livre, m., book

littérature, /., literature

livrer, to hand over, deliver ; se — , give oneself up, devote oneself

local, -e, local

loger, to lodge, put up, live

loi, /., law ; gens de — , lawyers

loin, far, far away ; au — , far away, in the distance ; plus — *■ , further on, later

Londres, London

long, m., length, extent; le — de, along

long, -ue, long

longtemps, long, long time, for a long time

longuement, long, for a long time, at length

lord, m., English lord

lorrain, -e, of Lorraine, inhabitant of Lorraine

lors, then, at that time; — de, at the time of; dès — , since that time; — même que, even if

lorsque, when

louer, to praise

Louis, Lewis

loyal, -e, loyal

lugubre, lugubrious, mournful, dismal

lui, to him, to her, to it ; he, himself, etc.

lui-même, elle-même (pi, eux-mêmes, elles-mêmes), himself, herself, itself, he himself, etc.

lumière, /., light, insight, knowledge

lutte, /., struggle

magie, /., magic magique, magic, magical

magnificence, /., magnificence mai, m., May main, /., hand maint, -e, many; maintes

fois, many a time maintenant, now maintenir, to maintain, keep; se — , persist, hold out mais, but, why!

maison, /., house, household maître, m., master, title for lawyers; — d'hôtel, steward, butler; —es arts, master of arts; grand maître, grand master, high official maîtresse, /., mistress mal, m., ill, evil, harm, injury, illness; se trouver — , fall sick mal, wrong, ill, badly; c'est — fait, it is not right malade, m., sick person, patient malade, ill, sick, in a bad

state maladie, /., illness, disease maladroit, -e, awkward,

clumsy maléfice, m., witchcraft malgré, in spite of malheur, m., misfortune malheureux, -euse, unfortunate, unhappy; unfortunate person malveillance, /., malevolence, ill-will

manche, /., sleeve mander, to send word to,

send for, summon manger, to eat, devour manière, /., manner, way; de — à, so as to; de quelle — f in what way ?

how?

manquer, to be lacking, be

missing, fail marchand, m., merchant,

tradesman, dealer marchander, to bargain for,

haggle marche, /., march, walk,

border, frontier marché, m., market; — au poisson, fish market; avoir bon (meilleur) — de, to obtain (more) easily or cheaply, obtain an advantage over mardi, m., Tuesday maréchal, m., marshal marée, /., tide marier, to marry, give in

wedlock marraine, /., godmother mars, m., March martyr, -e, m., and /., martyr martyre, m., martyrdom massacre, m.., massacre,

slaughter, carnage masse, /., mass, crowd matériel, -le, material matière, /., matter, subject;

en — de, as regards matin, m., morning

Vocabulary

maudit, -e, accursed,

wretched maudire, to curse mauvais, -e, bad, evil.

wretched, poor me (m'), me, to me méchant, -e, bad, wicked,

mean, miserable médecin, ra., doctor, physician méfait, m., misdeed meilleur, -e, better; le (la)

— , best mêler, to mix, mingle ; se — ,

be mixed or mingled membre, m., member, limb même, m., same, same thing même, same, self, very; even, also; de — , in the same way, likewise; en — temps, at the same time mémoire, /., memory menace, /., threat menacer, to threaten ménage, m., housekeeping, household ; faire le — , to do the housekeeping ménager, to spare, protect,

reserve mendiant, m., beggar mener, to lead, take, escort mensonge, m.f lie, lying,

falsehood mentir, to lie mépriser, to despise, scorn mer, /., sea

mercredi, m., Wednesday mère, /., mother

merveille, /., marvel, wonder merveilleux -euse, marvelous, wonderful message, m., message messager, m., messenger messe, /., mass (church) messire, m., sir, my lord Messire, the Lord mettre, to put, place, put on ; — a fin, complete, bring to an end ; — à la porte, turn out of the house, drive away; — le feu, set fire to; se — à, begin, se — dans, put one- -self in, join in; se — en

prières, begin to pray meurtrier, ra., murderer meurtrier, -ère, murderous,

deadly meurtrière, /., loop-hole mi-carême, /., Mid-Lent midi, m., midday, noon,

twelve o'clock, south mie, /., dear, sweet, love mielleux, -euse, honeyed,

fair spoken mien, -nne, mine mieux, better; le — , best mil, one thousand milieu, m., middle, midst militaire, military; m., soldier militant, -e, militant mille, one thousand miracle, ra,, miracle

miraculeux, -euse, miraculous

misérable, miserable, wretched; m., wretch

misère, /., misery, ailment, trouble, want

mission, /., mission

mitre, /., mitre (bishop's head-dress)

mitre, -e, mitred

mobilité, /., mobility, inconstancy

modération, /., moderation

modéré, -e, moderate, temperate, prudent

modestie, /., modesty

modifier, to modify

moeurs, /., pZ., manners, customs, habits

moi, me, to me, I, myself

moi-même, myself, I myself

moindre, less, le — , the least

moine, m., monk

moins, less ; le — , least ; du — , at least ; à moins que ... ne, unless; tout au — , at the very least ; n'en est pas — , is none the less

mois, m., month

moissonner, to reap, harvest

moment, m., moment

mon, ma, pi., mes, my

monastique, monastic, monastical

monde, m., world, people; tout le — , everybody

monition, /., monition, censure (ecclesiastical)

monseigneur, m., my lord, your Grace

monstre, m., monster

montagne, /., mountain

monter, to mount, go up

montrer, to show

morceau, m., morsel, piece, bit

morfondre, to chill, se — , wait in vain, dance attendance

mort, /., death ; à — , to the death

mort, -e, dead, lifeless; dead person ; faire le — , to play dead

mortel, -le, mortal, deadly

mot, m., word, saying

mourir, to die

mouton, m., sheep

mouvement, m., movement, motion; premier — , first impulse

moyen, -ne, middle, mean, average ; le — âge, the the Middle Ages

moyen, m., means, middle, average

mur, m., wall

mûr, -e, ripe, mature

muraille, /., wall, rampart

mutulation, /., mutilation

mystérieux, -euse, mysterious

mystique, m., mystic

mystique, mystical, mystic

Vocabulary

n' see ne

naguère, lately, not long ago

naïf, naïve, frank, unaffected, simple

naissance, /., birth

naître, to be born

naïvement, candidly

naïveté, /., native simplicity, ingenuousness

nation, /., nation

nativité, /., nativity

nature, /., nature

naturel, -le, natural

naturel, m., nature, disposition

ne, (usually with pas, point, etc.) not; ne . . . que, only

né, see naître

néanmoins, nevertheless

nécessaire, necessary

net, -te, clear, clean, pure

neuf, nine

ni, nor; -....-, neither . .

nor

nier, to deny

noble, noble; m., nobleman

noblesse, /., nobility, nobleness

noeud, m., knot, knob

noir, -e, black

nom, m., name; j'ai — , my name is

nombre, m., number, a number

nombreux, -euse, numerous

nommer, to name, appoint

non, no, not; — pas, not,

not at all; — seulement,

not only nord, m., North Normandie, /., Normandy nos, see notre notaire, m., notary noter, to note, notice Notre-Dame, /., Our Lady

(the Virgin Mary) nourrir, to nourish, rear,

feed, support nous, we, us, to us nouveau (nouvel before

vowels), nouvelle, new,

other, recent ; de — ,

anew, again novembre, m., November noyer, to drown ; se — ,

drown oneself, be

drowned, drown nu, -e, naked, bare nuée, /., cloud nuit, /., night nul, -le, no, not any, no one ;

null, of no value

obéir, to obey obéissant, -e, obedient objecter, to object objection, /., objection objet, m., object, article obligé, -e, obliged, required obliger, to oblige, compel obscur, -e, obscure, dark obscurcir, to obscure, darken, make obscure

obscurité, /., obscurity, darkness

observer, to observe, watch

obstacle, m., obstacle, hinderance

obstiné, -e, obstinate, obstinate person

obstiner, to make obstinate; s' — , be obstinate, persist, insist

obstruer, to obstruct, stop up

obtenir, to obtain, get

occasion, f., occasion, opportunity

occuper, to occupy; s' — , occupy oneslf, be occupied

oeil, (pi., yeux), m., eye

oeuvre, /., work

offenser, to offend, injure, insult

office, m., office, duty, prayers, public worship

officier, m., officer

offrir, to offer, present

oindre, to annoint

oint, -e, see oindre

oiseau, m., bird

ombre, /., shade, shadow

on, one, people, they .

oncle, m., uncle

opérer, to operate, work, effect

opinion, /., opinion

opposition, /., opposition

or, m., gold

oratoire, m., private chapel

ordinaire, ordinary, usual ;

à r — , ordinarily,

usually ordonner, to order ordre, m., order, command orgueil, m., pride, arrogance orgueilleux, -euse, proud,

arrogant, haughty original, -e, original originalité, /., originality oser, to dare ôter, to take away, take off,

remove ou, or; — .... — , either

.... or où, where, where f in which,

when oublier, to forget ouest, m., west oui, yes

ouïr, to hear (rare) outrage, m., outrage, insult outrageant, -e, outrageous,

abusive, outre, beyond, besides; en

— , in addition, besides ouvrage, m., work ouvrir, to open; s* — , open,

disclose one's mind

pace: in pace, m peace

(Latin) pacifique, pacific, peaceful pacte, m.., pact , compact page, m., page, boy pain, m., bread, loaf; — de

douleur, (see note) pair, m., peer

Vocabulary

paisible, peaceful, calm paître, to feed on paix, /., peace pâlir, to become pale; a faire — , to cause to sink into insignificance panique, /., panic pape, ra., pope papier, m., paper papillon, m., butterfly Pâques, /., pU Easter; —

fleuries, Palm-Sunday par, through, by, per, on account of, throughout; from; de — le roi, in the king's name; de — Dieu, from or by command of God paradis, m., paradise paraître, to appear parce que, because parchemin, m., parchment parcourir, to run over or through, pass through, look over par-devant, see devant pardon, m., pardon, I beg

your pardon pardonner, to pardon parent, m., relative, kinsman; pi, parents, relatives parer, to adorn parfait, -e, perfect parfaitement, perfectly, entirely % parfois, at times Paris, m., Paris

parlement, m., parliament,

judicial court parlementer, to parley parler, to speak, talk parmi, among, amidst parodie, /., parody paroisse, /., parish, parishchurch parole, /., word, speech part, /., part, share; side; à — , aside, to one side, apart; d'autre — , on the other side or hand ; de — ou d'autre, on one side or the other; de la — de, from or by command of; nulle — , nowhere partager, to divide, share parti, m., party (political), side, decision; prendre un — f to come to a decision partialité, /., partiality partie, /., part, portion,

party part:r, to depart, leave partisan, m., partisan partout, everywhere parvenir, to attain, reach,

arrive, succeed pas, m., step, pace pas, not, no ; ne ... • >

not, no passage, m., passage, thoroughfare, road passé, m., past passer, to pass, pass over, pass by; se — , to pass, happen, take place

Michelet's Jeanne DiAitc

passion, /., passion, love,

last suffering paternel, -le, paternal patiemment, patiently patience, /., patience patient, -e, patient patient, m., patient, culprit

to be executed pâtir, to suffer patrie, /., native land,

fatherland patron, m., patron, owner,

patron saint; protector pause, /., pause pauvre, poor, pitiful; poor

person, beggar pauvreté, /., poverty payer, to pay, pay for pays, m., country, district,

land ;du — bas, of the

Lowlands ( Scotland) paysan, -ne, m., and /.,

peasant péché, m., sin pécher, to sin pêcher, to fish, catch fish peindre, to paint, picture peine, /., pain, suffering,

grief, difficulty, trouble:

sur — de la vie, on pain

of death pèlerinage, m., pilgrimage pendant, during; — que,

while pendre, to hang pénétrant, -e, penetrating,

clear, distinct pénétration, /., penetration

pénitence, /., penitence, penance

pensée, /., thought, mind

penser, to think, believe; pensant bien que, believing sincerely that ; — à, to think of

Pentecôte, /., Pentecost, Whitsuntide

percer, to pierce, run through

perdre, to lose, ruin, waste ; se — , lose oneself, be lost, die

père, m., father; les Pères du désert, the ancient anchorites; saint-père, pope

perfide, perfidious, treacherous

périlleux, -euse, perilous

périr, to perish

permettre, to permit, allow

permission, /., permission

persister, to persist

personnage, m., personage, person

personne, /., person; nobody, none, no one; ne .... — , no one

personnel, -le, personal

perte, /., loss

petit, -e, little, small, petty ; little one, young person

peu, m., little, few

peuple, m., people, common people, nation

peur, /., fear; avoir — , to be afraid; faire — à, frighten -

Vocabulary

peut-être, perhaps

pharisien, -ne, m., and /., Pharisee, hypocrite

phénomène, m., phenomenon

philosophie, /., philosophy

physique, physical

picard, -e Picard, inhabitant of Picardy

Picardie, /., Picardy (former French province; see map)

pied, m., foot

piège, m., trap, snare

pierre, /., stone

Pierre, Peter

piété, /., piety

pieu, m., stake

pieusement, piously

pieux, -euse, pious

pillage, m., pillage, pillaging; plunder

pillard, m., pillager, plun- • derer

pitié, /., pity ; sans — , merciless

pitoyable, pitiable, compassionate, pitiful

place, /., public square, place, fortress

placer, to place

plaindre, to pity, grudge, spare; se — de, complain

plaine, /., plain

plaire, to please; se — , be pleased, take pleasure

plaisir, m., pleasure

planter, to plant, place plâtre, m., plaster

plein, -e, full

pleurer, to weep, weep for plupart, /., greater part,

majority, most plus, more, plus ; non — , no

longer; plus .... plus, the

more .... the more plusieurs, several plutôt, sooner, rather poésie, /., poetry, verse poète, m., poet poétique, poetic poids, m., weight point, m., point, place; au

— que, to such a point

that point, no, not, not at all;

ne .... - , not at all pointe, /., point, end; à la

du jour, at daybreak poisson, m., fish Poitevin, m., inhabitant of

Poitou (see map) politique, m., politician,

statesman Ponce-Pilate, Pontius Pilate pont, m., bridge ; — flottant,

pontoon populace, /., populace populaire, popular, of the

people population, /., population portail, m., portal, door-way porte, /., door, gate, doorway porter, to carry, bear, bring,

wear, lay hands on ; se — ,

be (of the health)

poser, to place, put, lay down, set or put down

positif, -ive, positive

posséder, to possess, own

possession, /., possession

possible, possible

pour, for, to, in order to, on account of; though, notwithstanding; — que, in order that, that

pourquoi, why? — faire, what for?

pourri, -e, rotten

poursuite, /., pursuit

poursuivre, to pursue, sue, prosecute

pourtant, however, nevertheless

pousser, push, drive, impel, spring up

pouvoir, to be able, can, may

pouvoir, m., power

préalablement, previously, first of all

précepte, m., precept, command

prêcher, to preach, preach to, exhort

précipitamment, precipitously

prédicateur, m., preacher

prédiction, /., prediction

prédire, to predict

préférer, to prefer

prélat, m., prelate

premier, -ère, first

premièrement, in the first place

prendre, to take, seize, take up, take on, acquire, make inquiries, etc.

préoccuper, to preoccupy

préparer, to prepare

près, near ; — de, nearby, close, about to ; de — , near, at close range

prescription, /., prescription, precept

présence, /., presence; en — ,f ace to face

présent, -e, present

présenter, to present; se — present onself (itself, etc.), be presented, appear

président, m., president, presiding judge

présider, to preside, preside over

présomptueux, -euse, presumptuous ; presumptuous person

presque, almost, nearly

pressentiment, m., presentiment

presser, to press, urge, be urgent

prêt, -e, ready

prétendre, to pretend, claim

prétendu, -e, pretended, socalled, false

prétention, /., pretension, claim

prétexter, to pretend, feign, give as a pretext

prétexte, m., pretext

prêtre, m., priest

Vocabulary

prévoir, to forsee

prier, to pray, beg, request

prière, /., prayer

prince, m., prince

princesse, /., princess

principal -e, principal,

main, chief principe, m., principle printemps, m., springprise, /., capture, prize, hold; rendre — a, to give an opening or advantage to prisonnier, -ère, m., and /.,

prisoner privation, /., privation, loss,

want probable, probable probablement, probably procéder, to proceed, advance procédure, m., procedure,

legal act procès, m., lawsuit, trial procession, /., procession prochain, -e, next, approaching, near prodigieusement, prodigiously prodigieux, -euse, prodigious, amazing professeur, m., professor profit, m., profit, advantage profond, -e, deep, profound promesse, /., promise promettre, to promise prononcer, to pronounce prophétie, /., prophecy propos, m., subject, proposition ; à — de, in regard to

proposer, to propose

propre, own, clean, neat, proper ; posséder en — , to have as one's own

prosaïque, prosaic

protecteur, -trice, ra., and /., protector, protectress

protéger, to protect

prouver, to prove

providence, /., providence

province, /., province

prudent, -e, prudent

prud'homme, ra., upright man, good man

public, -que, public

publier, to publish, proclaim

pucelle, /., maid, maiden; la Pucelle, the Maid of Orleans (Joan of Arc)

pudeur, /., modesty, shame

pudique, chaste, modest

puis, then, next, afterwards

puisque, since

puissamment, powerfully

puissance, /., power

puissant, -e, powerfu 1, mighty

punir, to punish

punissable, deserving of punishment

punition, /., punishment

pur, -e, pure

purification, /., purification

pureté, /., purity

qu',see que qualité, /., quality

quand, when, even if; — même, even if

quant à, as for, as to

quantité, /., quantity

quarante, forty

quatre, four

quatrième, fourth

que, that, in order that, than, as, until, how, whether, let (with subjunctive) ; — de, how many ; ne .... - , only, but, except; est-ce — , (phrase used in introducing a sentence)

que, whom, which, what, that; what? qu'est-ce que, what?

quel, -le, what, which, who, what a

quelque, some, a few; — .... que, whatever, however

quelquefois, sometimes

quelqu'un -une (pi., quelques-uns, -unes), someone, somebody, some

question, /., question; faire une — , ask a question

qui, who, which, whoever; à — que ce soit, to any one at all

qui, who? which?; qu'est-ce — , what?; — est-ce, who?

quinze, fifteen; — jours, fortnight, two weeks

quitter, to quit, leave, take off

quoi, what? which? what, which; de — , wherewith, means, enough; — que, whatever

quoique, although

R racheter, to ransom, redeem raconter, to tell, relate, recount raffermir, to make firm,

strengthen ; se — , regain

strength, gain control of

oneself raffinement, m., refinement,

subtlety rage, /., rage, fury, anger raison, /., raison; avoir — ,

to be right raisonnable, /., reasonable raisonner, to reason rajeunir, to make young,

grow young again rameau, m., bough, branch;

dimanche des Rameaux,

Palm-Sunday ramener, to bring or lead

back rançon, /., ransom rang, m., rank, row rapide, rapid, swift rappeler, to recall; se — ,

recall, remember rapport, m., report; par —

à, with regard to rapporter, to bring back,

report, report the matter,

ascribe; s'en — à, to refer

to, trust to

Vocabulary

rare, rare, infrequent

rassembler, to assemble; se — , meet, congregate

rayon, m., ray, beam, shelf

rayonner, to shine, radiate

réaliser, to realise

réalité, /., reality

rebuter, to repulse, rebuff, reject ; se — , be rebuffed, be discouraged, lose courage

récemment, recently

récent, -e, recent

recevoir, to receive, admit

réclamation, /., claim, demand, complaint

réclamer, to claim, demand, protest

recommander, to recommend, commend

réconciliation, /., reconciliation

réconcilier, to reconcile

reconnaître, to recognize, realize

reconquérir, to reconquer, regain

recouvrir, to recover, regain

recueillir, to gather, collect, receive

redescendre, to descend again

redevenir, to become again

redoublement, m., redoubling, increase

redouter, to dread, fear

redresser, to straighten; se

— , stand erect, sit upright, straighten up again

réduire, to reduce, subjugate

réel -le, real

réellement, really, in reality

refaire, to make again, make over

refluer, to flow back, fall back

réfugier (se), to take refuge

refus, m., refusal

refuser, to refuse

regard, m., look, glance, regard

regarder, to regard, look, look at, consider

régent, m., regent, governor

région, /., region, district

règne, m., reign

regretter, to regret

réhabiliter, to rehabilitate

Reims, Rheims, city in the department of Marne (see note)

reine, /., queen

rejeter, to reject, throw back

relaps, -e, relapsed into heresy; backslider

relativement à, in regard to

relever, to lift again, raise, take up, exalt ; se — , raise oneself up, stand up, recover

religieux, m., monk

religieux, -euse, religious

religion, /., religion

relire, to read again

remède, m., remedy, cure

remémorer, to recall

remercier, to thank

remettre, to hand back, deliver, give, put off, se — , compose oneself, recover; s'en — à, refer to, appeal to

remis, -e, see remettre

remontrer, to show again, point out

remuer, to move, rouse

rencontre, /., meeting ; venir à la — , to come to meet

rencontrer, to meet, find ; se — , meet, be found

rendre, to render, give back ; se — , render oneself, surrender, betake oneself, go

renfermer, to enclose, confine

renfort, m., re-enforcement

renier, to deny, abjure

renoncer (à), to renounce

renouveler, to renew, make over

renseignement, m., information, inquiry (also in pi.)

rentrer, to re-enter, come in, go in, turn in or back

renvoyer, to send back or away, dismiss

répandre, to spread, shed, distribute

repas, m., repast, meal

repasser, to pass again, repass

rependu, old spelling for répandu (see répandre)

répéter, to repeat

replier, to fold; se — , fall back

répliquer, to reply

répondre, to respond, answer, reply

réponse, /., response, answer, reply

reposer, to repose, rest, lie; se — , rest

reprendre, to take ba^k, recover, regain, resume, reply, find fault with, rebuke

requérir, to request, demand

requête, /., request, petition

résigné, -e, resigned

résistance, /., resistance

résister (à), to resist, oppose, endure

résoudre, to resolve, solve, determine

respect, m., respect

respectable, respectable, worthy of respect

respecter, to respect

respectueusement, respectfully

ressemblance, /., resemblance; à la — de, similar to, like

ressortir, to go out again, protrude

ressusciter, to resuscitate, come to life again

restaurateur, m., restorer

reste, m., rest, remains,

Vocabulary

trace; au — , du — , besides

rester, to remain, stay

restriction, f., restriction

résumer, to sum up, recapitulate

rétablir, to re-establish, restore

rétablissement, ra., re-establishing, re-establishment

retenir, to retain, hold back, keep, restrain

retirer, to retire, withdraw; se — , retire, withdraw

retomber, to fall again, fall back, relapse

retour, ra., return; de — , back

retourner, to return, turn around; s'en — , return, turn back

rétractation, /., retraction, recantation

rétracter, to retract

retraite, /., retreat

retrancher, to retrench, cut off

retrouver, to find again; se — , find oneself again

réunir, to unite, bring together; se — , unite, gather, meet

réussir, to succeed, be successful

revanche, /., revenge, retaliation

rêve, ra., dream

réveil, ra., awakening, waking

révélation, /., revelation

révéler, to reveal

revendiquer, to claim

revenir, to come back, return; elle revint à elle, she recovered herself

révérence, /., reverence, respect, bow ; — gardée, with all due respect

rêverie, /., revery, daydream, fancy

revers, ra., reverse, misfortune, calamity

revêtir, to cloth, dress, put on

révocation, /., revocation, disavowal

revoir, to see again

révolte, /., revolt, rebellion

révoquer, to revoke, recall

ribaud,-e, ribald, debauched

riche, rich; rich person

ridicule, ra., ridiculousness, ridiculous act

rien, ra., nothing, anything; ne .... - , nothing,

rire, to laugh

risible, laughable, comical

risque, ra., risk

risquer, to risk, run a risk; se — , to risk oneself, risk

rituel, ra., ritual

rive, /., bank, shore

rivière, /., river

robuste, robust, strong

roi, ra., king

romanesque, romanesque, romantic, fantastic

Romée, see note p. 5-17

rompre, to break, break

down rond, -e, round rond, m., circle rouennais, -e, native of

Rouen rouge, m., red, redness rouge, red

rougir, to make red, blush route, /., highway, road royal, -e, royal royaume, m., kingdom royauté, /., royalty rude, rude, rough, coarse rudement, rudely, roughly rue, /., street ruiner, to ruin ruminer, to ponder, think

over ruse, /., cunning, deceit, ruse rusé, -e, crafty, tricky

s see se or si sa, see son sable, m., sand saccager, to sack, pillage sacre, m., anointing, coronation sacrement, m., sacrament sacrer, to anoint, crown sacrifice, m., sacrifice sage, wise, prudent, good sagesse, /., wisdom, prudence, good-behavior saigner, to bleed saint, -e, sacred, holy,

saintly; saint, holy man; Saint-Esprit, Holy Spirit

saint-empire, m., Holy Empire (see note)

sainteté, /., sanctity, holiness

Saint Jean, Saint John; la — , June 24

saisir, to seize, catch hold of, grasp

saison, /., season

salle, /., hall, room

salut, m., salutation, bow, greeting, safety, salvation, rescue

samedi, m., Saturday

sanctifier, to sanctify

sanctuaire, m., sanctuary

sang, m., blood

sangloter, to sob

sans, Avithout, but for; — que, without

sarrasin, -e, Saracen

Satan, m., Satan

satanique, satanical

satisfaction, /., satisfaction

sauf, sauve, safe

sauf, save, except

sauter, to leap, jump, leap over

sauvage, savage, wild

sauver, to save; se — , save oneself, run away

sauver, m., rescuer, le Sauveur, the .Savoir

savoir, to know, know how, can; faire : — , let know; je ne saurais, I would not be able

Vocabulary

scène, /., scene, stage sceptique, skeptical ; skeptic schismatique, schismatic schisme, m., schism science, /., science, learning scolastique, scholastic,

schoolman scribe, m., scribe, writer scrupule, m., scrupule; ne

se faire aucun — , to have

no scruples se (s'), himself, herself, itself, themselves, etc.

séance, /., sitting, meeting;

lever la — , to close the

meeting second, -e, second secourable, helping, helpful,

willing to help secourir, to succor, aid secours, m., succor, aid,

help, relief; crier au — ,

to cry for help secret, -ète, secret secrétaire, m., secretary séculier, -ère, secular séduire, to seduce, bribe seigneur, m., lord, noble; le

Seigneur, the Lord ;

Notre-Seigneur, Our Lord sein, m., breast selon, according to, semaine, /., week sembler, to seem; ce semble,

it seems sénéchal, m., seneschal, high

bailiff sens, m., sense, good sense,

meaning, reason, direction; être dans son bon — , to be in his (her) right mind sensible, sensible, sensitive.

obvious sentence, /., sentence sentier, m., path sentiment, m., sentiment,

feeling, consciousness sentir, to feel, be conscious

of; sept, seven

sépulcre, m., sepulchre sérénité, /., serenity serf, ra., serve, slave, serf sérieusement, seriously sérieux, -euse, serious; ra.,

seriousness .

sermon, ra., sermon serpent, ra., serpent service, ra., service, duty servir, to serve, worship;

Dieu servi, Grod willing seul, -e, alone, single seulement, only, even sévère, severe, stern sévérité, /., severity sexe, ra., sex si, if, so, whether; yes sibylle, /., sibyl, prophetess siècle, ra., century, age siège, ra., seat, siege siéger, to sit, hold session sien, -ne, his, her, its; les siens, his (her) people, soldiers, etc.

signature, /., signature signe, ra., sign, indication

signer, to sign signification, /., signification, meaning signifier, to signify, mean;

serve (law) silence, m., silence silencieux, -euse, silent simple, simple, plain simplicité, /., simplicity singulier, -ère, singular,

strange singulièrement, singularly sinistre, sinister sinon, if not, otherwise, except sir, Sir (English title) sire, m., sire, lord, sir six, six

soeur, /., sister soi, oneself, himself, itself soif, /., thirst ; avoir — , to

be thirsty soigner, to take care of,

look after, nurse soigneusement, carefully soin, m., care, attention soir, m., evening soit, be it so, all right; soit .... soit, either (whether)

or; — que — que,

.... whether .... or soldat, m., soldier soleil, m., sun, sunlight solennel, -le, solemn solennité, /., solemnity solide, solid, firm solive, /., joist, rafter solliciter, to solicit, entreat, urge

sombre, somber, gloomy, dark

sommation, /., summons

sommer, to summon, demand the surrender of

sommet, m., summit, top

son, m., sound

son, sa (pl.9 ses), his, her, its

songer, to dream, think of; y — , to think of it

sonner, to ring, sound, strike (clock)

sorcellerie, f ., sorcery, witchcraft

sorcière, /., sorceress, witch

sort, m., fate, luck

sorte, /., sort, kind, way

sortie, /., exit, sally, sortie

sortir, to go out, come out, originate

soucier (se), to care, be concerned

souffleter, to slap in the face, cuff, spank

souffrance, /., suffering

souffrir, to suffer, tolerate

soulever (se), to raise oneself, be raised, rise

soumettre, to submit; se — , submit oneself, submit

soumis, -e, submissive, dutiful

soumission, /., submission

soupçonner, to suspect

soupir, to sigh, gasp

source, /., source, spring

sourire, to smile

sous, under, beneath

soutenir, to sustain, bear,

Vocabulary

support, undergo, endure; se — , hold out, continue

souvenir, m., memory, remembrance, souvenir

souvenir (se), to remember

souvent, often

spécialement, especially

spectacle, m., spectacle, show, sight

spectateur, m., spectator

spirituel, -le, witty, bright, spiritual

splendide, splendid

stigmate, m., brand, mark; pi., stigmata

stipuler, to stipulate

stupéfait, -e, stupefied, astonished

subit, -e, sudden

sublime, sublime

subterfuge, m., subterfuge

subtil, -e, subtle

subtilité, /., subtlety

succès, m., success

sud, m., south

suer, to sweat, exude

suffire, to suffice, be enough

suffisant, -e, sufficient

suite, /., continuation, following train, attendants; par — de, in consequence of

suivant, -e, following

suivre, to follow, pursue

sujet, m., subject

superstitieux, -euse, superstitious

supplice, m., punishment, torture

supplier, to beg, entreat suppôt, m., agent, tool supprimer, to suppress suprême, supreme, last sur, on, upon, over sûr, -e, sure, certain surcharger, to overload sûrement, surely sûreté, /., safety, security surgir, to arise, spring up sur-le-champ, immediately surmonter, to surmount,

overcome surnaturel, -le, supernatural surnom, m., surname surprendre, to surprise surprise, /., surprise sursaut, m., start; en — ,

with a start surtout, -e, suspicious, suspected suspendre, to suspend, hang

t\ see te

ta, see ton

table, /., table

tâcher, to try

taciturne, taciturn, silent

tact, m., tact

taille, /., cut, figure, stature

taillis, m., thicket, underbrush

taire (se), to become silent, be quiet

tandis que, while, whereas

tant, so much, so ; — de, so much, so many; — que, so long as

tantôt, soon, just now; - ....-, now. ...now, sometimes, at times taverne, /., tavern tel, -le, such, a certain; —

quel, such as it is, was tellement, so, to such a degree téméraire, rash, bold témoignage, m., testimony, evidence, witness; appeler en — , to summon as a witness ; rendre — , bear witness témoin, m., witness; (as)

evidence, proof temps, m., time, weather; à — , in time ; en tout — , at all times ♦

tenace, tenacious, stubborn tendresse, /., tenderness, tenir, to hold, keep, — à, insist on, depend on, stand on, resist, — de, take after, resemble; se — , behave, consider oneself, remain ; y — , stand (it), resist; s'en — à, abide by, stop at, be satisfied with tentation, /., temptation tentative, /., attempt terme, m., term, limit, end terrain, m., piece of ground,

land terre, /., earth, land, ground; par — , on the ground terreur, /., terror, fright

terrible, terrible

tête, /., head ; en — , at the head, in front

texte, m., text

théologie, /., theology

théologien, m., théologien

théologique, theological

timide, timid

tirer, to draw, pull, shoot at, fire, obtain ; se — , get out of a difficulty

tocsin, m., tocsin, alarm bell

tomber, to fall

ton, m., tone, accent

ton, ta (pi., tes), thy, your

torche, /., torch

tort, m., wrong; à — , wrongly; avoir — , to be wrong

torture, /., torture

tôt, soon

touchant, -e, touching, pathetic

toucher, to touch, move, concern ; — à, touch, meddle with

toujours, always, ever, nevertheless, still, at any rate

tour, /., tower

tour, m., turn, circuit

tourner, to turn, turn around ; se — , turn oneself, turn

tournoi, m., tourney, tournament

tout, -e, (pi., tous, toutes), all, every, whole; everything, quite, very, en-

Vocabulary

tirely; — à coup, suddenly; — en (with participle), while

toutefois, however, yet, still

toute-puissance, /., omnipotence, almighty power

tout - puissant, toute - puissante, omnipotent, allpowerful

tracer, to trace

trahir, to betray

traîner, to drag, drag along, draw out, protract

trait, m., arrow, trait, feature

traité, m., treaty

traiter, to treat, care

traître, m., traitor

tranchant, m., edge

trancher, to cut ; decide, settle

travail, m., work, labor

travailler, to work

travers: à —, through, across

traverser, to cross, pass through

tremblant, -e, trembling, quaking

trente, thirty

trente-cinq, thirty-five

trésor, m., treasure

trésorier, m., treasurer

tribunal, m., tribunal, court

triomphant, -e, triumphant

triomphe, m., triumph

triste, sad, dismal, gloomy

trois, three

troisième, third

tromper, to deceive; se — , be mistaken

trône, m., throne

trop, too, too much, too well ; — de, too much, too many

trouble, m., trouble, confusion

troubler, to trouble, disturb ; se — , become disturbed or confused

troupe, /., troop

trouver, to find; se--, find oneself, be found, be, happen

tu, thou, you

tuer, to kill

un, -e, one; a, an; les uns

.... d'autres, some ....

others unanime, unanimous unanimement, unanimously unanimité, /., unanimity,

general consent unir, to unite, join; unite,

combine unité, f., unity, unison universel, -le, universal université, /., university user, to wear, wear away,

wear out

va, see aller

vachère, /., cowherd, cowgirl vaciller, to vacillate, waver

vague, /., wave, surge vague, vague, indistinct vaillamment, valiantly,

bravely vaillance, /., valor, bravery vain, -e, vain, useless vaincre, to conquer, vanquish vainqueur, m., victor, conqueror valet, m., servant valoir, to be worth; — mieux, be worth more, be better variation, /., variation varier, to vary vassal, m., vassal veille, /., eve, day before veillée, /., watching, sitting up, evening work; histoire de — ,evening or bed-time story vendre, to sell vendredi, m., Friday; —

saint, Good Friday vénérable, venerable vengeance, vengeance, revenge venir, to come; — de, have just; — au-devant, to go meet; en — jusque-là, reach that point venu, -e, come, arrived;

comer venue, /., coming, arrival vêpres, /., pi., vespers vérité, /., truth ; à la — , in

truth vers, towards, to

vertige, m., vertigo, dizziness

vertu, /., virtue

vêtement, m., garment, clothing; pi., clothes

vêtir, to cloth, dress

veu, old form of past participle of voir

vicaire, m., vicar, curate

vice, m., vice

vicieux, -euse, vicious

victime, /., victim

victoire, /., victory

victorieux, -euse, victorious

vie, /., life

vierge, /., virgin, maid; la Vierge, the Virgin

vieux (vieil), vieille, old

Vieux-Marché, m., Old Market (in Rouen)

vif, vive, alive, living, lively, quick, keen, brisk, sharp

vigne, /., vine, vineyard

village, m., village

ville, /., city, town

vingt, twenty

violence, /., violence, force se faire — , to restrain oneself

virginal, -e, virginal

visage, m., visage, face, countenance ; tourner — , to turn one ?s head or face

visible, visible

vision, /., vision

visiter, to visit, inspect, examine

vite, quickly

Vocabulary

vitesse, /., speed; gagner de — 'Sur, to outstrip

vivace, vivacious, longlived

vivacité, /., vivacity

vivant, -e, alive, living

vivement, quickly, vigorously

vivre, to live

vivres, m., pi., provisions, victuals

voie, /., way, road, highway

voilà, see there, behold, there is, there are ; le — , there he is, etc.

voir, to see; (prière de) — , see

voisin, -e, neighboring, adjoining, near

voisinage, m., neighborhood

voix, /., voice

volée, /., flight, peal

voler, to fly

volonté, /., will, wish

volontiers, willingly, gladly

voltiger, to fly about, flutter

vomissement, m., vomiting, vomit

vos, see votre

votre, (pi, vos) your

vôtre, yours

vouer, to vow, devote, pledge

vouloir, to wish, want, be willing ; — dire, wish to say, mean; mal voulue, disliked, unwelcome

vous, you, to you

voyage, m., journey, trip

vrai, -e, true, real; truly, really; à dire — , to tell the truth ; dire — , to tell the truth

vraiment, truly, really

vu, see voir; seeing, considering

vue, /., view, sight, appearance

vulgaire, vulgar, low, common

y, there, to or in it, to him,

etc.

ydolastre, old writing for

idolâtre, idolatrous

zèle, m., zeal zélé, -e, zealous