VOCABULARY

à, to-, at, in, on, by, for, belonging to, of, from, with, until

abandonner, to abandon

abbaye, /., abbey

abbesse, /., abbess

abdiquer, to abdicate

abjuration, /., abjuration, renunciation

abjurer, to abjure, forswear

abord: d'abord, at first, in the first place

abréger, to abridge, shorten, cut short

abri, m., shelter; mettre à r — de, to protect from

absorber, to absorb

abuser, to abuse, deceive, take advantage of

accabler, to crush, overwhelm

accepter, to accept

accès, m., access, attack, fit

accointance, /., acquaintance, intimacy, dealings

accomoder, to accommodate, adapt, adjust

accompagner, to accompany

accompli, -e, accomplished, perfect

accomplir, to accomplish,

bring about accorder, to accord, grant accusation, /., accusation,

indictment, charge accusé, -e, accused, one accused, defendant accuser, to accuse, betray,

inform acharné, -e, embittered, implacable acheter, to buy acte, m., act, record action, /., action, deed adjuger, to adjudge, award,

allot admettre, to admit, allow admirable, admirable admiration, /., admiration, être dans V — , to admire admonester, to admonish adoration, /., adoration adresse, /., address, skill,

dexterity adresser, to address; s' — , to address, apply, address oneself adroit, -e, adroit, skillful,

dexterous, shrewd advenir, to happen, occur;

en — , to happen adversaire, m., adversary

affaiblir (s* ) , to grow

weaker, grow dimmer affaiblissement, m., weakening, weakness affaire, /., affair, matter;

pi., affairs, business,

things affirmer, to affirm affluer, to flow, flock, arrive

in great numbers affreux, -euse, frightful,

dreadful affronter, to face, brave afin de (or que), in order to,

in order that âge, m., age agent, m., agent aggraver, to aggravate;

s' — to grow worse agir, to act ; s' — de, to be

a question of aguerrir, to train to war,

inure ah! ah! oh!

aide, /., aid, help aider, to aid, help, assist;

Dieu aidant, God helping

me, with God's help aigre, sour, harsh, rough,

sharp aigrement, sharply, roughly,

acrimoniously aile, /., wing ailleurs, elsewhere ; d ' — ,

besides aimable, kind, agreeable,

amiable, friendly

aimer, to love, like; — mieux, prefer

aîné, -e, elder, eldest; eldest son or daughter

ainsi, thus, so, as, as follows, therefore; — que, as, as well as;pour — parler (dire), so to speak; s'il en est — , if such is the case

air, m., air, appearance

aise, /., ease, pleasure

aise, glad, happy

aisément, easily

ajourner, to adjourn, put off

ajouter, to add; — foi à, to give credit to

alarmer, to alarm; s' — , to take alarm

Allemagne, /./Germany

allemand, -e, German

aller, to go, be (of the health) ; —mal, to be in a bad way, be badly off; s'en — , to go away, be off

alliance, /., alliance

allié, -e, m. and /., ally

allumer, to light, kindle, or light a fire

alors, then; d' — , of that time

altéré, -e, thirsty (for)

âme, /., soul, mind, heart, spirit

amender, to amend; s' — , to reform

amener, to lead, bring, bring up, induce

Vocabulary

Amérique, /., America

ami, -e, ra. and /., friend

ami, -e, friendly

amitié, /., friendship; de bonne — , in friendly fashion, lovingly ; prendre en — , to become fond of, take a liking to

amollir, to soften; s' — , to grow soft, become effeminate

amour, m., love

ampoule, /., blister ampulla (see notes).

an, m., year

ancien, -ne, ancient, former, old

ange, m., angel

anglais, -e, English, Englishman (English woman)

Angleterre, /., England

angoisse, /., anguish

animal, m., animal

animal, -e, sensual, carnal

animer, to animate, arouse, excite, encourage; s* — , to become aroused, or excited, be encouraged

année, /., year; en leurs belles -s, in their youth or prime

annoncer, to announce

antichrétien, -ne, antichristian

antique, antique, ancient

apaiser, to appease; s* — , to become quiet, grow calm

apercevoir, to perceive, no-

tice; s' — (de), to perceive

apostat, -e, apostate (said of one who has renounced his religion)

apparaître, to appear

appareil, m., apparatus ; show, pomp

apparemment, apparently

apparence, /., appearance, probability

apparition, /., apparition, appearance

appartenir, to belong

appeler, to call, call to; en ■■ — -, to appeal; s' — , to be called, be named

appliquer, to apply, place against

apporter, to bring, carry

apprendre, to learn, teach, inform, tell

appui, m., support, help, protection

appuyer, to support, protect

âpre, rough, harsh, bitter

âprement, harshly, sharply, fiercely

après, after, afterwards; d' — , according to, after; le jour d' — , the day after; — que, after

âpreté, /., harshness, asper-

arbitre, m., arbiter, judge,

master arbre, m., tree archange, m., archangel

Michejlet's Jeanne D 'Arc

arche, /., ark, areh (of

bridge) archer, ra., archer (soldier) archevêché, m., archbishopric, archbishop's residence archevêque, m., archbishop ardemment, ardently, boldly argent, m., silver, money armagnac, inhabitant of

Armagnac (see note) arme, /., arm, firearm, weapon; chevalier d' — s, knight at arms armée /., army armer, to arm, equip armure, /., armor arracher, to pull out or off,

snatch, wrest from arranger, to arrange; &' — , to be arranged, make arrangements, come to an understanding arrêter, to arrest, stop,

suppress; s' — , to stop arrière, m., back, rear; en — , back, backwards, behind ; en — de, back of, behind arrivée, /., arrival arriver, to arrive, happen article, m., article artillerie, /., artillery artisan, m., artisan, craftsman, mechanic ascension, /., ascension, ascent; jour de T — , Ascension-day (Thursday, sixty days after Easter)

aspect, m., aspect, appearance, sight

assaillant, m., assailant

assassinat, m., assassination

assaut, m., assault, attack; donner 1' — , to attack, storm

assemblée, /., assembly, meeting

assembler, to assemble, convoke, collect; s' — , to meet

asseoir, to seat; s' — , to sit down, be seated

assertion, /., assertion

assesseur, m., assessor, assistant, judge

assez, enough, sufficient, rather

assiégé, m., one besieged

assiégeant, m., besieger

assiéger, to besiege

assigner, to assign, summon, give

assistant, /. and m., person present, bystander, eyewitness

assister, to be present, witness, attend, assist

associer, to associate, admit as partner

assurance, /., assurance

assurer, to assure, assert ; s' — , to assure oneself, make sure

atroce, atrocious, cruel

attacher, to attach, fasten,

fix, tie; s' — , to attach oneself, become attached

attaquable, assailable

attaque, /., attack

attaquer, to attack; s' — à, to attack

atteindre, to attain, reach, arrive at, obtain, hit, attack

atteint, -e, attacked, affected

attendre, to await, wait for, expect; s' — à, to expect

attendrissant, -e, compassionate, tender, soft

attendrir, to move, affect, soften, touch ; s' — , to be moved, be affected, grow tender

attendrissement, m., feeling, compassion, pity

attente, /., waiting, expectation

attention, /., attention; faire — , to pay attention

attester, to attest, testify to, call to witness

attrait, m., attraction, charm

attribuer, to attribute

attribut, m., attribute

au (aux) = à le, (à les)

aucun, -e, no one, none, not any ; ne . . — , no, none

au-dessus, above, over

au-devant, see devant

auditeur, m., auditor

augustin, -e, Augustine ; Augustine, or white friar

Vocabulary

aujourd 'hui, to-day

auparavant, before, previously, first

auquel, see lequel

aussi, also, so, as, therefore ; — bien que, as well as

aussitôt, immediately, at once ; — que, as soon as

austère, austere

autant, as much, as many, so many, likewise; d' — plus, so much the more

autel, m., altar

auteur, m., author

autorisation, /., authorization, permission

autoriser, to authorize

autorité, /., authority

autour, about, round, round about; — de, about, around

autre, other, another, different ; une tout — , an entirely different

autrement, otherwise, else, or else

avance, /., advance; d* — , in advance

avancer, to advance; s' — , to advance

avant, before, forward; en = — forward, in front, in advance ; — que, before

avant, m., front, forward part

avant-garde, /., vanguard

Ave, (or avé), m., ave (invocation to the Virgin Mary)

avec, with

avenir, m., to happen, occur

avenir, m., future

aventure, /., adventure, chance, fate

avertir, to warn, notify

aveu, m., avowal, confession

avis, m., opinion, advice, warning

aviser, to warn, advise, perceive, consider; — bien à ce que vous ferez, consider well what you do

avocat, m., lawyer, attorney

avoir, to have, be (of age) ; — faim, to be hungry ; il y a, there is, there are, ago ; — à, to have to ; — beau (with the infinitive) in vain

avouer, to confess, acknowledge

avril, m., April

bailli, m., bailiff

bailliage, m., bailiwick, jurisdiction, bailiff 's court

baiser, to kiss

baiser, m., kiss

ballade, /., ballad

banc, m., bench, seat, bank

baptiser, to baptize

barbe, /., beard

barrière, /., barrier, bulwark, inclosure, railing

bas, -se, low, lower; base, mean

bas, m., lower part, bottom ; en — , below, down stairs ; par le — , from the bottom

bas, adv., down, low, in a low tone; là — , yonder, down there

basque, adj. and s.} Basque (see note)

bastard, old s p elling of bâtard

bastille, /., fort, prison

bataille, /., battle

batailler, to battle, fight

batailleur, — euse, pugnacious, quarrelsome

batailleur, m., fighter, pugnacious person

bâtard, m., bastard

bateau, m., boat

bâtir, to build

bâton, m., stick, staff, baton

battre (se), to fight

beau (bel before vowels), belle, beautiful, handsome, fine; avoir — , see avoir

beaucoup, much, many, very much

beauté, /., beauty

bénignement, benignly

bénin, -igne,, benign, kind, indulgent

bénit, -e, blessed, consecrated, holy

bercer, to rock, cradle

berger, m., shepherd

Vocabulary

bergerette, /., young shepherdess, young country girl

besoin, m., need, necessity

bête, /., beast, animal

biblique, biblical

bien, well, very, very much, indeed, quite, many; eh bien, very well; — que, although ; tout aussi — que, as well as; tant — que mal, more or less well, fairly well

bien, m., good, property; dire du — de, to speak well of

bienveillance, /., benevolence, good-will

bizarre, bizarre, odd, peculiar

blanc, blanche, white

blesser, to wound, hurt

blessé, -e, wounded; wounded person

blessure, /., wound

Bohême, /., Bohemia

boire, to drink

bois, m., wood

bon, -ne, good, kind, pleasant

bonheur, m., happiness, good fortune

bonté, /., goodness, kindness

bord, m., edge, border, bank, shore, side, brim

border, m., border (borrowed from the English border)

bouche, /., mouth

bouger, to move, budge

boulet, m., cannon-ball

boulevard, m., bulwark, rampart, boulevard

bourgeois, -e, bourgeois, middle class, common

bourgeois, m., bourgeois, common citizen, tradesman

bourguignon, -e, Burgundian

bourreau, ra., executioner

bout, m., end

branche, /., branch, limb

brave, brave, worthy, good, kind

bravoure, /., bravery

Breton, -ne, Breton, of Brittany

bride, /., bridle; lâcher la — , give free rein

brigand, m., brigand, robber, ruffian

brigandage, /., robbery

briser, to break, dash to pieces, shatter

broussaille, /., underbrush, briars

bruit, m., noise, report, sound

brûler, to burn, scorch, tan

brutalité, /., brutality

bûcher, m., funeral pile, pyre, stake

butin, ra., booty, plunder

c, see ce çà, see cela

cacher, to conceal, hide calmer, to calm, soothe,

quiet camarade, m. and /., comrade campagne, /., country, plain, (field of battle) campaign camper, to camp canonnier, m., gunner capitaine, m., captain, leader capital, -e, capital, main capitulation, /., capitulation caprice, m., caprice, whim,

fancy car, for, because caractère, m., character cardinal, m., cardinal carême, m., Lent carlovingien, — ne, Carlov-

ingian( see note) carte, /., map

carme, /. and m., Carmelite friar

cas, m., case, event, affair catholique, Catholic cause, /., cause, reason ce, this, that, it, he, she,

they; — qui, — que,

which, what ce, cette (pi. ces), this, that ceci, this, this thing céder, to yield, give up cela (abbreviated: ça), that,

that thing célèbre, celebrated céleste, celestial, heavenly celui, celle (pi. ceux, celles),

this, that, this one, etc;

— ci, — là, this one, that

one, the latter, the

former; — qui, he who,

etc.

cendre, /., ashes, dust; ph,

ashes, embers cène, /., the Lord's supper,

communion cent, one hundred cependant, however, yet, in

the meantime cérémonie, /., ceremony cerf, m., stag, deer certain, -e, certain, a certain, some cesse, /., ceasing, cessation cesser, to cease chacun, -e, each, each one chair, /., flesh, meat chaire, /., pulpit, desk (in

churches) chambre, /., chamber, room champ, m., field Champagne, /., Champaign

(see note) champenois, m., inhabitant

of Champaign champion, m., champion chancelier, m., chancellor,

chief justice (archaic in

this sense) change, m., exchange,

change ; donner le — , to

put on the wrong scent;

prendre le — , to be duped,

let oneself be deceived changement, m., change changer ( — de), to change chanter, to sing, chant chapelain, m., chaplain

Vocabulary

chapitre, ra., chapter, council of ecclesiastics chaque, each, every charge, /., charge, attack, order, load, office, care, expense charger, to charge, load, burden, put in charge, commission; se — ; to take charge, take upon oneself chariot, m., cart, wagon charitable, charitable charité, /., charity charmant, -e, charming charme, m., charm charmer, to charm charette, /., cart charron, m., wheelwright,

cartwright chasse, /., hunt, hunting chasser, to chase, drive away chaste, chaste, pure château, m., castle chaud, -e, warm, hot chaud, m. y warmth, heat chef, m., chief, leader chemise, /., shirt, chemise chêne, /., oak cher, — ère, dear chercher, to seek, look for cheval, m., horse ; à — , on

horseback, astride chevaleresque, chivalrous,

knightly chevalerie, /., chivalry chevalier, m., knight, chevalier

chevauchée, /., ride, ride on horseback; cavalcade, riding

chevaucher, to ride on horseback

cheveu, m., hair; les cheveux, the hair

chez, at the house of, in the appartment of; chez eux, at home, at their home

chicaner, to quibble, wrangle

chien, m., dog

chômage, m., suspension of work, idleness

chose, /., thing, matter, affair; quelque-, m., something

chrétien, -ne, Christian

chrétienté, /., Christianity, Christendom

Christ (le), m., Christ

chronique, /., chronicle

chute, /., fall

ciel, (pi. cieux), m., sky, heaven ; sous le — , in the open air, out of doors

cimetière, m., cemetery

cinq, five

cinquante, fifty

cinquième, fifth

citation, /., citation, summons

cité, /., city (generally applied to the oldest part of a city)

citer, to cite

clair, -e, clear; adv., clearly

clairière, /., glade

clairement, clearly

clarté, /., light, splendor, glow

clerc, m., clerk (candidate for priesthood), scholar, law çlerk

clergé, m., clergy

cloche, /., bell, church bell

coeur, m., heart, courage, spirit; de bon — , willingly; ami de (tout) — , best loved friend ; de tout — , with all one's heart

col, m., neck, collar (today cou is used in referring to the neck of a person)

colombe, /., dove

combat, m., combat, fight, battle

combattre, to fight, struggle against; se — , to fight

combien, how much?' how many? how

comble, m., top, height, extreme, height

comble, adj., heaped up, full to the top

comédie, /., comedy, play

commandement, m., command, order, authority

comme, adv., as, so, like, how

comme, conj., since, because, when, while

commencement, m., commencement, beginning

commencer, to commence; — par (with infinitive) to begin with, first

comment, how, how? what!

commerce, m., commerce, business, trade

communier, to administer or receive the sacrament

communion, /., communion

communiquer, to communicate; — entre eux, to communicate with each other

compagne, /., companion

compagnon, m., companion

comparaître, to appear (in court)

comparer, to compare

compassion, /., compassion, mercy

compatissant, -e, compassionate, sympathetic

compatriote, m., compatriot

complaire, to please ; se - , to delight (in), be pleased

comprendre, understand

compromettre, to compromise

compromis, -e, see compromettre

compte, m., account, reckoning, calculation

compter, to count, count on, intend

comte, m., count

concentrer, to concentrate; se — , to plan together

concile, m., council (ecclesiastic)

conclure, to conclude ; se — , to be concluded, be drawn up

Vocabulary

concurrement, concurrently

condamnation, /., condemnation ; acte de — , sentence

condamné, -e, condemned, one condemned

condamner, to condemn, censure

conduire, to conduct, lead, bring

confesser, to confess, acknowledge; se — , to confess one's sins

confesseur, m., confessor

confession, /., confession

confiance, /., confidence

confirmer, to confirm, ratify, sanction

conformément, conformably, in conformity with

confus, -e, confused, abashed,, obscure, dim

conjurer, to conjure, exorcise

connaître, to be acquainted with, know

connétable, m., High Constable (formerly high military office)

connivence, /., connivance; agir de — , to act in concert

conscience, /., conscience ; en — , conscientiously, frankly

conseil, m., counsel, advice; council

conseiller, m., counselor, councilor, assistant judge

conseiller, to advise, counsel consentir, to consent, agree conséquence, /., consequence conserver, to preserve consoler, to console constater, to prove, verify, testify to, ascertain, state consultation, /., consultation consulter, to consult consumer, to consume contagieux, -euse, contagious contempler, to contemplate,

survey contemporain, -e, contemporaneous, contemporary contenir, to contain, restrain contenter, to content, satisfy contenu, m., contents continuer, to continue contradiction, /., contradiction contraire, contrary, opposing contraire, m., opposite; au

— , on the contrary contre, against contre-coup, . m., counterstroke, reaction contredire, to contradict contrition, /., contrition converser, to converse conversion, /., conversion convertir, to convert ; se — , to be or become converted

corporel, -le, corporal

corps, m., body, company

corrompre, to corrupt, defile

corrompu, -e, corrupted, corrupt

costume, m., costume, dress

côté, m., side, direction; à — , aside, nearby, in comparison, in addition; des deux — s, on both sides ; du — de, on the side of, in the direction of; de ce — , on this side, in that direction

cotiser, to assess ; se — , to unite, join together

coucher, to put to bed, pass the night, sleep ; se ■ - — , to go to bed, lie down

coudre, to sew

couler, to flow, run, run down

couleur, /., color

coup, m., blow, shot; tout à — , all of a sudden ; — sur — , one after another, without stopping

coupable, guilty

coupable, m., culprit, guilty person

couper, to cut, cut off

cour, /., court, yard

courage, m., courage

couronne, /., crown, wreath

couronner, to crown

course, /., course, running

court, -e, short

courtisan, m., courtier

coûter, to cost

coutiller, m., soldier armed

with a knife couvrir, to cover, protect craindre, to fear, be afraid crainte, /., fear, dread créateur, — trice, creative création, /., creation créature, /., creature créer, to create cri, m., cry, shout crier, to cry, cry out, call crime, m., crime critique, critical croire, to believe, think; je crois bien, I firmly believe ; se — , to believe oneself to be croisade, /., crusade croix, /., cross, crossing croyance, /., belief, faith crucifier, to crucify cruel, -le, cruel cruellement, cruelly culte, m., worship, creed curé, m., vicar, parish priest curieux, -euse, curious, inquisitive

dame, /., lady

damner, to damn

damoiselle, /., young lady of noble rank (old word)

danger, m., danger

dangereux, -euse, dangerous

dans, in, into, within, among

date, /., date, period

Vocabulary

dater, to date

davantage, more, further

de, of, from, by, with, some, any, than

débarquer, to disembark, land

débat, m., debate, dispute

débattre, to debate, discuss

déborder, to overflow, run over, pass over

débuter, to begin, make one's first appearance, set out

décapiter, to behead

déchaîner, to unchain, let loose

décharger, to discharge, unload, unburden

décider, to decide, determine, induce; se — , to decide, make up one's mind

décisif, -ive, decisive

décision, /., decision

déclarer, to declare

déconcerter, to disconcert, confuse

décontenancer, to abash, put out of countenance

décourager, to discourage ; se — , to become discouraged

découvrir, to discover, reveal

décrire, to describe

défaillir, to fail, grow weak, falter, faint away

défaire, to undo, untie, defeat

défaut, m., defect, weak point, fault ; au — de, in default of

défendre, to defend, forbid

defense, /., defense, fortification, prohibition

défenseur, m., defender, champion

défensif, -ive, defensive

défensive, /., defensive

défier, to defy, challenge; se — de, to distrust, suspect

défiler, to file by, march past

définir, to define, determine

dégager, to set free, deliver ; se — , to disengage oneself, get free

dégradant, - e, degrading, debasing

degré, m., degree, step, ladder

dehors, outside, out, out of doors; au — , outside, in public

déjà, already

délaisser, to leave, forsake

délicat, -e, delicate

délier, to untie

délivrance, /., deliverance, release

délivrer, to deliver, set free

demain, to-morrow

demande, /., demand, question

demander, to ask, ask for, demand ; se — , to wonder ;il ne demande pas

mieux, he asks nothing better démarche, /., proceeding,

step, course démêler, to disentangle, clear up, distinguish, solve, fathom démenti, ra., contradiction,

refutation demeure, /., abode, dwelling, home demi, -e, half; à — , halfway, half demi, m., half demi-mot, m., hint ; entendre a — , to understand at the slightest hint démon, m., demon, devil dénaturé, -e, unnatural,

perverted, debased départ, m., departure départir, to distribute, allot ; se — , desist, swerve dépense, /., expense, expenses déplaire, to displease déplaisir, m., displeasure ;

faire — à, to displease déplorable, deplorable déployer, to unfold, spread,

out, display déposer, to deposit, testify dépôt, m., deposit, trust,

depot depuis, since, from, after;

— que, since dernier, -ère, last, lowest, latter, greatest, utmost ; ce — , the latter

derrière, behind; — de, behind; adv., behind; par — behind, from behind des = de les

dès, from, since, at; — lors, from that time ; — que, as soon as, when

désarmer, to disarm, calm

désaveu, m., disavowal

descendre, to descend, go down, come down, get out of carriage, etc.

description, /., description

désert, -e, deserted, wild, waste

désert, m., desert, wilderness

désespérant, -e, desperate, hopeless, disheartening

désespéré, -e, desperate, disheartened

déshériter, to disinherit

déshonorer, to dishonor

désigner, to designate, point out, show, choose

désir, desire, wish

désirable, desirable, attractive

dessus, m., top, upper part, upper side, upper hand, advantage

dessus, above, over, on, upon ; au — de, above ; là - — , thereupon, in regard to that, on it

destin, m., destiny, fate

destinée, /., destiny

détendre, unbend, relax,

Vocabulary

take down; se — , relax, weaken

détermination, /., determination, decision

deux, two; tous (les) — , both

devancer, to go before, anticipate, get ahead of, surpass

devant, m., front, the forepart; devant, prep, and adv., before, in front of, in the face of; ahead; aller (venir) au — , to go (come) to meet

dévaster, to devastate, lay waste, plunder

développement, m., development, growth

devenir, to become

devers, towards, before

devoir, must, should, ought, owe, be; dussé-je, even though I had to ; dû, due, due

devoir, m., duty

dévot, -e, devout, pious

dévot, m., devout person, devotee

dévotement, devoutly piously

dévotion, /., devotion

diable, m., devil

diablerie, . /., witchcraf t, deviltry

dieter, to dictate

Dieu, m., God

différence, /., difference

difficile, difficult, hard;

c'est le plus — , that is the most difficult part

difficulté, /., difficulty

digne, worthy

dimanche, m., Sunday

diocèse, m., diocese

dire, to say, tell, name, call; c'est à — , that is to say; pour ainsi — , so to speak

dire, m., words, statement, deposition

direct, -e, direct

directement, directly

diriger, to direct

discrétion, /., discretion; se mettre à sa — , to submit to, lay oneself at the mercy of

discuter, to discuss, debate

disparaître, to disappear

disperser, to disperse

disposition, /., disposition, arrangement

dispute, /., dispute

disputer, to dispute, contend for; disputé entre, disputed by

dissiper, to dissipate, disperse, waste

distance, /., distance

distinctement, distinctly

distinction, /., distinction, difference

distinguer, to distinguish, make out

dit, -e, surnamed, called

dit, m., saying, maxim

divin, -e, divine

divinité, /., divinity diviser, to divide, distribute dix, ten

dix-huit, eighteen dix-neuf, nineteen docile, docile, submissive docilement, with docility,

submissively docte, erudite, learned docteur, m., doctor doctrine, /., doctrine doigt, m., finger dolent, -e, doleful, woeful,

sad domaine, m., domain, property dominer, to dominate, rule,

rise above dominicain, m., Dominican

friar dominicain, -e, Dominican dommage, m., damage, loss,

hurt; c'est — , it's a pity don, m., gift done, therefore, then, pray,

of course, to be sure donjon, m., turret of castle,

dungeon donnée, /., datum; pi., data,

facts known donner, to give, present; —

dans ce piège, to fall in

this trap dont, of which, of whom,

whose, from, on or by

which or whom Dorothée, /., Dorothea dos, m., back; montrer le — ,

to flee

doucement, sweetly, softly, gently, quietly

douceur, /., sweetness, gentleness, softness

douleur, /., grief, pain, sorrow

douloureusement, grievously, painfully

douloureux, -euse, painful

doute, /., doubt

douter, to doubt; — de, to doubt, suspect; se — (de), to suspect

douteux, -euse, doubtful

doux, douce, sweet, gentle, soft, mild

douzaine, /., dozen

douze, twelve

dragon, m., dragon, dragoon

drame, m., drama, tragedy

drap, m., cloth, sheet

dresser, to raise, set up, erect, put up, draw up, prepare

droit, m., right, law, decree ; être de — , to be according to law ; le bon — , right, reason

droit, -e, right, straight, direct ; à droite, on the right

du = de les

dû, due, see devoir

duc, m., duke

duché, m., duchy

dûment, duly

dune, /., down, sand-hill

dur, -e, hard, harsh, cruel

durer, to last, last long, endure

Vocabulary

eau, /., water; V — d'angoisse (see note)

éblouir, to dazzle; s' — , to be dazed, be dazzling

éblouissant, -e, dazzling

ecclésiastique, m., clergyman, priest, ecclesiastic

ecclésiasastique, ecclesiastical, of the church

échafaud, m., scaffold, gallows, platform

échafauder, to erect scaffolding

échanger, to exchange

échapper (à), to escape, escape from; s' — à, to escape from

échec, ra., check, repulse

échelle, /., ladder, steps, scale

écho, m., echo

éclairer, to light, light up, illumine, inform

éclatant, -e, shining, dazzl-

, ing

éclater, to burst, burst forth, break out, blaze out

écossais, m., Scotch, Scotchman

Ecosse, /., Scotland

écouler, to run, flow, pass by; s' — , to flow, pass by, elapse

écouter, to listen, listen to

écraser, to crush, destroy

écrier (s'), to exclaim, cry out

écrire, to write

écriteau, m., bill, poster,

f sign

écrouelles, /., pi., scrofula (see note)

écuyer, ra., equerry, squire

édifiant, -e, edifying, instructive

édifier, to build, erect

effacer, to efface

effect, m., effect ; en — , in fact, indeed

effort, ra., effort

effrayer, to frighten, be frightful; s' — , to become frightened

effroi, ra., fright, terror

effroyable, frightful, horrible

égaler, to equal

égard, ra., regard, consideration; à r — de, in regard to

église, f., church; l'Église, the Roman Catholic Church

élan, ra., spring, dash, rush, outburst, ardor

élancer (s'), to throw oneself, rush forward, spring

élégance, /., elegance, nicety

élevée, -e, high, tall, stately, elevated, exalted

élever (s'), to raise oneself, arise

élire, to ele^t, choose; les élus, the elect

elle, she, it, her;— même, herself

éloigné, -e, distant

éloigner (s'), to go away, withdraw

éloquence, /., eloquence

éluder, to elude, evade

embarassant, -e, embarassing, troublesome

embarasser, to embarrass

embellissement, m., embellishment

embrasser, to embrace, kiss

embuscade, /., ambuscade.

emmener, to lead away, take away, carry off

émotion, /., emotion, feeling

émouvoir, to excite, move, affect; s' — , to become moved, excited, or aroused

empêcher, to prevent, hinder, keep from

employer, to employ, use

empoisonner, to poison

emporter, to carry off, take away, carry by storm, overcome

empressé, -e, eager, in haste, hastily

empresser (s'), to be eager, hasten

ému, see émouvoir

en, (pro.), of it, of him, etc; some, with it, by it, etc.

en, (prep.) j in, into, to while, on, as, like

enchaîner, to enchain

encore, again, yet, still, more

encourager, to encourage

encre, /., ink

endroit, m., place

endurcir, to harden

enfance, /., infancy, childhood; acts, deeds, or follies of youth (archaic in this sense)

enfant, m., and /., child

enfer, m., hell

enfin, finally, at last, in short

enfuir (s'), to flee

engager, to engage, bind, enlist

enhardir, to encourage, embolden

énigme, /., enigma

ennemi, m., enemy

enragé, -e, enraged, mad, furious

enrager, to enrage

enricher, to enrich

enseignement, m., teaching, instruction

ensemble, m., whole, general effect; ensemble, adv., together, conjointly

ensuivre (s'), to follow, result

ensuite, then, next, afterwards

entendre, to hear, understand, intend, mean

enterrer, to bury

enthousiasme, m., enthusiasm

enthousiaste, m., and /., enthusiast

entier, — ère, entire, whole, complete ; en — , entirely

Vocabulary

entièrement, entirely,

wholly entourer, to surround, encompass entraîner, to drag, carry

away, win over entre, between, among; —

les mains, in his (her)

hands entrée, /., entrance, entry entrefaites, ra., pi., interval ;

sur ces — , meanwhile entreprendre, to undertake,

attempt entreprise, /., enterprise,

undertaking entrer, to enter, come in;

— dans, enter entretien, m., support, maintenance, conversation

envers, to, towards

envie, /., desire, envy; avoir

— de, to wish to environ, about, nearly envoler (s*), to fly away envoyé, m., envoy envoyer, to send épargner, to save, spare épaule, /., shoulder épée, /., sword éperdu, -e, bewildered, distracted, desperate

episcopal, -e, episcopal époque, /., epoch, time, period épouvanter, to terrify épreuve, /., trial, proof éprouver, to feel, experience, try

équiper, to equip, fit out

ermite, m., hermit, anchorite

errer, to wander, err

escalade, scaling (of wall), escalade

espace, m., space

espèce, /., species, sort, kind

espérance, /., hope, expectation

espérer, to hope, hope for

espoir, m., hope

esprit, ra., mind, intelligence, wit, spirit ; — fort, free-thinker

essayer, to try, attempt

essentiel, -le, essential

essuyer, to wipe

est, ra., east

estimer, estimate, value

estime, /., esteem, value, esteem

et, and; — .... — , both .... and

établir, to establish, set up,

^ build

état, ra., state, condition

été, ra., summer

étendard, ra., standard, banner

éternel, -le, eternal, ceaseless

étole, /., stole

étonnement, m , astonishment

étonner (s'), to be astonished

étrange, strange

étranger, -ère, foreign

Michèle? 's Jeanne D 'Arc

étranger, m., foreigner,

stranger être, to be; — à, belong to, be on the side of; il n'y est pour rien, he is in no way concerned, has nothing to do with être, m., being étreindre, to clasp, squeeze eucharistie, /., Eucharist eux, they, them, themselves évangile, m., Gospel; l'Évangile, the Gospel éveiller, to awaken, arouse; s' — , awake, be awakened événement, m., event évêque, m., bishop évident, -e, evident éviter, avoid, spare exalté, -e, exalted, glorified exalter, to exalt, excite examen, m., examination examinateur, m., examiner examiner, to examine excellence, /., excellence, excellency, perfection excepté, except excepter, to except, exclude excès, m., excess exciter, to excite, urge,

arouse exclure, to exclude, debar exécrable, execrable exécution, /., execution exemple, m., example; par — , for example, indeed exhorter, to exhort exiger, to exact, require, demand

existence, /., existence, life exister, to exist expédier, to send off, dispatch expédition, f ., expedition expérience, /., experience expier, to expiate, atone for explication, /., explanation expliquer, to explain explosion, /., explosion exprès, on purpose, expressly expressément, expressly,

strictly expressif, -ive, expressive exprimer, to express extérieur, -e, exterior, outer extérieur, m., exterior extrémité, /., extremity

fabriquer, to manufacture

face, /., face, front

facétieux, -euse, facetious, merry

facile, easy, ready, yielding, weak

façon, /., fashion, way, manner

faculté, /., faculty

fagot, m., fagot, bundle of fagots

faible, feeble, weak

faiblesse, /., feebleness, weakness

faiblir, to grow feeble, weaken

Vocabulary

faillir, to fail, err, come near

faim, /., hunger

faire, to do, make, act, cause, produce; tell, say; be (of weather); ne — que, do nothing but; — tant que, make such efforts that; — venir, send for ; — mourir, have killed; se — , be done, be made; become, take place, turn oneself into

faiseur, m., maker, one who makes a motion (parliamentary)

fait, m., fact, deed, event

falloir, to be necessary, must, should, have to, need

fameux, -euse, famous

famille, /., family

fanatique, m., and /., fanatic

fanatique, fanatical, fanatic

fanatisme, m., fanaticism

fatiguer, to fatigue, weary, tire

fausser, to falsify, violate, break (faith)

faute, /., fault, error, mistake

faux, fausse, false

faveur, /., favor

favorable, favorable

favori, -te, favorite

favoriser, to favor, be partial to

fée, /., fairy

féliciter, to congratulate féminin, -e, feminine, of

woman femme, /., woman, wife féodal, -e, feudal fer, m. y iron; pi., fetters ferme, firm; firmly fermement, firmly fermé, -e, closed, enclosed fermer, to close fermeté, /., firmness férocité, /., ferocity fête, /., festival, holiday feu, m., fire, burning février, m., February fidèle, faithful; les fidèles,

the faithful, the believers fief, m., fief fièrement, proudly figure, /., face, countenance,

figure, form figurer, to figure, represent,

typify

fil, m., thread, wire; passer au — de Tépée, to put to the sword

filer, to spin, file by

fille, /., girl, daughter, maiden

fils, m., son

fin, /., end, death

finesse, /., delicacy, shrewdness

finir, to finish, end, die; en — , put an end to, have it over with; — par, to end by, finally

flamme, /., flame

flanc, m., flank, side

Flandre, /., Flanders

fleur, /., flower, blossom; — de lis, fleur-de-lis (emblem of French royalty)

fleurdeliser, to mark with fleur-de-lis

fleuve, m., river

flot, m., wave, flood, crowd

flottant, -e, floating, unsteady, irresolute, changeable

flotte, /., fleet

foi, /., faith

fois, /., time ; une — , once ; à la — ,at the same time

fol, see fou

folie, f., insanity, madness, folly

fond, m., bottom, depths, back, background ; au — , at bottom, in reality

fondement m., foundation

fontaine, /., fountain, spring

force, /., force, strength, vigor, power

forcer, to force, take by force

forêt, /./forest

forme, /., form, figure, shape

former, to form, make

formidable, formidable

formule, /., formula

fort, strong, vigorous, clever, shrewd ; adv., very, very much

'fortement, strongly, firmly

fortifier, to fortify, strengthen

fortuit, -e, fortuitous, accidental

fossé, m., ditch, moat

fou, folle ( fol before vowels, and also an archaic form), mad, crazy

foule, /., crowd, multitude

fouler, to trample, press; — aux pieds, trample under foot

fragile, fragile, frail

français, m., French (language)

Français, m., Frenchman

France, /., France

François, old spelling for Français,

frapper, to strike, knock

frauder, to defraud

frayeur, /., fright

frémir, to shudder, tremble

frère, brother, friar

froid, m., cold

froid, -e, cold

froidement, coldly, cooly .

fruit, m., fruit; pi., fruit

fugitif, -ive, fugitive, flitting

fugitif, m., fugitive

fuir, to flee, flee from

fureur, /., fury, passion

furieux, -euse, furious

fuyard, m., fugitive, runaway

Vocabulary

gagner, to gain ,win, reach, earn ; spread; — de Vitesse, to win by outstripping

gai, -e, gay, merry, cheerful

gaiement, gaily, merrily

galop, m., gallop; an grand — , at full gallop

garçon, m., boy, fellow

garde, /., guard, police, watch

garder, to guard, keep, watch, protect ; se — de, take care not to

garnison, /., garrison

Gascon, m., Gascon; Gascon dialect

gascon, -ne, Gascon

gâter, to spoil

gauche, left, awkward; à — , on the left

gendarmerie, /., military police, constabulary; soldiers (in this sense archaic)

général, m., general

général, -e, general ; en — , generally

généralement, generally

genou, m., knee

gens, m., pi., people, attendants; — d'armes, archaic for — de guerre, soldiers

gentil, -le, nice, pleasant pretty; gentle or noble (archaic in this latter sense)

gentilhomme (pi., gentilshommes), m., gentleman,

nobleman germer, to sprout, spring

up glaive, /., sword (poetical) glpire, /., glory glorieux, -euse, glorious,

conceited, proud Godden, (see note) gorge, /., throat gourmer, to cuff, thump; se

— , pummel each other goûter (de), to taste, enjoy,

relish gouttière, /., gutter (or

spout) of roof gouverner, to govern, direct gouverneur, m., governor,

tutor grâce, /., grace, charm;

mercy, pardon, thanks ;

leur faire de — , to spare

them gracieusement, kindly,

graciously grand, -e, great, grand,

tall, large; les grands;

the great people, the

nobles; avoir grand' peur,

to be very much afraid Grande-Bretagne, /., Great

Britain grandeur, /., greatness, size,

grandeur grandir, to grow, grow tall,

increase grave, grave, serious

gravité, /., gravity, solemnity

gré, m., satisfaction, wish, pleasure ; en — , in good part; de — ou de force, willing or unwilling

grenier, m., garret, attic

grimace, /., grimace

gronder, to scold, grumble

gros, -se, big, large, heavy, coarse, swollen, high

grossier, -ère, coarse, rough, rude, low

grossir, to grow big, increase, swell ; aller grossissant, keep growing larger

guère, scarcely ; ne — ,

scarcely

guérir, to cure, get well

guerre, /., war

ha, ah! oh!

habile, skillful, clever

habit, m., coat, garb; pi., coats, clothes

habitant, m., inhabitant

habituer, to habituate, accustom

hache, /., axe, battle-axe

haine, /., hatred, hate

haïr, to hate

haleter, to pant, gasp, be out of breath

'hallebarde, /., halberd

'hanter, to haunt

'hardi, -e, bold, fearless

'hardiment, boldly

'hareng, m, herring; bataille des Harengs, see note

'hasard, m., hazard, chance, risk

'hasarder, to risk; se — , venture, risk

'hâte, /., haste, hurry; avoir — -, to be in a hurry; à la — , in haste

'haut, m., height, top

'haut, -e, high, tall, loud, illustrious, sublime; adv., aloud, loudly ;en — , upstairs, above; d'en — , from above, spiritual

'hauteur, /., height

hélas, alas!

'héraut, m., herald; — d'armes, herald-at-arms

herbe, /., grass

héréditaire, hereditary

hérésie, /., heresy

hérétique, m., and /., heretic

hérétique, heretical

héritier, -ère, m., and /., heir, heiress

héroïque, heroic

héroïsme, m., heroism

hésiter, to hesitate

'hêtre, m., beach-tree

heure, /., hour, time, o 'clock

heureusement, happily, fortunately

heureux, -euse, happy, fortunate

'heurter, to strike against, run into, knock, stumble

histoire, /., history, story

historien, m., historian

Vocabulary

historique, historical

hiver, m., winter

homme, m., man; — de guerre, soldier; — d'armes, man at arms, soldier — d'Église, churchman

honnête, honest, virtuous, respectable

honnêteté, /., honesty, virtue, courtesy, decorum

honneur, m., honor, virtue

honorable, honorable

honorer, to honor

horreur, /., horror; avoir — , to be horrified ; faire — , to horrify

horriblement, horribly

'hors de, out of, beside; — de lui, beside himself (with anger, fear, etc.)

hostile, hostile

hôte, m., host, guest

huile, /., oil

huis, m., door; à — clos, behind closed doors

huissier, m., usher, doorkeeper, bailiff

'huit, eight

humain, -e, human, humane

humanité, /., humanity, mankind, benevolence

humble, humble

humblement, humbly

humiliant, -e, humiliating, degrading

humiliation, /., humiliation

humilier, to humiliate

hussite, m., and /., Hussite

(see note) hymne, m., hymn

ici, here; — bas, here below idéal, m., ideal idéal, -e, ideal idée, /., idea idolâtrie, /., idolatry ignorer, to be ignorant of,

not to know imaginer (s'), to imagine imitation, /., imitation immense, immense, boundless imminent, -e, imminent immobile, immovable, motionless, stable, firm impatience, /., impatience impatient, -e, impatient impérial, -e, imperial impie, impious, wicked impiété, /., impiety, wickedness important, -e, important importer, to be of importance, matter impossible, impossible incendie, m., fire, conflagration incendier, to set fire to,

burn, burn down incertain, -e, uncertain incertitude, /., uncertainty incontestable, incontestable, indisputable

incrédule, incredulous ; incredulous person

inculpé, -e, accused, inculpated

indéfiniment, indefinitely

indélicatesse, /., indelicacy

indépendamment, independently

indien, -ne, Indian

indigne, unworthy, shameful, worthless

indiquer, to indicate, point out, show

indispensable, indispensable

indisposer, to indispose, estrange, set against

indocile, indocile, unmanageable

indolent, -e, indolent

indomptable, indomitable

induire, to induce, lead

infaillible, infallible

inïâme, infamous

infamer, to make infamous (archaic)

infester, to infest, overrun

infiniment, infinitely

information, /., inquiry, information; envoyer aux informations, to make inquiries; prendre des informations, to make inquiries

informer (s'), to inquire, make inquiries

infortuné, -e, unfortunate, unfortunate person

ingravance, /., violence, outrage (Old French)

injure, /., insult; insults, insulting words

injurier, to insult, abuse

injustice, /., injustice

innocence, /., innocence

innombrable, innumerable

inquiéter (s'), to be uneasy, get worried

inquisiteur, m., inquisitor

inquisition, /., inquisition ; T Inquisition, the Inquisition (see note)

insidieux, -euse, insidious, treacherous

insigne, signal, notorious

insister, to insist

insoluble, insoluble

inspiration, /., inspiration

inspiré, -e, m., and /., person inspired by Heaven

instance,. /., instance, entreaty, insistance

instant, m., instant ; à V — , instantly, at once

instruire, to instruct, acquaint, inform

instruit, -e, instructed, learned, informed

instrument, m., instrument

insu, m. : à son — , unknown to him (her)

intelligence, /., intelligence, knowledge

intention, /., intention, purpose

intéressé, -e, interested, concerned in, selfish

intérêt, m., interest

Vocabulary

intérieur, m., interior, inside intérieur, -e, interior, inner interpréter, to interpret interrogatoire, m., examination, trial interroger, to question, ask interrompre, to interrupt interruption, /., interruption intervention, /., intervention intrigant, -e, intriguing;

intriguer introduire, to introduce invincible, invincible invisible, invisible inviter, to invite invocation, /., invocation invoquer, to invoke, appeal

to irrésistible, irresistible irriter, to irritate, excite,

anger isolé, -e, isolated italien, -ne, Italian ivre, intoxicated, drunk

J see je

jacque, ra., or /., jacket (in Old French) ; serf, peasant (see note)

Jacques, James

jadis, formerly, of old

jaloux, -ouse, jealous; jealous person; les — de, those who are jealous of

jamais, never, ever; ne ....

— -, never; à — , for ever jambe, /., leg; à toutes — s,

at full speed Janvier, m., January jardin, m., garden je, I

Jean, John Jeanne, Jane; — Dare (or

— d'Arc), Joan of Arc Jehanne, old spelling of

Jeanne

Jehannette, diminutive of Jehanne (English Janet)

Jésus, Jesus; Jésus Christ, Jesus Christ

jeter, to throw, fling, throw aside ; se — , throw oneself, dash

jeu, m., game, play, sport;

— à côté, a matter of secondary importance

jeudi, m., Thursday

jeune, young, youthful; — fille, girl, young lady

jeûne, m., fasting; jour de — , fast -day

jeûner, to fast

joie, /., joy, pleasure

joindre, to join, clasp; se — , join, unite

jouer, to play

jour, m., day, daylight, light; saints — s, holiday (church); au — même, on the very day; tous les jours, every day; se faire — , to make one's way, break through, appear

journée, /., day, daytime; de la — , during- the day

joyeux, -euse, joyous, cheerful, merry, glad

judaïque, Judaical

juge, m., judge

jugement, m., judgment, trial, sentence, verdict

juger, to judge, sentence

juif, -ive, Jew (Jewess), Jewish

juillet, m., July

juin, m., June

jurer, to swear, swear by

jurisdiction, /., jurisdiction

jusque, to, up to, until; jusqu' à, to, as far as, even; till then, to that point, so far

justement, exactly, precisely, just at that moment; justly

justice, /., justice, court of justice

1' used before on for euphony

1' see le, la

la, see le

là, there, here ; — haut, up there, above, in heaven; de — ,f rom there, from that, hence

laboureur, m., plowman, tiller of the soil

lâcher, to relax, loosen, let

go, release ; — bride à, give free rein to, let go

lacs, m., noose, rope, snare

laïque, lay, secular

laisser, to let, leave, abandon

lait, m., milk

lamenter, to lament; se — , lament

lance, /., lance, spear; shaft

langue, /., tongue, language

languir, to languish, pine away, droop

larme, /., tear; pleurer à chaudes larmes, to shed hot tears

larmoyer, to shed tears, whine, whimper

las, -sse, tired, weary; de guerre lasse, for the sake of peace

le, la (pi. les), the; him, her, it, so; pi., them

leçon, /., lesson

lecture, /., reading

légende, /., legend

légèreté, /., lightness, frivolity; levity, fickleness

légiste, m., legist, lawyer

légitimité, /., legitimacy, rightfulness

lendemain, following day, morrow

lentement, slowly

lenteur, /., slowness

lequel, laquelle, which, who ; which Î who ?

les, see le

lettre, /., letter

Vocabulary

lettré -e, lettered, learned

leur, their; to them

lever, to raise, lift; stand on end (hair), end a meeting; se — , rise, stand up

lèvre, /., lip

libérateur, -trice, m., and /., liberator, deliverer

libre, free

licencié, ra., licentiate, master of arts

licite, lawful

licitement, lawfully

lié, -e, bound, united, intimate

lieu, m., place, reason ; avoir — , to take place ; saint — , sacred spot, shrine

lieue, /., league (2y2 miles)

lieutenant, m., lieutenant

ligne, /., line

limousin, -e, of Limousin, inhabitant of Limousin

lin, m., flax

lire, to read

lisière, /., border, edge, outskirts

liste, /., list

lit, m., bed

litanie, /., long prayer; pi., Litany, prayers

littéraire, literary