, certain; — quel, such, just as it is (was).
Téligny (Charles de), Protestant captain noted for all the qualities required in battle and at the court, one of the most illustrious victims of the massacre of Saint Bartholomew.
tellement, adv. so, to such a degree.
téméraire, adj. rash, bold.
témoignage, m. testimony, testimonial, piece of evidence, witness; appeler en — , to summon to give testimony.
témoigner, v. to witness, testify, show.
témoin, m. witness (also used adverbially).
tempérament, m. temperament.
tempête, /. tempest.
tempétueux, -euse, adj. tempestuous, stormy.
temple, m. temple, Protestant church.
Templiers, m. pi. Templars, they were members of a military and religious order
VOCABULARY
founded in 1118; they distinguished themselves in Palestine and became, because of their increasing wealth, the bankers of the pope and of many princes; Philippe le Bel tried to abolish the order by burning most of the French Templars at the stake, in order to gain possession of their wealth; at the request of the French king the order was finally abolished in 1312 by the pope.
temps, m. time, weather; de — à autre, from time to time.
tenace, adj. tenacious, stubborn.
ténacité, /. tenacity.
tenaille,/, (or tenailles,/, pi.), tongs, pincers (larger than pinces).
Tencin (marquise de), a witty authoress; she was the mother of d'Alembert (1685-1749).
tendre, adj. tender.
tendre, v. to stretch, stretch out, hand, give, tend, aim, incline, hang, drape.
tendresse,/, tenderness, fondness.
ténèbres, /. pi. darkness.
tenir, v. to hold, keep, hold back, hold out, be of the nature (of); — à, insist on, be fond of, stand or hold by, stand, resist, hold to, be concerned with, be attached to; se —, carry oneself, behave, remain, have oneself in hand, stand, keep, consider oneself, be held; — de, be of the na-
ture or in the category of, take after; s'en — à, abide by, stop at, not go beyond, resemble; il ne tient qu'à, it rests only with; il ne s'en tint pas là, he did not stop there, he was not content with that; à cela tint aussi que, it was also due to this that.
tentation, / temptation.
tentative, /. attempt.
tente, /. tent.
tenter, v. to tempt, attempt.
tergiversation, /. tergiversation, shift, evasion, subterfuge.
terme, m. term, limit, end.
terminer, v. to terminate, end, finish; se — , be ended.
terne, adj. tarnished, tame, dull.
terrain, m. ground, piece of ground, land.
terrasse, /. terrace.
terrasser, v. to dig, throw down, strike down, overwhelm.
terre, /. earth, land, estate, ground; par — , on the ground; à — , on or to the ground; — sainte. Holy Land.
terreur, /. terror, fright; la Terreur, the Reign of Terror during the French Revolution (it began with the fall of the Girondins, May 31, 1793, and ended with the fall of Robespierre, the ninth of Thermidor or July 27, 1794).
terrible, adj. terrible.
terrifier, v. to terrify.
territoire, m. territory.
VOCABULARY
terroriser, v. to terrorize, govern by terror.
TertuUien, Tertullian, Carthaginian doctor of the church; he was one of the earlier heretics (160-240).
tes, see ton.
testament, m. testament, will; l'Ancien Testament, the Old Testament.
tête,/, head, top; en — , at the head, in front; — de mort, skull; homme de — bien peu solide, man with a poorly balanced mind.
texte, m. text.
thé, m. tea.
théâtre, m. theater.
Théodore, Theodore.
théologie, /. theology.
théologien, m. theologian.
théologique, adj. theological.
thermal, -e, adj. thermal, of warm water.
Thibault (comte), name of several counts of Champagne, the most celebrated was — rV, one of the poets who cultivated the Provençal style of poetry in northern France (1201- 1253).
Thou (Jacques-Auguste de), French magistrate and historian, author of a Latin History of his times, and of Latin verses (1553-1617).
Thouars, a town in the department of Deux-Sèvres; its viscounts ruled over it from the ninth to the fourteenth centuries.
Thuriot (Jacques-Alexis), lawyer and politician, one of those who captured the Bastille; later a member of
the Convention and of the Committee of Public Safety (1753-1829).
thjrm, m. thyme.
tiède, adj. lukewarm, tepid.
tiers, tierce, adj. and m. third, third party; le — état, the third estate, the common people.
tige, /. stem, stocky branch, branch, trunk.
tigre, m. tiger.
timide, adj. timid.
timidement, adv. timidly.
timidité, /. timidity.
Tiraqueau (André), French lawyer (1480-1558).
tirer, v. to draw, pull, get out, shoot (at), fire, obtain, print; se — de, get out; — d'affaire, get out of embarrassment; — à cent mille, to print one hundred thousand copies.
tisserand, m. weaver.
tissu, m. tissue, fabric.
Titan, m. Titan (the Titans were the fabulous sons of Heaven and Earth; they rebelled against the gods, and attempted to scale heaven, but were cast down by Jupiter).
titanique, adj. Titanic.
titre, m. title, claim, right, quality.
titulaire, adj. and s. titular, incumbent.
tocsin, m. tocsin, alarm-bell.
toi, disj. and conj. pr. (familiar), you, to you.
toile, /. cloth, canvas, linen, web.
toi-même, pr. (familiar), yourself, you yourself.
toise, /. toise, fathom.
VOCABULARY
toit, m. roof.
tolérance, /. tolerance, toleration.
tombe, /. tomb, grave.
tombeau, m. tomb, grave (more generally used than tombe).
tomber, v. to fall.
ton, m. tone, accent.
ton, ta (tes, pL), poss. adj.
pr. (familiar), your,
tonneau, m. cask.
tonnelier, m. cooper.
tonnerre, m. thunder, thunder-bolt, roll of thunder.
torche, /. torch.
torcher, v. to wipe (with a dishcloth, piece of paper, etc.).
Torquemada (Thomas de), Head of the Spanish Inquisition (1420-1498).
torrent, m. torrent, flood.
torrentueux, -euse, adj. torrent-like, torrential.
tort, m. wrong; à — , wrongly; avoir — , to be wrong; faire — à, to injure; à — (et) à travers, at random, indiscriminately.
tortue, /. tortoise, turtle;
dragon, fabulous monster, half turtle, half dragon (coined word).
torture,/, torture, torment.
Toscane, /. Tuscany.
tôt, adv. soon.
total, m. total; au — , wholly, in all, through and through.
toucher, v. to touch, move (to compassion), touch on, concern; — à, touch, approach, meddle with; touchant, -e, touching, pathetic.
toujours, adv. always, all the
time, continuously, continually, ever, still, nevertheless, at any rate, anyhow.
Toul, town in the department of Meurthe-et -Moselle, it was formerly one of the three independent bishoprics; it was united to France in 1648.
Toulon, city and principal French naval station on the Mediterranean (in the department of Var).
toulousain, -e, adj. and s. of Toulouse, inhabitant of Toulouse (written Toulousain when s.).
Toulouse, former capital of Languedoc, now a city in the department of Haute- Garonne on the Garonne.
tour, /. tower; la Tour du Diable, Michelet probably refers to the Tour Saint- Aubin, a relic of a former Benedictine abbey in Angers.
toiU", m. turn, circuit, trick; — à — , in turn; — de force, extraordinary deed (effort or undertaking).
Touraine, /. former French province united to France in 1203, finally united only in 1584.
tourbe, /. mob, vulgar herd.
tourbillon, m. whirlwind, whirlpool, eddy.
tourbillonner, v. to whirl, eddy.
Tour-du-Pin (la), village in the department of Isère; also name of an ancient family of Dauphiny; see La Churce.
VOCABULARY
tourment, m. torment, torture.
tourmenter, v. to torment, distress.
Tournelles (les), a fortress south of Orleans at the time of the siege; rue des — , Parisian street in the quarter of the Bastille.
tourner, v. to turn, turn around or over or the corner of, flank; se — , turn oneself, be turned, turn.
tournoi, m. tourney, tournament.
Tournus, village in the department of Saône-et- Loire.
Tours, former capital of Touraine, now a city on the Loire in the department of Indre -et-Loire.
tous, see tout.
Toussaint-Louverture, negro insurgent of San Domingo, from 1796 to 1802; he was taken to France and died there in 1803.
tout, -e (tous, toutes, pi.), adj., adv. and s. all, every, everything, whole, wholly, quite, very, entirely; — comme, just like; toute la journée, all day; tous les jours, every day; — à fait, wholly, entirely; — à l'heure, a little ago, in a little while; tous (les) deux, both, every two; — le monde, everybody; — de suite, immediately, at once; — à coup, all of a sudden, suddenly; — d'un coup, all of a sudden; — en (with participle), while, all the time; pas (point) du — , not at all.
toutefois, adv. however, yet, still.
toute-puissance, /. omnipotence, almighty power.
tout-puissant, toute-puissante adj. almighty, omnipotent, all-powerful.
tr., see traduction.
trace, /. trace, mark.
tracer, v. to trace.
tradition, /. tradition.
traditionnel, -le, adj. traditional.
traducteur, m. translator.
traduction,/, translation (abbreviated: tr.)..
traduire, v. to translate, bring before.
trafiquer, v. to traffic.
tragédie, /. tragedy.
trafique, adj. tragic.
trahir, v. to betray.
trahison, /. treachery, treason.
traînard, m. lagger, loiterer, hanger-on.
traîner, v. to drag, drag along, trail, hang back, lie about, linger, delay matters.
trait, m. arrow, dart, stroke, feature, trait, draught.
traité, m. treatise, treaty.
traiter, v. to treat.
traître, -esse, m., f. and adj.
traitor^ traitress, treacherous.
tramer, v. to weave, plot, hatch, brew.
tranchant, m. edge.
tranchée, /. trench, cut.
trancher, v. to cut, settle;. — sur, decide upon, settle; — le mot, say the word, say it.
tranquille, adj. tranquil, quiet. ,
VOCABULARY
tranquillement, adv. tranquilly.
transe,/, pangs, fright.
transfigurer, v. to transfigure; se — , be transfigured.
transformation,/, transformation.
transformer, v. to transform; se — , to transform oneself, be transformed.
transmettre, v. to transmit.
transport, m. transportation, transport, ecstasy, delirium.
transporter, v. to transport, convey, remove.
Trappe (la), an abbey founded in 1 140, in the department of Orne; the Trappists are noted for their severe regulations.
travail, m. work, labor.
travailler, v. to work.
travers, m. breadth, width; à — , through, across, between; de — , crosswise, askance; à tort et à — , see tort.
traverser, v. to cross, pass through.
travestir, v. to travesty, disguise.
treize, card, thirteen; les Treize, the municipal council or senate of Strasburg, instituted in 12 19 (it consisted of twelve members and the magister).
treizième, ord. thirteenth.
tremble, m. aspen.
tremblement, m. trembling.
trembler, to tremble; tremblant, -e, trembling, quaking.
trembloter, v. to quiver (applied to a river by Michelet).
tremper, v. to soak, temper.
trentaine, /. about thirty.
trente, card, thirty.
trépasser, v. to depart this life, die; baie des Trépassés, the bay of the Dead (it lies to the north of the pointe du Raz).
très, adv. very, very much; le Très-Haut, the Most High.
trésor, w. treasure.
trésorier, m. treasurer.
tressaillir, v. to start, jump.
tresser, v. to plait, weave.
tréteau, m. trestle, stage (of a mountebank).
trêve, /. truce.
triangle, m. triangle.
tribu, /. tribe.
tribunal, m. tribunal, judge's seat, court.
tribut, m. tribute.
tributaire, adj. tributary.
triomphal, -e, adj. triumphal.
triomphe, m. triumph.
triompher, v. to triumph; triomphant, -e, triumphant.
triple, adj. triple, with three branches.
triste, adj. sad, gloomy, dismal.
tristement, adv. sadly, dismally.
tristesse, / sadness, depression, sorrow.
Tristis usque ad mortem, sad even to death (Latin).
trois, card, three.
troisième, ord. third.
tromper, v. to deceive; se — , be mistaken, make a mistake; se — de clef, take the wrong key.
trompette, /. trumpet.
tronc, m. stump, trunk.
VOCABULARY
trône, m. throne.
trop, adv. too, too much, too well; — de, too much, too many.
trophée, m. trophy; faire — de, to make a trophy of, glory in.
trop-plein, m. overflow, excess, strain.
trou, in. hole.
troubadour, m. troubadour (also used adjective ly).
trouble, m. trouble, embarrassment, confusion.
troubler, v. to trouble, disturb, confuse; se --^, become troubled or disturbed, be confused.
Trou du Han, m. the opening by which the river Lesse comes out of the Grottes de Han, noted caverns in south-eastern Belgium (usually written Trou-de- Han).
troupe, /. troop.
troupeau, m. flock, herd, drove.
trouver, v. to find, consider, catch; se — , find oneself, be found, chance to be, be, find that one is; se — fort bien de, benefit by, be very glad of.
troyen, -ne, adj. Trojan.
Troyes, former capital of Champagne, now a city on the Seine in the department of Aube.
tu, conj. pr. (familiar), you.
tuer, V. to kill.
tuerie, /. killing, slaughter.
tueur, m. killer, slayer.
tuile, /. tile.
Tuileries (les),/, pi. the Tuileries, formerly a palace in
Paris west of the Louvre, burned by the Commune in 187 1, now only the gardens remain. The palace was begun in 1564 by the architect Delorme.
tmnulaire, adj. belonging to or on a tomb.
tumulte, m. tumult, noise, uproar, commotion, hubbub, battle.
tmrc, turque, adj. and s. Turkish, Turk (written Turc when s.).
Turenne (Henri de La Torn:
d'Auvergne, vicomte de), Marshall of France, one of the most celebrated generals under Louis XIV (1611-1675).
Tiurgot (Anne-Robert-Jacques, baron de l'Aulne), French economist and Minister -of Finance under Louis XVI; he endeavored to bring in many reforms, but was disgraced through the influence of the privileged classes (1727-1781).
Turpin, the reference is to Turpion, supposed to have been created first count of Augaulême in 839.
Tusculmn, town of ancient Italy, now Frascati.
type, m. type.
tyran, m. tyrant.
t3rrannie, /. tyranny.
un, -e, card, and indef. art.
one, a, an; 1' — , the one, one; les ims ... les autres, some . . . others (the others);
VOCABULARY
les uns . . . d'autres, some . . . others; often used reciprocally with autre: 1' — l'autre, each other; 1' — pour l'autre, each for the other; les uns les autres, one another; 1' — et l'autre, both; les ims et les autres, both; les uns aux autres, to each other; ni les uns ni les autres, neither.
unanime, adj. unanimous.
imanimement, adv. unanimously, with one consent.
unanimité, /. unanimity, general consent.
unification, /. unification.
imiforme, adj. and m. uniform, regular.
uniformément, adv. uniform-
union, /. union.
unique, adj. unique, only, single, the only one.
uniquement, adv. only, alone.
imir, V. to unite; join; s' — , unite, become united, combine.
imité, /. unity, unison.
univers, m. universe.
universel, -le, adj. universal.
université, /. university.
imum omnia contra, one against all (Latin).
Urgel, see Seu d'Urgel; Félix d' — , a bishop of Urgel, contemporary of Charlemagne; he preached the heresy, known as adoptionism (that is that Christ is the adopted son of God), he retracted when condemned by a council in
us, m. usage, use (law term).
usage, m. usage, use.
user, V. to use up, wear away or out, use; — de, make use of.
usurper, v. to usurp.
utile, adj. useful.
Uzès, village in the department of Gard.
vacant, -e, adj. vacant.
vache, /. cow\
vacher, -ère, m., f. cowherd.
vaciller, v. to vacillate, waver, reel, flicker.
vague, /. wave, surge.
vague, adj. vague, indistinct, indeterminate, limitless.
vaillamment, adv. valiantly, courageously.
vaillance,/, valor, bravery.
vaillant, -e, adj. and s.
valiant, valorous, valiant person.
vain, -e, adj. vain, useless, empty, fruitless; en ■ — , in vain.
vaincre, v. to conquer, vanquish; vaincu, -e, adj. and s. conquered, one conquered or defeated.
vainqueur, m. victor, conqueror.
vaisseau, m. vessel, ship.
val, m. dale, valley.
Valdo (Petrus), Latin name of Pierre de Vaux, heretic of the twelfth century, head of the sect of the Vaudois.
Valence, small city on the Rhone in the department of Drome.
Valenciennes, industrial city in the department of Nord.
valet, in. valet, servant; — de chambre, valet, manservant.
valeur, /. value; de — , valuable, costly.
vallée, /. valley.
valoir, v. to be worth, yield, procure; — mieux, be worth more, be better; faire — ', set ofE, make the most of.
Valois, formerly a district in France, now included in the departments of Aisne and Oise; also the name of the royal family which ascended the French throne with Philippe VI de — in
vamte, /. vanity.
vaniteur, -euse, adj. vain.
vamierie,/. basket-work, basket-trade; la Vamierie, this Parisian street no longer exists.
vanter, v. to vaunt; se — de, boast of.
vaquer, v. to be vacant.
Vax, m. a river of southern France, flowing through the department of the same name into the Mediterranean.
varech, m. sea- weed (ch=k).
variation, /. variation.
varier, v. to vary.
variété, /. variety.
varlet, m. varlet, son of a knight, page (ordinarily used in this latter sense).
vasculaire, adj. vascular.
vassal, m. vassal.
vaste, adj. vast.
Vaucluse, a fountain in the village of Vaucluse, which in turn is in the department
of the same name; the fountain has been immortalized by Petrarch.
Vaucouleurs, village in the department of Meuse; it was to the governor of Vaucouleurs that Jeanne Dare first spoke of her plan to help Charles VII.
Vaud, one of the Swiss cantons, capital Lausanne.
Vaudois, m. pi. heretics originating in Provence, followers of Valdo (twelfth century); they were almost exterminated under François 1er; they were known for their purity.
vautour, m. vulture.
vavasseur, m. vassal of a vassal, vavasor.
végétal, -e, adj. vegetable, of vegetation; terre végétale, soil capable of supporting vegetation.
végétation, /. vegetation, growth.
véhément, -e, adj. vehement.
veille,/, eve, day before.
veillée, /. sitting up together (to work, read, etc.), evening, evening reading, etc.
veiller, v. to watch, watch over; — à, attend to, look after.
veine, /. vein.
vénal, -e, adj. venal, mercenary.
Vénasque (por de), m., see por.
velu, -e, adj. hairy.
Vendée (la),/, a small stream flowing into the Sevre niortaise; also the department through which this stream flows; this district was the scene of the wars
of the Vendée during the French Revohition; the nobles and priests being finally overcome by the republican troops under Hoche and others.
vendéen, -ne, adj. and s.
Vendean (written Vendéen when s.).
vendetta, /. vengeance, vendetta (Italian).
vendre, v. to sell.
vendredi, m. Friday.
vénérable, adj. venerable.
vengeance, /. vengeance, revenge.
venger, v. to avenge.
vengeur, vengeresse, adj. and s. avenging, avenger.
venin, m. venom.
venir, v. to come; — de, have just; — à, come to, happen to; en — à, come to, resort to, succeed in, reach; en — là, come to that point; en — jusque-là, reach that point, rise to that point; venu, -e, adj. and s. come, come to, arrived, comer.
Venise, Venice.
vénitien, -ne, adj. and s. Venitian (written Vénitien when 5.).
vent, m. wind.
Ventadour, hamlet and ruined château in the department of Corrèze ; of its dukes the best known are Anne de Levis, who was a lieutenant-general under Henri IV (died 1622), and his son, Henri de Levis, who held the same position under Louis XIII (died 1649).
ventre, m. belly, stomach,
bowels, womb; tendre au — , to incline to the lines of the belly, swell out.
venue, /. coming, arrival.
vêpres, /. pi. vespers; les Vêpres siciliennes, the Sicilian Vespers (a general massacre of the French in Sicily, especially at Palermo, under the government of Charles d'Anjou, brother of Louis IX, it occurred on Easter Monday at vespers in 1282, and was due to a conspiracy of the House of Swabia).
ver, m. worm, maggot.
verbal, -e, adj. verbal.
verbe, m. verb, word, voice (applied also to the second person of the Trinity).
Verberie, hamlet in the department of Oise.
verdeur, /. greenness, freshness, vigor.
Verdun, small city in the department of Meuse; for a long time it was one of the Three Bishoprics (the others being Toul and Metz); united to France in 1552.
verdure, /. verdure.
Vergennes (Charles Gravier, comte de). Minister of Foreign Affairs under Louis XVI (1717-1787).
Vergniaud (Pierre Victurnien), French politician, beheaded with the Girondins (1753-1793)-
vérification, /. verification.
vérifier, v. to verify; se — , be verified.
véritable, adj. veritable, true, real.
vérité, /. truth; à la — , in truth.
Vennandois (le), m. formerly a small district in France, now included partly in the department of Aisne, and partly in the department of Somme.
Vermenton, village in the department of Yomie.
verre, m. glass.
verrier, m. glass-maker, glassman.
vers, m. verse.
vers, prep, towards, to.
Versailles, city in the department of Seine - et - Oise, twelve miles southwest of Paris; it contains the magnificent palace built by Louis XIV, who spent most of his time here; the palace was begun in 1661; it was here that the treaty ending the American Revolution was signed in 1783, and it was the scene of many important events of the French Revolution.
versant, m. slope.
verser, v. to pour forth or out, shed, send down.
vert, -e, adj. and s. green; — d'eau, sea-green.
vert-de-gris, m. verdigris.
vertige, w. vertigo, dizziness, giddiness.
vertu, /. virtue.
vertueusement, adv. virtuously.
Vésale (André), greatest anatomist of the sixteenth century; first to practice systematic dissection (1514-
1564)- Vesc (sénéchal de), valet de
chambre and adviser of Charles VIII.
vésicule, /. vesicle, small bladder.
vêtement, m. garment, suit, clothing, piece of clothing; pi. clothes.
vétéran, m. veteran.
vêtir, V. to clothe, dress.
veuf, veuve, m., f. widower, widow.
Vézelay, hamlet in the department of Yonne.
viager, -ère, adj. and m. for life, life interest (applied to capital loaned at higher interest during life on condition that it be released by the lender at death).
viande, /. meat.
Viaur, /. a small river flowing into the Ave3n*on.
vicaire, m. curate, vicar (priest assisting a curé).
vice, m. vice.
vicieux, -euse, adj. vicious.
vicomte, -esse, m., f. viscount, viscountess.
victime, /. victim.
victoire, /. victory.
victorieux, -euse, adj. victorious.
Videant consules ne quid respublica detriment! capiat, Let the consuls see that the republic suffer no harm (Latin; a familiar formula, often used by Cicero, Caesar, Livy, etc.).
vie, /. life; en — , alive.
vieillard, m. old man.
vieillerie, /. old things, rubbish, trash.
vieillesse, /. old age.
vieillir, v. to grow old, age.
Vienne, small city on the
Rhone in the department of Isère; also {/.) a southern tributary of the Loire, and name of a department through which this river flows.
vierge, /. and adj. virgin; la Vierge, the Virgin.
vieux (vieil before vowels), vieille, adj. old.
Vieux-Marché, m. Old Market (in Rouen; Jeanne Dare was burned here in Ï431).
vif, vive, adj. lively, alive, living, keen, brisk, bright, quick, sharp, acute, poignant.
vigilance, /. vigilance.
Vigilance (or Vigilantius), a heretic of the fourth century and enemy of Saint Jerome; he preached against belief in relics, miracles and celibacy of the priests.
vigne, /. vine, vineyard.
Vignemale, m. the highest summit of the French Pyrenees (departm.ent of Hautes-Pyrénées) .
vigoureusement, adv. vigorously.
vigoureux, -euse, adj. vigorous, strong.
vigueur, /. vigor, strength, force.
vil, -e, adj. vile, cheap.
vilain, -e, adj. and s. mean, dirty, nasty, wretched, common, naughty, peasant, villain.
Vilaine, /. river of Brittany flowing by Rennes southwestward to the Atlantic.
village, m. village.
Villani (Giovanni), Italian
historian, born in and historian of Florence (1276- 1348).
Villars (maréchal de), French soldier and admiral after Coligny's death (1509- 1580).
ville, /. city, town.
Villedieu, village in the department of Manche.
Villehardouin (Geoffroi de), French chronicler and historian of the fourth crusade, in which he took part; his work is entitled la Conquête de Jerusalem, he is one of the earliest great prose-writers of Old French (born between 11 50 and 1164, died about 1212).
Villon (François), f amicus Parisian poet and vagabond author of the Grand Testament and the Petit Testament (born in 143 1, died soon after 1463).
vin, m. wine; petit — , water thrown on the grapes after the juice has been pressed out, light wine.
Vinci (Leonardo de), Leonardo da Vinci, celebrated painter of the Florentine school; a rival of Michael Angelo and Raphael, he is nearer the latter in grace and charm; among his paintings are the Last Supper (Milan) and la Gioconda (Louvre); he also distinguished himself in almost all branches of art and science (1452-1519).
vineux, -euse, adj. winy, fertile in wine, strong (of wine).
VOCABULARY
vingt, card, twenty.
vingtaine, /. score.
vingtième, ord. twentieth.
violemment, adv. violently.
violence, /. violence, force; se faire — , to subject oneself to restraint.
violent, -e, adj. violent, very suspicious.
Viomesnil (Antoine-Charles du Houx, baron de), French general; he was sent to America in 1780, under Rochambeau, distinguished himself at the capture of New York; he was mortally wounded at the attack of the Tuileries on August ID (1728-1792).
vipère, /. viper.
virginal, -e, adj. virginal.
viril, -e, adj. virile, manly.
visage, m. visage, countenance, face, expression; tourner — , to turn about.
viser, v. to aim at, aim.
visible, adj. visible.
visiblement, adv. visibly.
vision, /. vision.
visionnaire, adj. visionary.
visite, /. visit, search.
visiter, v. to visit, inspect, examine.
vital, -e, adj. vital.
vite, adv. quickly; au plus — , ^ as quickly as possible.
vitesse, /. speed; gagner de — sur, to gain by outstripping.
vitrail, m. large church-window.
vitrier, m. glazier.
vivace, adj. long-lived, perennial, vivacious.
vivacité, /. vivacity.
vivement, adv. quickly, brisk-
ly, brightly, keenly, vigorously.
vivifier, v. to vivify, quicken,
give new life to.
vivre, v. to live; vivres, m. pi.
provisions; vivant, -e, adj.
and s. living, alive; bon vivant, jolly fellow.
vocation, /. vocation, natural gift.
vœu, m. vow, wish.
voguer, V. to row, sail.
voici, prep, here is, here are, you see here, here you are, this is the way of it; le — , here he is, etc.
voie, /. way, highway.
voilà, prep, there is, there are, you see there, that's it, that's how it is, there you have it, here I am, etc., for or ago (with time); le — , there he is, etc.
voile, m. veil;/, sail; à toutes voiles, under full sail.
voiler, v. to veil.
voir, V. to see, look upon; se — , see oneself, be seen, see that one is; mal vu de, looked at askance, looked down upon; vu, prep, seeing, considering.
voisin, -e, adj. and s. neighboring, adjoining, near, neighbor; — de, near, by the side of.
voisinage, m. neighborhood.
voiture, /. carriage, load, wagon.
voiturier, m. carrier, wagoner.
voix, /. voice.
vol, m. theft.
volcan, m. volcano.
volcanique, adj. volcanic.
volée, /. flight, flock, peal; â — , in full peal.
VOCABULARY
voler, V. to steal, rob.
voler, V. to fly.
voleur, -euse, m., f. thief.
volonté,/, will, wish.
volontiers, adv. willingly, with pleasure, gladly; aller — , to like to go.
Voltaire (his real name was François Arouet), the celebrated French philosopher, poet and author; his principal works are: Zaïre, Mêrope, Mahomet (tragedies), Histoire de Charles XII, le Siècle de Louis XI V (histories), Candide, Zadig, Micromegas (short stories), la Henriade (epic), several criticisms, and above all Lettres philosophiques, Dictionnaire philosophique, Essai sur les mœurs. His fame in philosophy is due to his ability to keep abreast of the times by popularizing the ideas of others in a brilliant and witty style (1694-1778).
voltiger, v. to fly about, flutter,
volume, m. volume.
volupté, /. pleasure, extreme pleasure.
voluptueux, -euse, adj. voluptuous.
vomissement, m. vomiting, vomit.
vos, see votre.
Vosges (les), /. pi. chain of mountains beginning near Belfort, extending between the Rhine and the Moselle into Rhenish Bavaria; also the French department through which they pass.
votre (vos, pi.), poss. adj. pr.
your.
vôtre (usually with the article), poss. adj. pr. yours.
vouer, V. to vow, devote, consent, pledge, give over.
vouloir, V. to wish, will, want, be willing, intend, claim; — dire, wish to say, mean; en — à, have a grudge against, be angry with; — bien, be good enough to, be willing, wish indeed; je le veux, I wish it, I am willing; veuillez, be good enough to; que voulezvous, what do you wish ?
what do you expect?; dont il ne veut pas, with which he wishes to have nothing to do.
vous, conj. and disj. pr. you.
to you, etc.
vous-même (s), pr. you yourself, yourself, yourselves.
voyage, m. journey, trip, voyage.
voyager, v. to travel.
voyageur, -euse, adj. and s.
traveler, traveling, itinerant.
vrai, -e, adj., adv. and s. true, real, truly, really, truth; à (pour) — dire, to tell the truth; dire — , to tell the truth; au — , truly.
vraiment, adv. truly, really.
vraisemblable, adj. likely, probable.
vraisemblance, /. likelihood, probability.
vue, /. view, sight, appearance.
vulgaire, adj. vulgar, low, common.
Vyvyan (or Viviane), fairy
