CONCLUSION

«f Onze heures et quart, déjà I . . . Vite, rue de Clichy 1 » dit le vieux vicaire à son cocher, en sortant de Thôtel Capdecamp.

Plus la moindre brume, à présent La lune dans son plein. Un ciel lumineux et sonore, à souhait pour les carillons de Noël.

Mais, quand Tabbé Moulin, épuisé de fatigue et d'inanition, 5 très troublé aussi par le souvenir de ses quatre visites, eut remonté son escalier et qu'il rentra chez lui, il crut d'abord que tout le brouillard de la soirée s'était réfugié dans son logis. Seulement, ce brouillard sentait le tabac de la Havane, et le prêtre finit par apercevoir, au sein de cet odorant nuage, le 10 faux yankee Adam Harrison, c'est-à-dire Renaudel, qui, toujours enfoncé dans un fauteuil, les deux pieds sur la tablette de la cheminée, fumait tranquillement son huitième cigare.

^ « Voici vos reçus, » lui dit l'abbé, qui fut pris d'une quinte de toux et ouvrit la fenêtre toute grande. 15

« Parfait, monsieur l'abbé, répondit l'ex-banquier en se levant

et en boutonnant son ulster de voyage, et je vous dispense de

me rapporter les discours tenus sur mon compte par mes anciens

clients. Je craindrais que, malgré tout, ils ne fussent pas tous

des témoignages de considération et d'estime. . . . Vous trouve- 20

rez là, sous votre bréviaire, le billet de mille francs promis. . . .

Nous sommes quittes. . . . Pourtant, quoique je ne sois pas

riche du tout, à présent, je vous ai encore laissé cinq louis de

plus, et voici pourquoi. ... Je ne peux pas rapporter à mon

petit garçon la boîte de soldats de plomb à pantalons rouges 25

qu'il m'a demandée, l'année dernière; je ne tiens pas à lui

rappeler ses souvenirs d'enfance. . . . Mais cela me fait de la peine. ... Et je me suis dit, pour me consoler un peu, que vous auriez la complaisance d'acheter, demain matin, pour cent francs de joujoux et de les distribuer à vos petits chiffonniers

5 de la part du Noël américain. . . . Mais Texpress n'attend pas. . . . Une dernière poignée de main, monsieur Fabbé, et encore merci. »

Et, sans permettre à Tabbé Moulin de le reconduire, le singulier homme s'en alla.

lo Resté seul, le prêtre se mit à sa fenêtre et rêva quelques minutes. Le bonhomme n'était pas pessimiste. Dans cette soirée oU de si grosses sommes avaient passé par ses mains, il avait acquis la preuve que la gloire, la santé, l'amour, l'honneur, — tout ce qui vaut la peine de vivre enfin, — ne s'achetaient pas

15 avec de l'argent, et, dans la naïveté de son cœur, il se promit de remercier Dieu que ce fût ainsi, en disant sa messe de minuit.

The heavy figures refer to pages, the light figures to lines

Geography of Paris, Paris, like some of the world's other great cities, is built largely on a mud-flat along a river, and hence requires embankments to protect it against river floods. At Paris, as at St. Petersburg, thèse embankments take the form of stone " quays," the greatest in the world. Compare the earthen " levées " at New Orléans, and the " High Street " of Rotterdam.

The Seine flows in a curve through the center of Paris, dividing the south of the dty from the north, east, and west. The heart of the city is the center of trade and amusement north of the river, and of éducation and government south of the river. The educational district is famous under the name of the Latin Quarter, handed down from the days when ail higher éducation was in Latin. Its traditional réputation is that of a nest of students with plenty of joviality but very little money, and a center of literary and artistic Bohemianism (see note to 14 20) ; lately the cutting of broad avenues through its old slums, as well as the unwillingness of students to live in slum fashion, hâve transformed a great part of it, but the transformation is not yet complète. West of it is the Faubourg Saint-Germain, known as le noble faubourgs the résidence of the old nobility and the site of most of the government offices ; a quiet quarter except for the great department store of Paris, the Bon Marché, The rich live in the west of the city, north of the river ; the lower classes, and the lower middle class, in the north and east, and south of the river. Of thèse régions, the south and the extrême east hâve the most impoverished and least crowded population, though it is not rare for professional men associated with the schools or hospitals to live south of the river. The Faubourg Saint- Marcel, or Saint-Marceau (see note to 231), southeast of the Latin Quarter, was known in the days of sulphur matches as the^«bourg souffrant " from the manufacture of soufré matches and from the wretched poverty of its people." (The word faubourgs properly

* suburb/ means in Parisian geography one of those parts of Paris which were the suburbs in the seventeenth centuiy. They are now nearer to the heart of the dty than to its edge.) The north and the middle east hâve a denser population with less of deep poverty. Immigrant wage-earners (Belgians, Germans, etc.) live in the more crowded lower-class régions.

It must be noticed, howèver, that in Paris it is ordinary for the poor and the well-to-do to live in one house, the poor on the upper floors and the comparatively rich on the lower, in a continuous gradation of wealth from top to bottom.

The greatest height in Paris is the " hill of Montmartre " on the north, 340 feet above the Seine ; this ndghborhood, the most crowded of the outermost sections of the city,»contains many low-priced places of entertainment. The greatest height south of the river is the "mountain" of St. Geneviève, largely coinciding with the Latin Quarter. It is so named because the fifth-century prophetess, the patron saint of Paris, was buried in the church on its summit. Just before the Révolution the church was rebuilt in the classical style, with a dôme 272 feet high (much greater than the height of the ** mountain " on which it stands, even if the latter be taken from the level of the sea without allowing for the 80 feet of différence between the Seine at Paris and the sea), and dedicated to the saint who was buried there. In the Révolution it was secularized as a burial-place for the great men of France, under the name Panthéon, the remains of the saint's body being removed and burned, though historically she was one of the great women of France. It has since been twice reconsecrated and twice resecularized. A smaller height, the Butte aux Cailles, lies in the southernmost corner of Paris. The cemetery of Montparnasse (* Mount Pamassus '), west of the hollow between thèse two, takes its name from a height which was the meeting-place of certain literary men of the Latin Quarter at one time ; the top of the " Mount " is just level with the top of its railway station — to be sure the railway is elevated above the street.

1 1 Nom d'an chien : one of the ordinary coUoquial methods of dodging the use of a divine name in oaths.

1 2 à couper au : * fit to eut with a.' — brouillard de veille de Noël : an excellent example of the fréquent possibility of translating de by simply

areno^ andti:

betffi*

utteï*

etery^ en thés

of'

reversing the order of the nouns in English, omitting the de, This method of translation should not be overworked, but proper occasions for its use are fréquent. The modifying noun, if plural, usually becomes singular in its English transposition : marchand de marrons * chestnutvender/ not *chestnuts-vender.*

15 — silhouettes fantastiques — : Coppée uses the dash somewhat liberally, nearly as in English. Conservative French usage would restrict it to the f unction of marking either a new. speaker in dialogue or a sudden change to a new topic, and would replace it everywhere else by^he comma, parenthèses, or suspensive points (...). Some writers of récent date adhère to this rule, others extend the use of the dash further ; but even of those who extend it, many do not go as far as Coppée.

16 les ( before mains and poches) : * their,' or (not so well in this passage) omit.

117 Le: ' a * or ' what a.*

1 19 bœuf, âne : the correct beasts for a manger in Palestine, where the sheep are penned outdoors and the ordinary citizen has no horse. Doubtless Coppée is thinking of the paintings of this scène, and this may explain his disregard of the scriptural record that the baby was promptly given a heavy wrapping. Compare 26 22.

1 22 ne va pas : * is at a standstill.'

2 6 morale : this réduction of Christianity to a mère moral System is a concession to the taste of rationalist readers. But it hardly fits the following word console^ for the moral precepts of Christianity are not its most consoling feature. Complaisance and accuracy of language are hard to combine.

210 troisième: in French houses the ground floor, our **first," is called rez-de-chaussée 'i the second, entresol \ the third, premier étage \ the fourth, deuxième or second étage, etc. See monté , , . au premier éiage^ 51 27-28. The troisième étage would correspond to our fifth story.

2 11 me de Cllchy : half a mile long, running from the church of La Trinité directly away from the heart of the city; a quarter of a mile east of, and parallel to, the tracks of the Gare Saint-Lazare, the principal terminal station for railway trains entering Paris from the west and northwest. Hence the lodging will be one of the cheapest that neamess to the church permits. The honnête criminel who gives the title to this chapter will not trust himself far away from the Gare Saint- Lazare; this requires us to start the story in this locality, though it takes several paragraphs to explain how the poor men's priest comes to be settled in a rich men*s church.

2 16 et qni : * and one who ' ; English does not allow ** and who " or ** and which " except after a preceding relative clause. So et çue, 1. 18, 'which* without 'and.* — n'avait . . . cacheter: this phrase (also n'a pas inventé la poudre) is équivalent to our ** will never set the Tbames on fire."

223 de charbonnier : *homely.'

224 bonnes : * kindly/ almost * simple/ not * good.'

2 90 y avait passé : * had gone that way.*

231 sol : équivalent to sou. About the middle of the twelfth century, / before a consonant began to be softened into u ; compare fol before vowel,y<'» before consonant, and cheval^ chevaux \ the ^\\xri\s cheveux and cailloux were so much commoner than the singular that the singular took its form from the plural.

85 vicaire: note that a **vicar" of the Church of England corresponds to a curé in France, and a **curate " to a vicaire, an exact inversion of the names. But vicaire coupled with other words to form a title of higher rank (vicaire général, 44 1) is ** vicar " in English.

3 9 couvert : ' plate.* A couvert is a plate with ail that is put on the table with it. In counting silverware {couverts d'argent, 88 1) a couvert is a fork and spoon. — agent de change, chanteuse d'opérette : the Bourse (Stock Exchange), the Opéra, and the Opëra-Comique are in the neighborhood of La Trinité.

312 éléphantiasique : elephantiasis is a disease in which one or another part of the body is greatly enlarged, not by fat, but by an enormous thickening of the skin and connective tissues.

8 15 la Btttte-aux-Cailles : with small b and no hyphens, the hill so called (see p. 66) ; with capital B and hyphens, a street (preceded by rue de la) or district named from the hill. So saint Michel the archangel, le mont Saint-Michel a height sacred to him, le Mont-Saini-Michel the abbey there.

8 26 Charles X : the last king of the Bourbon dynasty, driven from the throne by the révolution of 1830 because he insisted on maintaining absolute royal power, with ail the oppressions that seemed necessary in order to maintain it, and because he took the priests* side in everything. With ail his despotism, he was an honest and kindly man. His face was slender, with a Roman nose.

4 5 francs-maçons : on the continent of Europe the Freemasons and the Catholic Church are traditionally each of them the bitterest enemy that the other has. In 1904 it was publicly proved that the Freemasons had established an elaborate conspiracy to prevent officers who attended

xnass, or who sent their children to convent schools, from receiving promotion in the French army.

48 Immaculée Conception: the doctrine that the Virgin Mary was exempt from original sin from the beginning of her life ; proclaimed as a doctrine of the Church in 1854, but members of the Church had for more than two centuries before that time been forbidden to deny it publicly. To use this name as referring to the birth of Christ is a popular blunder. — infaillibilité : the doctrine, officially promulgated in 1870 but held by most of the Church some time earlier, that **the Roman Pontiff, when . . . he lays down that a certain doctrine conceming faith or morals is binding upon the universal church, possesses . . . infallibility . . . not in conséquence of the consent of the Church." The traditional doctrine of the French clergy is that the Pope's pronouncements are never " irref ormable " till the consent of the Church is given ; but the ultimate triumph of the contrary view is also largely the work of French clergymen.

4 18 titre . . . demi : * four and a half per cent bond.' There used to be rentes at 5 %, 4^ %, and 3 % ; since 1902 ail are at 3 %.

4 23 buisson d'écrevisses : a pyramid of crawfish with projecting claws mixed with parsley or other green gamish.

4 24 Léoville 74 : * Château Léoville of '74.' Claret is named from the vineyard in which it is made ; not, like Champagne, from the wholesaler who mixes the wines of différent vineyards with other ingrédients. The three Château Léoville vineyards are rated seventh, eighth, and ninth among the ilfty-nine best growths of claret, and the vintage of 1874 was one of the nine famous vintages of the half-century preceding the date of our story.

5 3 hotte : the hotte is the great V-shaped basket strapped to the back for carrying loads up to the utmost of a man's strength.

6 6 un . . . matins : * one of thèse fine mornings,' * some day or other.*

6 9 mottes à brûler : cakes of compressed spent tan-bark for fuel. They give four-fifths as much beat as an equal weight of wood, and are used especially in eastem France. In Paris the trade would not be extensîve.

6 12 mais I ... : the suspensive points (...) correspond to the English dash in its use to îndicate that a speaker leaves his sentence unfinished, or that he hésitâtes, or that he pauses to let the hearer fill out the thought. They are not used, as in English, to indicate that words are omitted in quoting; this is expressed by stars in French.

Some récent Englîsh writers (for instance, Mrs. Browning in works written after she went to Italy) hâve tried to establish in English the use of thèse points as in French and other languages, but hâve failed to make it customary. Coppée seldom uses them except in quoting the words or thoughts of his characters. The meaning hère is not mais l . . . but mais . . ./; that is, mais is not used hère as an interjection but as a conjunction introducing a suppressed exclamatory ' sentence. The best French authorities prescribe that the suspensive points should be put sometimes before the other punctuation mark and sometimes after, as the sensé may require; but it is quite common, whether by the author's fault or by the printer*s, to see every exclamation or interrogation point put before the suspensive points, this being the position that is right for a majority of them. It is so in our text: usually the suspensive points are to be understood as printed, but once in a while the reader must mentally transpose them to précède -the accompanying punctuation mark, the printer of the original édition having put them always in the second place regardless of sensé.

5 15 à coups de poings : i.e. carelessly and hastily.

5 16 chaque ... un œil : a popular expression meaning ** every time she dropped an eye," i.e. rarely or never.

' 5 21 à l'américaine : observe Coppée's conception of American style in 1892, when Paris was annually full of American tourists, and judge how nearly correct your own conceptions of Chinese or Mexican or Russian ways are likely to be.

6 15 fit : the past definite tense of /aire, used, only in this form, as an emphatic synonym of dirgy ' say.* Translate * exclaîmed.*

6 18 du Havre : ' Havre * (/<? Havre), at the mouth of the Seine, is the chief seaport of the west coast of France.

7 10 et d'une : if couleur d*acier is translated by an adjective preceding the English noun, as it should be translated, then et must be omitted in translation.

7 21 franche canaille : * downright,* * thorough * rascal. Note the position of the adjective ; many adjectives differ in meaning according as they précède or follow the noun.

8 2 reste devoir : the infinitive devoir is the heading of the " debtor " column in the ledger, and rester is " be left " in subtraction ; hence ce que je reste devoir — the balance due from me. The faultless Sachs- Villatte dictionary interprets reste in this phrase as '* still be," after the partial payments ; but reste devoir would equally be said if the crédit items were of earlier date.

8 10 va bien : * is a quick one.'

8 23 gare Saint-Lazare : see note to 8 11.

826 la Normandie: launched in 1883, ^^^ between Havre and New York till 1900 ; now running from New York to the West Indies. Ships for England or^Germany touch at Cherbourg in passing; Renaudel prefers the line of the Compagnie générale transatlantique y which, terminating in France, uses the port of Havre and thus gives him the shortest distance to travel on French soil.

8 30 Quelqu'un d'abasourdi : omit de in translation. The construction is at bottom the same as in un louis de pourboire (8 16), pauvre diable d"* escroc (26 26), the noun after de being regarded as expressing the class to which the noun bef ore it belongs ; either of the ** nouns " may be originally an adjective or prqnoun, as in this case, and be translated as such, and the translation will often disregard the de ; often it will retain the de and add * a.'

9 5 en pleuvait : this en must not be neglected in translation.

9 7 réveillon : * Christmas Eve supper.' In Paris the réveillon is a midnight repast, usually partaken of after the midnight mass on Christmas Eve or New Year's Eve.

9 11 vin de quinquina : probably quinine wine, quinine being the active part of cinchona.

9 12 petit orgue : the small organ is used for modest cérémonies in the large churches.

9 13 les mottes etc. : see 6 9 (text).

9 15 à tomber à la renverse : * enough to knock one over.' 9 19 chez lui : * at home,' * in his own home.' The popular statement that French has no word for ** home " has only this much of truth, that it expresses this idea by a préposition and not-by a noun. When a noun is needed, le chez soi is used as such.

9 30 à tête de brigand : * with the brigand face,' inserting * the ' because of cet.

10 5 honnêtement etc. : the methods of American ** big business " were more favorably conceived in Europe in 1892 than they would be to-day after ail the récent scandai about the trusts.

10 17 vie à outrance : * red-hot life.'

10 24 pas vingt francs : the restrictions against criminal and pauper immigration amounted to very little in 1886.

10 29 tout : * anything ' (i.e. reproaches), not * everything ' (i.e. frank confidence).

112 tout: * the whole truth.'

11 9 est mort. Vive : imitating the cry Le roi est tnortî Vive le roil which symbolized, as at the death of Louis XIV, the fact that the kingship is continuous though the person dies.

11 13 ni à Dieu ni à diable : the coupling of thèse names, especially in sweeping négation, is not rare.

11 32 que : predicative and expletive. The logical subject of the whole clause is cette fête^ but the clause is introduced by the démonstrative ce. This renders the meaning more emphatic. It is a construction that is commonly used ; compare c''est une belle ville que Paris.

12 8 Toto : Toto or Totor is the nickname (baby-talk) for Victor, like Fifine for Joséphine, Bibert for Albert. The sélection of the last syllable for reduplication suggests that to French babies, as well as to Englishmen and Germans, the last syllable of a French word does sound like a stressed syllable in spite of what grammarians say ; but it may ^ean merely that the baby's memory is too short to go back to the first syllable.

12 18 en pantalon rouge : French infantry and cavalry wear a blue coat and red trousers.

12 19 ce grand jardin : the Jardin des Tuileries. Les Tuileries (* the tile-works*; Palissy*s pottery-kiln, among others, had stood on this site) was a palace built in the sixteenth century, the chief résidence of French monarchs from Louis XV to Napoléon III. Nearly ail of it was bumed during the Commune (1871), and the site was added to the garden in 1889. The garden is the most important public garden of Paris. Soldiers off duty are often to be seen there.

12 21 la me aux arcades : the Rue de Rivoli.

18 5 ban : strictly, the sentence by which a convict under police surveillance is required to réside within a certain district. Hère the phrase is used loosely ; Renaudel is no Academician in his language.

18 22 c'est comme ça : * that's the way it was.'

14 16 homme de lettres : a professional author is homme de lettres in a French city directory.

14 20 la bohème : with capital B and circumflex ê, Bohemia the country ; with small b, (i) gypsydom, (2) Bohemia, the Bohemian world, of impecunious artists and literary men living outside the social proprieties. The word may suggest anything from unconventionality to squalor ; it tends more toward the latter thought in French than in English.

14 21 pompes à bières : * beer-pumps,' à taking (though less often) the same translation as de^ note to 1 2. The pluralizing of both nouns seems hardly called for; possibly bières may be a misprint for biire^ the two forms sounding alike when read aloud to the French proofreader.

14 22 cafés : a cafi is a place of refreshment where coffee is (at least nominally) the specialty ; not, as in the United States, a place primarily for alcoholic drinks, though it may serve thèse also.

16 1 Jockey : one of the two foremost social clubs in Paris is the Jockey-Club. Ail the letters in its name are pronounced as in French.

16 4 Azlncourt . . . Rosbach: at Agincourt (as the English call it), 141 5, the French were defeated with immense slaughter, particularly of noblemen, by the English under Henry V; at Pavia, 1525, the French under Francis I were beaten by the imperialists under Pescara, and the king, a prisoner in Pescara's camp, sent home a letter commonly quoted as " Ail is lost save honor" ; at Malplaquet, 1709, a " very murdering battle" as Marlborough called it, the French were beaten by the English, Dutch, and Germans, under Marlborough and Eugène — the French lost one man in every eight, the allies one in every four or five, and the wounded French commander wrote home, " If God gives us another defeat like this, your majesty's enemies will be destroyed '* ; the allies were too much exhausted to make any use of their victory ; at Rossbach, 1757, the French and imperialists, taking three hours to break camp, were routed with a loss of more than one man in six by Frederick the Great with half as large a force, who took half an hour to break camp.

16 31 la Salette : a village in southern France, to which pilgrimages are made because the Virgin appeared to two children there in 1846.

16 13 levées : i.e. closed.

16 15 le bonhomme de prêtre : * the worthy priest.' For the idiomatic de compare note to 8 30.

16 22 Moulin-Rouge: a well-known dancing-hall in the Montmartre district (see p. 66). There is a windmill over the building, the arms of which are covered with red lights.

17 2 Rothschild : a wealthy family of European bankers and financiers, established at Frankfort, London, Vienna, and Paris. AU the branches of the family hâve been ennobled, hence de^ which in French surnames is the sign of nobility.

17 3 cintième: popular for cinquième j se. étage (cf. note to 2 10).

17 5 chasseur de Vincennes : certain corps of infantry and light cavalry in the French army are called chasseurs. The chasseurs of Vincennes are light infantrymen, and are distinguished by a forked beard. They always march in double-quick time. — Vincennes : close to Paris on the east; a royal résidence from 1164 to 1740, and a military headquarters since Napoleon's time.

17 6 foie . . . marcassins : the ingrédients are quoted» with one inaccurate détail, from " Macbeth " IV, i.

17 10 café Anglais : this is a fîrst-class café (see note to 14 22) on the Boulevard des Italiens.

17 18 Malfilâtre : a young poet, Norman by birth, who went to Paris to make his fortune. He died at the âge of .thirty, in the year 1767, his health broken by privations and disappointment.

17 24 quai Malaqoais : books, old prints, and engravings are displayed for sale ail along the river at this point.

17 26 acide carbonique : a common and traditional method of suicide in Paris, especially among those who live in small apartments, is to set a pan of charcoal buming in the middle of the room and stop up âll ventilating openings. The poisonous effect is produced by carbon monoxide, but the odor of buming charcoal is due to carbonic acid.

17 28 Escousse: a playwright, bom in Paris in 18 13. He committed suicide at the âge of nineteen on account of the failure of his plays.

1815 Gilbert: Nicolas Gilbert, 1751-1780, a French poet, chiefly noted for his satires. He has been called the French Chatterton. He died in a public hospital, though not of want, having been carried thither after a fall from his horse. — Chatterton: Thomas Chatterton, a Bristol boy, wrote the finest poetry that ever was produced in large quantity by so young a person. At the âge of a little over seventeen he went to London to make his fortune by literature, and three months later (1770) he committed suicide in despair at his failure. Alfred de Vigny's tragedy " Chatterton " helps to make Frenchmen familiar with the story, mixed with much fiction.

18 18 correct : " a correct account " in English would be an account that told the truth ; une relaiton correcte in French would be an account that duly observed the rules of good language or of good manners.

18 29 fait . . . aux huit sous, etc. : remember Ùi2X faire foUowed by an infinitive requires an indirect object when the infinitive has a direct object.

19 8 Crédit foncier : a great French bank for lending money on real estate. It fulfills, in better form, the functions of our mortage agencies.

19 22 en pleine chimère : * completely in the world of chimera.' 19 29 quai d'Orsay: where the Department of Foreign Affairs has its office. /

20 15 la pâtée et la niche : the Academy defines/i^/? as the mixture of bread-crumbs and chopped méat for a dog or cat, niche as a " little portable article of fumiture for a pet dog or cat to go into and lie down."

9029 me: Mn myself.'

21 8 niais comme an cœur : * silly as can be ' ; apparently modeled on the phrase ^(c;// comme un cœur.

21 11 de cape et d'épée : * of the romantic-historical school/ The name cornes f rom the Spanish ** cloak and sword ** plays in which the principal personages belong to the higher classes of society, and wear the picturesque seventeenth-century Spanish dress. The main characteristics of those plays are gallantry, intrigue, and involved plot.

21 12 vandeyiUistes : a vaudeville is not a variety show but a light drama with plenty of songs and dances.

21 13 qui ressemble, etc. : that is, the writer showed no originality. 21 19 cheveux : toupet, * forelock ' (of man or horse), is a familiar

word for impudence, * cheek/ * brass.' Cheveux is hère used for toupet, a.nd pour un chauve makes a pun like ** lots of cheek for a thin man."

2121 Baudelaire: a French poet, 1821-1867, of very Bohemian life; his poems display consummate art applied to morbid subjects ; he and the publisher and the printer of the poems were punished by the French courts for issuing immoral literature.

21 29 pain des forts : such things as strong men can digest and gather strength from. Usually it means religions admonition ; hère it is defined by the foUowing words, which doubtless hint at an object-lesson.

21 90 ses opinions littéraires : thèse few pages give not only a telling satire but a faithful portrait (for the movement has so many absurdities that nothing more than faithful portraiture is necessary to constitute satire) of the most conspicuous type of minor men of letters in France since about 1880 : worshipers nominally of art for art's sake, actually of originality for originality*s sake, without enough genius to get the desired originality otherwise than by writing about some topic which nobody had previously written about because it was either too trivial or too offensive, or by cultivatinga style which nobody else had cultivated because it was considered bad ; paying great attention to criticism because thereby they worship art; copying most of their originality from each other rather than striking it out for themselves, and distinguishing themselves from each other by successively adopting new party names, " a new school of poetry every fifteen years."

22 14 Mécène : * Maecenas,\'Roman statesman and patron of literature ; famous for the greatness of the poets he patronized (Virgil, Horace). — aibsalonien : see 2 Samuel xiv, 26, and 21 19 with its note.

2219 bar: observe the English name for an institution borrowed from England, or rather from America (Sachs-Villatte defines bar as

26 16 moules : in which pastry îs baked in fancy shapes. The artificial originality of his old associâtes is decidedly one of thèse * fashionable pastxy-molds.'

26 21 trop verts : * sour.' The fable of the fox and the grapes is in La Fontaine, iii, ii.

25 23 régime : since vacAg enragée is not expressed in English as an article of food, we must substitute for * diet ' in translation some other Word such as * massage.* For literal translation omit la,

26 10 l'ami : the article gives a tone of familiarity. Omit it in translation.

26 12 Variétés : the Théâtre des Variétés is excellent for vaudevilles, operettas, etc.

26 24 votre affaire : * the thing for you.'

26 28 chansonnier : thèse singers of songs of their own making may be heard in the cafés-concerts.

26 29 fond de Vaugirard : near the slaughter-houses, the most thinlysettled tenement district in Paris, and almost the most remote of ail from Montmartre.

26 33 à la : * in the manner of . ' Dupont ( 1 82 1 -i 870) was a chansonnier notable for the spontaneity and charm of his work.

271 crachait ses poumons: i.e. in tuberculosis. Such rudely vivid expressions are not rare in colloquial French.

28 7 faudrait: an excellent exemplification of the fact that **be necessary" is not the fundamental meaning oi falloir.

.28 9 I^ . . . prendras: a Une from the rimed version of the Ten Commandments taught to children in the catechism.

28 14 ancien militaire : *old soldier,' i.e. war-horse. — ayant . . . sang : *with some sort of a pedigree.'

29 16 tables à pupitres : the pupils sat at long tables, each girl having a little movable desk set on the table at her place.

29 21 dictature : bef ore continuons Systems of dating were invented, a date was given by naming the chief officer of the state ; thus ** when Plancus was consul " = 42 b.c. ; this is especially familiar in Latin literature, which Coppée is hère imitating. In the révolution of 1848 the new govemment made Cavaignac dictator to put down a local insurrection ; after the hardest fighting that Paris ever saw (June 23-26) he held power for some months.

29 26 reinette : several apples of différent colors bear this name. 80 1 à : the préposition bids us understand by ** sausage-meat " hère not méat out of a sausage, but méat prepared as if for putting into one.

802 11 fallait voir: *you should hâve seen/ Filles ought to be translatée in the possessive case before paires^ but this is impossible on account of immobiles etc. ; so one must either transpose so as to translate voir . . . yeux after admiration^ or (doubtless worse) ovocA. paires.

80 7 se tenaient en arrêt : * waited like pointer dogs * ; the dog is en arrêt when it points. A gun is en arrêt when cocked, but there can be little doubt that Coppée had the dog in mind.

80 16 pourvue du : * to a teacher that had a ' ; the cleamess that is given in French by the declension of the participle cannot hère be reproduced in English without inserting a noun.

80 29 Halle: the iron and glass buildings of the Halles Centrales cover a block] of about ten acres, and there are smaller public markets in other parts of Paris.

80 30 vous ..." rftleuse " : * getting yourself told that you " don't want one." ' A râleuse is a shopper who looks at everything without buying anything.

80 33 Chevet : a celebrated caterer of Paris.

82 16 nimium . . . norint : from Vergil, ** Georg^cs," ii, 458 ; * ail too lucky if they were to know their blessings.'

82 16 la Joie fait peur : a popular play by Madame de Girardin (1804- 1855), in which a mother is for some time kept in ignorance of the safety of her son, who was thought to hâve been killed.

8233 Mont*^e-Piété : a pawnshop under govemmental or charitable management. French policy grants a monopoly of pawnbroking to one officiai establishment in each town. That of Paris lends at 7%, on a twelve months' pledge with privilège of renewal, and makes a small profit on large loans, which goes to charity.

8817 Bescherelle: * Bescherelle's dictionary'; five éditions 1844- 1857, two more up to 1887, none since.

88 28 grand'faim : in old French the form grand was masculine or féminine ; this use survives in two or three dozen familiar combinations with féminine nouns, but is now written grand* with apostrophe as if a féminine e had been dropped.

88 29 doigt : properly, a finger-breadth of depth in the glass ; doubtless it is hère used loosely like our ** drop."

842 fonctionner: this verb applies to machines, or organs of the body, which "work," i.e. perform their proper opération in a normal manner. In translation it is perhaps impossible to avoid suggesting a différent sensé of ** work " ; but whatever can be done toward avoiding this suggestion. should be done.

8o ON REND L'ARGENT

84 13 xotigie : by just enough wine to color it.

86 20 porter: *putting.'

87 15 n'ont plus que l'âme : * are wom to a shadow/

87 16 du terme : * in which rent-day cornes ' ; once in three months by Parisian custom.

8811 eUes: *themselves/

88 26 même . . . peut : transpose the parts of this in translating.

89 1 de derrière les fagots : * from behind the stack of wood ' ; i.e. such as the vineyardist (see note to 4 24) has kept for a long time in a seldom-disturbed part of his cellar.

89 7 d'excellentes affaires : * an excellent business/

89 9 descendu de : * down off .'

40 7 la droite : the custom of parliamentary bodies in most countries is that the conservative and reactionary members sit on the présidentes right, the libéral and radical members on his left ; and wherever more than two or three parties are strong it is common to group the parties as " the Right," " the Left," ** the Center." In France the monarchists were the dominant élément of the Right until 1889; and in 1891, though their représentatives were no longer numerous, it was not yet understood that their collapse was permanent.

40 8 le cabinet : in almost ail countries except the United States it is the business of the heads of the departments of govemment, called ** ministers/' to take the lead in proposing législation ; and wherever the power of the people is dominant it is understood to be the duty of the ministers to resign their office when a majority of the législative body is found to be against them. Hence it is the object of the " opposition " to find an issue on which enough members will vote against " the ministry," " the cabinet," " the govemment," to put them out of power and put the opposition in their place.

40 9 courant d'air: there are few countries where the belief that drafts are dangerous to the health is more gênerai than in France.

40 10 antipathique : observe hère, as well as on p. 4, the implication that in France a hearty republican is likely to be hostile to the church.

40 13 Basly : a socialist member of the Chamber of Deputies, a leader of strikes and a defender of violent methods in strikes;.had publicly advised an audience to shoot on the streets most of his fellowmembers ; had voted against forbidding members of the royal family to live in France, expressing a préférence for letting them in and confiscating ail their property. — le duc de la Rochefoucauld : the formally recognized head of the monarchist party in the Chamber ; immensely

NOTES 8l

wealthy ; fond of forming coalitions with anybody who would help him against the republican govemment.

4014 betteraves: the beet-sugar industry is very large in France. From 1884 to '^91 there was a great deal of législation for the taxation and régulation of this industry, each law causing so much dissatisfaction that it was soon displaced by a new one.

40 15 cinquante centimes : this is one half of one per cent, for the French quotation of the price of rentes (this name is used in the plural in English) is the price of a bond whose par value is 100 francs. '

40 18 Parthénon : the Parthenon (Greek for * maiden's room '), or temple of Athena at Athens, was the most beautiful building of antiquity. Part of its sculptured frieze is still on the Parthenon, half was carried to Ëngland by Lord Elgin in 180 1 and is in the British Muséum among the Elgin Marbles, and part is lost. Note that every ^ of a Greek or Latin name, unless followed by two consonant sounds or by a final consonant other than j, must take an accent mark when the name is used in French ; the use of unaccented final ^ in a name like Pénélope is not a rétention of the Greek e without accent, but is an abandonment of the Greek ending and a substitution of a French ending, exactly as in Camille for Camilla or Camillus. Hence, to get the English équivalent for a Greek or Latin name found in French, keep the same letters, but omit the accent marks and sometimes change the ending of the name.

4019 chevaux: the frieze represents the procession at the great feast of Athena ; more than half is taken up with the horseback procession, including the préparations for mounting.

40 20 en : translate hère like dey note to 1 2, and ày note to 14 21.

40 22 Minerve : * Minerva * is Latin for Athena.

40 23 pouvant . . . moins : * being able to do the greater, he could also do the less'; proverbial. Observe that the English comparative preceded by " the," and not followed by a noun, is in French not distinguishable from the superlative ; so pour le mieux * for the better.* So also the comparative when applied in a superlative sensé to two things: Shakespeare's "Four legs! . . . l'U pull thee by the lesser legs " would hâve les moindres jambes in French. Instances of the superlative without the article may also be found : the Academy g^ves il est à qui plus lui donne ' he belongs to whoever g^ves him mosty* and il va oà il y a plus à gagner \ it says under mieux that " ordinairement " the superlative takes the article, under pire " toujours," but it defines the substantive use of pis as " ce qu'il y a de pire," and the examples

that follow show that this pire without article is * worst.' Finally, observe a tendency to displace the absolute comparative by a positive: tUni ' elder,* bas or d^en bas * lower,' and their opposites.

40 26 série des prix : the municipal govemment régulâtes the charge for work of the kind hère described, as hack fares are regulated among us ; the list of prices may be consulted at the city hall.

41 4 mêlé-cassis : cassis is a cordial made from three parts sugar, four parts black-currant juice, twelve parts brandy, and some spice ; mêUcassis' is a mixture of this with brandy.

41 17 qui s'éteint : ' going out.' Such correspondence of çui with an English participial construction is common. No better way of translating the next çui will be found. — fourgonner : the Academy defines this word as, first, to poke the fire with a poker (/ouf^n) ; second, to stir it needlessly and harmfully with the tongs, this latter sensé being coUoquial.

41 21 tout: the réduction of a l*air to a single word in translation makes it easy to translate tout as if modifying une bécasse^ but to do so would decidedly impair the force of the sentence.

41 24 pas vrai : exactly like the German nicht wahr, équivalent to the better French n'' est-ce pas directly above. There is no need of assuming that the old woman's language is under German influence, for pas vrai is coUoquially current enough. — crois bien : ' do believe.*

41 26 un fond de bouteille : * the bottom of a bottle ' ; doubtless it would hâve seemed to her employers like more than that. — cognac: properly, brandy made within about forty miles of the town of Cognac. There is some tendency to give this name improperly to ail brandy, partly in conséquence of the gênerai disposition to give ail goods the name of their finest quality, partly because the other French name for brandy, eau-de-vie^ is also properly applied to ail spirits, e.g. whisky.

41 28 n'ai jamais aimé : * never did like.' In ail the preceding sentences the perfect tense should be translated as a simple past.

42 1 plan . . . élévation : the ordinary complète architectural drawing. The * plan ' is the map pf the walls and floors as if the top of the building were eut off horizontally ; the ' section,' the view of the inside as if half the building were eut away by a vertical eut ; the ' élévation,* the outside view.

42 9 encadrés : the gender will help to make the syntax clear even for those who do not know the rule.

42 17 des, de, de : the change from des to de means that the logements are thought of as so many individual buildings, but the chefs are not

thought of as individual persons but as a claâs of person for whom the quarters are destined ; de chef de gare is adjectival, so to speak, rather than possessive. Translate de before chef by the possessive case or by « for.*

42 23 Phidias : reputed to be the greatest sculptor who ever lived. No genuine work of his is now known, but the décorations of the Parthenon are commonly spoken of as his.

42 28 Caracalla : the nickname by which the son of Septimius Severus, emperor of Rome, is universally known. He is famous for buildings, massacres, and taxes, and for murdering his brother when he became emperor in the year 211 ; it was believed, from his actions, that remorse allowed him no rest from that time onward. His Thermae, or **baths," were one of the most palatial structures of ancient Rome, covering a forty-acre square; Diocletian's Therms were still larger, but less artistic. Such **baths" contained not only actual bathingpools and dressing-rooms, but also gymnasia, gardens, libraries, and even theaters.

42 29 son voyage d'Italie : both the possessive pronoun and the choice of the préposition {de^ not en) draw attention to the fact that a visit to the great Italian masterpieces of art is a regular thing for every artist who aims to rise to the highest rank.

42 31 qui se respecte : translate by note to 41 17. Of compounds with soi and a participle, resembling the English translation of this phrase, French has only soi-disant and soi-mouvant.

48 21 remontant : * going up . . . on their way home.'

48 24 Thésée et PixithoUs: legendary heroes. Theseus killed the Minotaur, a cannibalistic monster with a buU's head and a man's body, and helped his friend Pirithous (observe that English makes much less use of the diaeresis mark than French, even when the vowels must be kept apart in pronunciation) in the great battle by which the Centaurs, créatures in whom ail of a man but the bips and legs is made to grow on to ail of a horse but the head, were driven from the country.

44 1 qui vient : hère, as in se respecte^ 42 32, a generalizing efïect is given by using the présent tense where the ordinary séquence of tenses would call for an imperfect. But it should be understood that the participial translation for qui could equally be used in thèse places if the imperfect tense were substituted.

443 est grand bâtisseur: the omission of un is still another way of showing that the expression is descriptive and does not hâve the naming force of a noun. The adjectival quality of such a noun is

84 ON REND UARGENT

shown by the way in which it is yoked with adjectives in '' j*ëtais ricàe^ libre, pas vilain gars,** 46 30. Contrast resté un honnête garçon, 6 31, where the unrhetorical Renaudel is thinking not of the " honest chap " type but of his own former personality when he was an honest chap ; Burtal, telling RenaudePs story for him, would doubtless hâve omîtted the un. The translation with *a,* personifying the clergy, is entirely legitimate ; but some will pref er to avoid personification by translating grand bâtisseur adjectively. In the French, bâtisseur does not hâve a personifying eff ect, but the addition of grand does.

44 10 près de : said of an ambassador's relation to the govemment to which he is sent (though it is customary to omit de with the govemment, while de must be inserted with a private person).

44 20 la tour Eiffel : a tower in Paris, 984 feet high, mostly of iron lattice-work ; built for the exposition of 1889. Observe the order of the two nouns, as in V affaire Dreyfus 'the Dreyfus case,* *the Dreyfus business,* V hôtel Soubise *the Soubise mansion,* gare Saint-Lazare (8 23), rue Cujas (22 19), Bar Cujas (28 6).

46 2 province : ' the provinces ' means ail of France outside of Paris and its suburbs. This centering of the national culture in one great city, to whose inhabitants ail the rest of the country (even the other large cities) appears more or less rustic and inferior, is very common in Europe. The form en province, not dans la province or dans les provinces, indicates that the phrase, and hence the idea, is older in France than the introduction of the definite article into the lang^age.

46 13 Celui-là : when not coupled with ci, là may simply complète the démonstrative force without suggesting remoteness. Compare the phrases in which voilà means * hère.* Observe that celui-ci would rime unpleasantly with aussi.

46 15 A l'instant même : *■ this very moment.* In most languages the definite article was originally a démonstrative and may retain démonstrative meaning in spécial phrases ; cf. £ng. ** I got a bushel of apples by the means,'* i.e. by this means, and ** nothing of the kind.**

46 19 voilà : observe that voilà refers to what has just been said, voici to what is about to be said ; and voilà in this use may be equally translated * this is * and * that is,* but there is hardly the same liberty of choice with voici. *

46 20 médiocrité, gêne : if we use * circumstances * as part of the translation of each of thèse words, which is doubtless the most accurate rendering, there is no need whatever that the word ' circumstances * should on that account stand twice in the English sentence.

45 26 siècle : it is often impossible to tell whether this word is used in the popular or the religious sensé.

45 31 diable de sang : *blood that was the very old Nick/

46 1 pour . . . féroces : not the principal use of the ancient amphitheaters, but to-day their most famous use.

46 5 Cotisée : * Colosseum,' the immense amphitheater built by the Flavian emperors ; 615 feet long, 160 feet high. It is the grandest min of Rome.

46 6 Saint-Pierre de Rome : * St. Peter*s.' Note that the rule in French is never to abbreviate ^* Saint " when it forms part of a sumame or place-name, while the rule in Ënglish is never to leave it unabbreviated in such a case. Of course the rule is sometimes broken in both lang^ages. San Pietro in Vaticano (such is its right name in fuU ; the désignation " de Rome *' is a bit of the inaccuracy that characterized Burtal's leaming at the time of his visit) is the most famous church in the world for its architecture, desîgned mostly by Michelangelo. — floral : properly, masculine plural (féminine plunljiûraù) of the Italian Word for flower-seller. In certain dialects of Italian the féminine would drop its final â and thus become identical with the masculine; but, though the standard of correct Italian is the language not of Rome ' but of Florence, it is understood that the language of Rome is to-day not essentially différent from that of Florence. And yet it is hard to assume that Burtal's youthful carelessness went so far as to mistake the form of a word with which he made himself so specially familiar. At any rate it is clear that the word is hère meant as féminine.

46 10 J'en . . . autres : * I hear things that beat that,' less freely * I hear them to beat that.' Autre often expresses the idea that a thing surpasses that with which it is compared ; and in this sensé it is often accompanied by àign.

46 16 employé : ought to mean the same as English employée^ but does not, except in the technical language of political economy.

46 18 rue de Grenelle : the department of post-ofRces and telegraphs has its offices on this street, and the street has also a " free professional school for g^rls " under Catholic auspices.

46 19 alphabet Morse : see note to 44 20. Ëuropean telegraphers use différent forms from Morse's for nearly half the letters (mostly, however, such letters as occur least often), but still call their alphabet by his name.

46 25 de mes amis : * a friend of mine.' Those who wonder why we say " of mine " rather than '* of me " may find that the French helps

them to understand the re^son. — de qui . . . comédie : will not give a smooth translation till the thought is taken and put into an altogether new wording.

46 26 Gymnaae : one of the best theaters in Paris, chiefly for comédies.

4627 la: 'her.*

46 31 de Pactrice: belongs to both cassette and loge\ translate by possessive.

46 32 comptes d'ayoine : charges for what the horse had eaten during the long hours of waiting.

46 33 jeu : * game,' * tricks/ * doings/ almost * process.'

47 3 Conseryatoire : the Conservatoire de Musique» at Paris, îs the most famous music school in the world.

47 4 Corneille: the greatest classic writer of French tragedy. He often puts into a short sentence the whole point of an intense situation. Soyons amis is from the last scène of his " Cinna " ; the scène is a famous one, but has no resemblance to the situation hère described.

47 5 mail-coach : pronounce as in English, contrary to the analogy of the many English words to which the French give the French sounds of the letters. Of words pronounced as in English, apart from proper names and marine terms, Larousse's ** Grammaire supérieure " gives the following list : lady lédi, railway rellouai, tout raoutt, speech spitch, spleen splinn, square scouère ou scouare. Coaching has ** coach '* pronounced as in English, ** ing '' as in French.

47 10 sur : ' out of.*

47 19 jardin des Toileries : see 12 19-22 and note.

47 30 rive gauche : the left bank is the south bank ; see p. 65.

48 12 tant pis : either this refers to something like ** if we are poor " which is thought of but not spoken, — such letting the thoughts outrun the tongue would be quite in place for the enthusiastic lover, — or it is short for the familiar phrase tant pis tant mieuXf meaning ** I don't concem myself about it." In either case the sensé hère is substantially ' corne what may * ; the literary efFect of the incompleteness of the expression may be imitated by translating simply * no matter.'

48 16 le : omit in translation. — Après . . . paroisse : by French law, a person under twenty-one must obtain the consent of his family before marrying, even if his parents and grandparents are dead as in Cécile's case ; and a person between twenty-one and thirty must either hâve the consent of parents or grandparents, if alive, or wait thirty days for it. Then banns must be published for ten days, including two Sundays, and after this there must be a three days' wait. Then the ceremony must be

performed by a civil officer {à la mairie hère) ; a marriage by a priest is of no légal validity whatever. By the law of the Catholic church, marriage must be performed by a priest {à la paroisse hère), marriage by a civil officer being of no ecclesiastical validity ; banns must hâve been published on three consécutive festivals (Sundays or church holidays). To hâve a marriage in good standing with both church and state, a couple must hâve the two independent cérémonies. The law forbids performing the religious ceremony first, lest the civil ceremony should then be neglected. Hence in the French Congo, where the native cannot fill out the necessary papers because of not knowing the date of his birth, and cannot produce either his father's consent or his father's death-certificate because he does not know who was his mother's husband at that date, there generally cannot be either a légal ceremony or a religious ceremony, and missions are obliged to invent for their converts a form of marriage which shall serve the purposes of public order without being punishable by the law.

4819 Bon Marché: see p. 65. — j'ai acheté: it is customary for the bridegroom to buy the more ornamental part of the bridai trousseau (see corbeille de mariage in dictionaries), while the bride's family is especially looked to for the money to set up housekeeping with.

48 31 Palais-Royal: Richelieu bequeathed his palace to the kîng; Louis XIV gave it to the duke of Orléans ; it is now occupied by the Council of State and the Théâtre Français. Duke Philippe Égalité opened its gardens to the public and surrounded them with shops ; the arrangement became permanent.

4927 est dans : ^ works on.*

49 33 Noël : the fréquent practice of naming a child from the saint on whose f east he is bom has resulted in making Noël a personal name. Compare the name Toussaint from Ail Saints' Day.

50 10 moulés dans : ^ in glove-fitting.'

626 tours . . . langue: the oldest arms were commonly mère geometrical patterns, as the cross, or puns on the owner's name, as the Spanish king*s castles and lions for Castile and Léon, but symbolic meanings were later given to them : the castle or tower for some ancestor's feats in a siège ; the red cross for a crusader (it is the arms of St. George, patron not only of England but of ail knighthood, and the arms of the Templars ; the cross of Dënmark, Switzerland, and Italy is white on a red ground) ; the scallop-shell for a pilgrimage accomplished, the scallop being the emblem of the favorite pilgrim-shrines of Mont St-Michel in France and St. James of Compostela in northern

Spain. The heraldic lion is very lean, with mane and other tufts of hair standing out quite as artificially as those of a clipped poodle. Lion in French blazonry means a lion rampant, not any other attitude.

62 12 des Capdecamp : personal names are usually pluralized by taking the plural article, without inflecting the name.

6213 teste: old spelling for tête. It began to be pronounced tête long before the old spelling was given up. The history of most words with circumflex accent is the same.

62 16 d'Hozier : four générations of this name held the office of juge d'' armes (chief herald of France) from 1641 to 1846, and compiled and published monumental collections of the heraldry of France. Contemporains must hère refer to our own day, our " D'Hoziers " being those who Write books on heraldry to-day. Note that the marquis de Capdecamp^ following the gênerai rule, drops his de when his sumame is not preceded by his title or Christian name (1. 12), while the seigneur d^Hozier retains his de in such cases because his surname begins with a vowel (silent h) ; monosyllables, including de Maistre^ also retain it. Forms like "says De Tocqueville," "by De CandoUe," are errors of Ënglish-speaking people.

62 24 chic : a word in the commonest use, but not in the Academy's dictionary. Among its other meanings, an artist works de chic when he adds such touches of imagination as to make his picture show something totally différent from the model that is before him ; see the Century Dictionary's quotation und^ this word.

62 30 gamins, gosses, gosselines : not three kinds of persons ; gamins is hère used as of both genders, and de gosses et de gosselines is appositive to de gamins. Gosselines is not in most dictionaries.

62 31 faubourg Saint-Marceau : see p. 65.

63 1 en : translate as at 40 20. — sucre : what we call candy ; candi in French means rock candy.

68 2 page . . . Spinal : * sheet of paper soldiers ' (to be eut out). Épinal is a fortified town on the northeast frontier of France. " An industry peculiar to Épinal is the production of cheap images, lithographs, and engravings " (Britannica).

63 5 Pères de l'Eglise : the orthodox Christian writers from the second century to the sixth are so called. Others make the name include the most eminent as far down as the middle of the twelfth. The law of the Roman Catholic church, as formulated in 1 546, is that when the Fathers are unanimous on any point of faith we must not interpret Scripture to disagree with them.

58 8 voyait : used as more vivid f orm for verrait. Se in English the présent tense for the future, ** you hâve only to . . . and you see it,'' i.e. will see it. It is not so easy in English to use the past tense in this way, but nearly the same effect can hère be given by substituting ' should ' for ' would.*

58 11 la pins forte : * the stronger,' since only two motives, curiosity and conscience, are compared. Cf. note to 40 23.

58 13 vues de dos : * a back view of,' translated before deux cents. The words cannot be kept in their French order without so changing the translation of dos as to lose its relation to dos below.

53 17 plastronnes : though plastron has the meaning of a shirt-bosom, there always remains the consciousness of its primitive meaning of a breastplate or a plastron. Decidedly this is in mind hère, where Coppée is using every trick of language to ridicule high society ; and the pièce of armor is punned on in the course of the next page, with explicit référence back to our passage; so it may be best hère to translate ^ white-breastplated,*' though this does not hâve that customary application to the shirt-front vfhich. plastron has.

58 20 Pajou: sculptor, 1 730-1809; most successful in portrait busts; began his successes young.

58 21 rossé : see note to 16 4, not neglecting to notice the pun.

53 23 de cabotin : the absence of either definite or indefinite article shows that de cabotin does not modify face glabre et suifeuscy but glabre et suifeuse modifies yîï^^ de cabotin. Translate accordingly.

58 24 alcoolique : most dictionaries define alcool like English alcohol, but in popular discussion of the effects of drink alcool generally means distilled liquor, a sensé which the best dictionaries recognize.

58 25 prose : * rigmarole.' As in English, prose in French means either unversified language or the hymn (often lengthy) sung at a certain point in the most elaborate church services. Coppée seems to be making a new sensé by mixing the two recognized sensés.

58 26 pécheurs : the sélection of anglers as a butt results partly from the large number of Parisians who amuse themselves, and amuse a still larger number of neighbors, by fishing from the quays along the Seine.

54 17 et . . . nourrice : * and a trifle ' ; or possibly (cf. 58 26 with 59 2) ' that he owned to,* for les mois de nourrice sometimes désignâtes the amount by which a person's real âge exceeds his professed âge.

54 19 poches d'eau : poche is a pocket, a pouch, a grain-sack, a bird's crop ; ' bag,' * sac,* * sack,* are in gênerai sac ; a sac of pus under an abscess is either poche or sac. The verb pocher is ' poach * an egg or ' black *

an eye (by a bruise) ; ail poché, * black eye.' It îs doubtful whether œil poché is etymologically connected with poche or not. Coppée's use of poches hère and yeux pochés at 65 15 shows that in his belief the two are connected, and that his use of both terms is affected by this etymological assumption. It may be doubted, then, whether in his misuse of yeux pochés he means * baggy eyes ' (understanding an allusion to the blister-like bulge of the mass of blood under a black eye) or * discolored eyes,* ' dark-circled eyes ' ; and, correspondingly, whether we should hère read *pouches of water' (pufïy) or *pockets of water* (colored and rather hoUowed), 'watery streaks.' In any case Coppëc thinks of the real black eye as bearing a poche de sang and uses d*eau hère to mark the différence in color ; we should therefore not conceive them as too dark.

54 20 François I*' : 1 494-1 547 ; ** in spite of a very long and large nose, extremely handsome" (Britannica). Like Louis XIV, he succeeded in maintaining the réputation of a really great king without doing an3rthing to deserve it. Cf. note to 15 4.

54 21 le Titien : Titian's portrait of Francis. Titian was ** the greatest of painters, considered technically," and in portrait-painting he ** stands suprême " (Britannica) ; the Francis is named among ** the highest examples " of his work in portraiture, though Titian never saw Francis in person. — Louvre : a palace built by Francis I and his successors down to Napoléon III ; it is now the foremost muséum of art in the world, and also houses the Ministry of Finance.

54 22 plastron : connected in thought with cuirassé below, to form a climax ; see note to 58 17.

54 25 snobs : this Ënglish word is so far naturalized in French that Francisque Sarcey, writing for Ënglish-speaking readers, thought it necessary to explain snobisme as something that the Ënglish lang^age would probably hâve no word for.

55 5 il lui ... le gentilhomme, à l'abbé : the construction can hardly be imitated in Ënglish. If one were similarly to say '* He told him a story, John to James," one would hâve to begin his sentence over again to make it clear that he meant that John told James a story. Ëven in French the advisability of this crowding of explained pronouns (cf. en , . , des repasseuses directly above) is questionable. In en ... de son million, 56 18, we hâve rapid conversational lang^age, in which Ënglish might closely imitate the French.

55 14 dandy : pronounce as French.

55 18 de : not du, hence we must translate by the note to 1 2.

55 20 l'effort, l'émotioxi : doubtless omit the article in translation.

55 33 la somme : if Renaudel paid six per cent, compound, for five years and unknown months, the marquises original loss must hâve been between 763,000 and 806,000 francs. £ach of the rest would in like manner hâve lost between seventy and seventy-five per cent of what Renaudel repays.

56 1 monsieur : * sir, you ' ; * you ' must be added because * sir,' unless preceded by a descriptive adjective, cannot take a modifier.

56 19 avec : since a pronoun as object of a préposition must in French be emphatic (disjunctive), the need of prépositions with unemphatic pronoun objects is supplied by such words as en * of it,' y *to it,' dessus *on it,' dedans Mn it,' etc.; and similarly avec is often colloquially used for 'with it,' 'with him,' etc., where the pronoun should be unaccented. It differs from the German adverb mit in that the German is restricted to the idea of accompaniment, and the subject of the verb is subordinated to the person or thing that might be supplied as the object of mity while in French the 'with' need not bave the sensé of accompaniment, and the understood object of avec (more distinctly to be supplied than in German) is generally subordinate to the subject of the verb.

56 21 allez : * I assure you.'

56 25 Non, mais voyez-vous : ' but really now, look at' 56 26 C'est un peu fort : ' that's coming it rather strong,' ' that's pretty tough,' a pièce of impudence hard to stand. Uu peu violent (45 14) is an intensification of un peu fort, That in our text the one phrase is a protest of surprise, and the other a protest of indignation, is accidentai ; both are used with either meaning.

56 31 vous êtes là . . . pour : ' what you are for . . . is to.'

56 32 eu . . . ouverte : ' been open-handed,' ' been a free spender.'

56 33 que : pronoun, but translate ' as ' ; to make it a pronoun in English we should hâve to translate un by ' the.'

57 2 n me restait : ' I had . . . left' Rendering the dative by ' hâve,' in varions combinations, is one of the most useful tricks of translation.

57 5 Mayenne : contains many f orests, and the highest hills in northwestem France.

57 8 pendus: 'hanging.'

57 9 chasseurs d'Afrique : thèse six régiments are light cavalry drilled to fight on f oot when necessary. They are counted as part of the home army, not of the colonial army ; but in this respect, as in many others, Algeria is counted as part of France and not as a colony.

92 ON REND UARGENT

57 12 juifs : the pawnbroking business in France has not been in tfae hands of the Jews for a long time, see note to 32 33. Either the marquis is using a form of speech handed down from past centuries, or he is thinking in the first place of borrowing on security other than that of the pawnshop, e.g. of mortgaging real estate.

57 17 la couronne de marquis : * the marquises coronet,' with slightly more emphasis on * marquis's ' than on * coronet ' ; the same words with slightly more emphasis on * coronet ' would translate la couronne du marquis. In written work, where the distinction of emphasis cannot be made, translate * marquisal ' to avoid ambig^ity.

57 18 et toute la boutique : * holus bolus,* * and the whole kit.' A rendering like * the whole caboodle ' or * the whole shooting-match * would be just right except that the marquis's language, though in his excitement it is recklessly colloquial and in spots undignified, is nevertheless the language of an angry aristocrat and does not condescend to expressions which hâve a plebeian flavor.

5724 Nouméa: till 1898 the French used New Caledonia, a large island east of Australia, as a vast prison for criminals. Nouméa is the capital.

57 25 bien : best translated not by a word but by a strong emphasis on the verb.

58 1 rastaquouères : a rastaquouère is a person (oftenest a foreigner ; the word is reputed to hâve an etymological connection with South America) who makes a great display of wealth of which the source is unknown. The word often carries pretty distinctly the sensé of a high-toned swindler.

58 4 noble ** Faubourg": see p. 65. The capital letter and quotation marks are hère meant to distinguish the spécial Parisian use of the word (which the Academy calls a misuse) from the gênerai French use.

58 14 Yonne : 50 to 130 miles southeast of Paris ; " rich in objects of antiquarian and architectural interest."

58 15 Mansard et Le Nôtre : the architect and landscape gardener of Versailles and other famous works of Louis XIV. The architectes name was Jules Hardouin, but he called himself by the family name of his uncle, the introducer of the Mansard roof.

5824 cela: 'this.'

58 25 guerre de 1870: i.e. the Franco- Prussian war. — zouaves de Charette : from the eighth century to 1870 the Pope was not only the head of the Church but also the monarch of Rome and of more or less

territory in central Italy. The modem movement to unité Italy into one kingdom involved annexing Rome to this kingdom ; but Napoléon III opposed this for fear of offending the Catholic vote in France. At the time of the Italian révolution of 1859- 1860, when the united Italians would certainly hâve taken Rome but for Napoleon*s protection, Lamoricière, a French officer who had refused to take the oath of allegiance to Napoléon, was appointed by the Pope to command his army, and set Baron Athanase de Charette (great-nephew of the Vendean chief of that name) to raise a body of zouaves. At the collapse of Napoleon's empire in the war of 1870 the Pope' s army was too weak to resist the Italian kingdom, which then took Rome and sent the French part of the Papal Zouaves back to France. The new French Republic was hastily raising a new army to défend France against the Germans, Napoleon*s armies having been crushed. Three hundred of the Papal Zouaves kept their organization and were incorporated in this army, with recruits raised by Charette in the Vendée neighborhood. The new army was very brave, patriotic, and patient, but not steady nor properly commanded.

58 29 Patay : thirteen miles from Orléans. Charette's men, under a royalist-looking flag with religious emblems, reached Patay in time to take a very distinguished part in the battle known as that of Loigny or Villepion, December 2, 1870. In particular, Charette with 300 men broke through a wood that was held by the Germans, but in the village behind the wood they were beaten back by numbers ; Charette and 198 of his men were killed or disabled by wounds.

68 30 à la Kléber : * Kleber-like.' Kleber (originally a German ; hence the accent-mark is sometimes omitted even in French) was one of the greatest gênerais of the French Révolution : tall, ** looking like the god Mars in a uniform," proud yet inclined to underrate his own powers, independent, outspoken, conspicuously brave, and kindly.

68 32 tombait: do not translate as if it were tomba\ — V : lit. *him,' i.e. the antécédent in French is the man ; English * it,' the arm.

58 33 médaille militaire : the highest military décoration that is commonly given to any except those who hâve served at least twenty years in the army. — ruban: a décoration (cross or medal) is worn hanging by a ribbon of specified color (yellow with green edges for the médaille militaire)^ and the receiver of a décoration wears a knot of appropriate ribbon in his buttonhole when not wearing the décoration itself.

59 1 pieux : once more the association of the Church with aristocracy and conservatism in France.

592 rentes: the plural intimâtes that his receipts from différent sources had to be added together to make up the $579 a year.

59 7 son : the coin officially so called was abolished after the Révolution, but a twentieth of a franc is still popularly called a sou, and varions multiples of it are spoken of. The history of louis (8 16) is the same. Reduce to francs in translation.

59 10 Saint-Germain-dee-Prés : one of the oldest and most interesting churches in Paris.

59 31 non plus : lit * no more/ implying that the preceding request, as well as this, is a matter of course ; best translate * not . . . either,' with a thorough change of the construction of the sentence.

59 32 discrétion : in the sensé of keeping the story secret. The word is often so used.

60 11 rien : in translation, accent this at least as strongly as the verb, or, if preferred, make both alike unemphatic. If there were no pas in the sentence, the translation of rien would be unemphatic and the verb accented, or else there would be a pause between the two. The same would not be true of simpler sentences with rien.

61 7 et qu'il : the familiar substitution for et quand il, since we hâve quand two lines above.

61 15 toute : the adverb tout is inflected bef ore a féminine sing^lar adjective beginning with a consonant.

62 3 pour cent francs : * a hundred francs' worth.' A use more or less like the French is found in German, and sometimes in the English of those whose English has been strongly influenced by immigrants.

68 10 Resté : ' lef t.*

VOCABULARY

The sign «^ means a répétition of the word printed in black type at the head of the paragraph ; thus P~e under anglais means ranglaise

à tOy at, in, on, with, belonging to ;

see note to 14 21 abasourdi -e stunned, dumfounded abattre bring down, lower, show

(cards) abbé m. abbot, abbé {jetterai title

for Catholic priests) abbesse /. abbess abject -e abject, vile abominable abominable abord m, arrivai, landing; d'<>> at

first, first; tout d*~ from the

very first, just at first aboyer bark; <>> aux jambes bark

at one's heels abreuver water absalonien -ne Absalom-like absinthe/*, absinth absolument absolutely absorber absorb absoudre absolve, pardon abstraction /. abstraction ; «^ faite

de setting aside, not counting abus m, abuse, misuse ; «^ de confiance breach of trust acagnarder (s') indulge in idleness,

get lazy accablement m, languor, déjection accabler overwhelm, depress accent m. accent

accepter accept

accès m, attack, fit

accessit m, honorable mention

accident m, accident

accompagner accompany

accomplir accomplish

accord m, accord, agreement ; d'<»

agreed, granted accorder grant, admit, allow accoupler pair, mate, hitch to-

gether accourir run, run up accueil m, réception, welcome accueillir receive, welcome acheter buy adde m. acid ader m. steel acquérir acquire acquitter acquit ; s'<» de acquit

one's self of, pay off acte m, act, action acteur m. actor action f. action, deed actrice /. actress adipeuse f. adipose admettre admit administration /. administration,

govemment admirable admirable admiration f, admiration

admirer admire

adonner (a*) (à) give one's self up to, be addicted to

adorer adore

adresse /. address

adresser address, send ; s'e^ à address one's self to, apply

affaire /. affair, thing, business

affaler (s') slide down, drop

affirmatif -iye affirmative

affreux -euse frightful, terrible

afin de, afin que, in order to

agacer /. irritate, vex, excite

agence /. agency, bureau

agent m. agent ; ~ de change stockbroker

agir act; s'e^ (de) be a question of, concern

agitation /. agitation

agréable agreeable, pleasing

agréablement agreeably

aide /. aid, help

aider assist

aïeul m. ancestor, grandfather

aigle m. eagle, g^eat genius

aigre sour, sharp, harsh

aigrir (s') sour, turn sour

aiguillette /. slice, fringe, epaulet

ail /. garlic

aile /. wing, brim, fan

ailleurs elsewhere; d'~ besides, moreover

aimable kind, agreeable, amiable

aimer love, like ; «^ mieux prefer, would rather

aîné -e elder, eldest, senior

ainsi so, thus, therefore ; ~ que as, just as, as well as

air m. air, appearance ; avoir 1*~ (de) look, seem (like)

aisance /. ease, competency ; large

«V) easy circumstances aise /. ease, gladness, joy; glad;

à son ~ in easy circumstances ;

mal à l'~ uneasy, uncomfortable aisselle /. armpit ajouter add alcoolique alcoholic, whisky-drunk-

ard allégoriste m. allegorist allégresse /. liveliness, joy aller go, go on ; allez I va I get out,

indeed, that's sure, eU. ; allons !

come, well, indeed ; cela vous va-

t-il does that suit you? s'en «>»

go away ; allez toujours continue,

go ahead allumer kindle, li^ht alors then; ~ que at the time

when alphabet m. alphabet altérer alter ; s'~ change, weaken altier ^re haughty, proud amateur m. amateur, lover âme /. soûl, spirit amer ^re bitter américain -e American ; à Vc^t in

American fashion Amérique /. America ami -e friend, sweetheart amour m, love amoureux -euse in love; lover,

sweetheart amputer amputate ; see noie to 68 32 amusant -e amusing, droll amuser amuse an m. year analyser analyze anarchiste m. anarchist ancien -ne ancient, former, retired

VOCABULARY

âne m. ass, donkey

anémie /. anaemia

anémique anaemic

anglais -e English; s'échapper à l»e^3e take French leave

Anglais m. English, Englishman ; anglaises f. pi, side-curls

angora m. Angora (cat)

anneau m. ring

année /. year

anniversaire m. anniversary

annoncer announce, advertise

anthracite m. anthracite

antichambre f. antechamber

antipathique distasteful

antique ancient, old-fashioned

apercevoir, s'<>» de, perceive, notice, see

apitoyer move with pity

aplomb m, self -possession, assurance, coolness

apoplexie /. apoplexy

apothicaire m. druggist

apparaître appear, seem

appareil m. apparatus ; ~ de photographie caméra

appareillir set sail, sail

apparence /. appearance

apparition/, apparition

appartement m. apartments, rooms

appartenir belong

appel m. call, appeal

appeler call ; s'~ be named

appétit m, appetite

apporter bring, carry

apprendre leam, teach

approcher, s'~, approach

approprié -e appropriate

appuyer bear, support, press, lean

âpre rough, harsh, sharp

après after, afterwards; d'ev ac-

cording to après-midi m, orf. afternoon aquarelle /. water-color (picture) arbre m. tree arcade /. arcade archevêché m. archbishopric, arch-

bishop's palace architecte m. architect arène /. arena, amphitheater argent m, silver, money argot m. slang armer arm armoiries/*.//, arms, armoriai bear-

ings arracher pull, drag, tear arranger arrange, settle arrêt m. stop, pause ; see note to

80 7 arrêter arrest, stop ; s'ev stop arrière-boutique /. back-shop arrière-pensée/, mental réservation,

thought not expressed arrivée /. arrivai arriver arrive, happen, succeed arrondi -e round, full art m. art article /. article ; «^ de fond edito-

rial, leader artiste m. andf. artist artistique artistic aspect m. appearance, sight asphyxie /. asphyxia assassiner assassinate asseoir seat ; s'c>> sit down assez enough, rather assidu -e industrious, constant assiette /. plate assis -e seated

assistance /. assistance

assister assist, be présent, attend

assonance /. assonance

assouplir make supple

assurance /. assurance

assurément assuredly, surely

assurer assure, affirm

asthme m. asthma

astrakan m. astrakhan

atclioum onotnatopoetic word imitating the sound of sneezing

atelier m. studio, workshop

atmosphère /. atmosphère

attablé -e seated at table

attaquer attack

atteindre attain, reach, overtake

attendre wait, expect, await; attendu que considering that, because

attendri -e softened, kindly, tender

attendrir movë, affect, touch

attendrissement m, émotion

attente /. waiting, expectation

attentif -ive attentive

attention attention, care

attentivement attentively

atterrer overwhelm, cast down

attester attest, call to witness

attirer draw, attract

attitude /. attitude

attrister sadden

aubaine /. godsend, windfall

auberge /. inn, tavem

aucun -e any, no, none ; no one

audace /. audacîty

au-dessous below

au-dessus above

audience /. audience, hearing

auditoire m, audience

aujourd'hui to-day

aumône / alms

auparavant before, previously auprès (de) beside, near, with aussi also, so, as ; tout «^ bien quite

as well aussitôt immediately; «^ que as

soon as autant as much, as many, as well ;

en ... ev as much autel m. altar auteur m, author autorité /. authority autour de around autre other, another, différent ; see

note to 46 11 ; vous «"^ prêtres

you priests ; l*un r«« each other autrefois formerly autrement otherwise, else autrui m. others, other people avancé /. advance; d'e^ in ad-

vance avancer advance avant before avec with avenir m, future aveu m. avowal, confession avisé -e prudent, circumspect, well-

informed aviser advise ; s'c>> think of, take

into one's head avoine /. oats avoir hâve ; be . . . bld ; «v à hâve

to ; il y a there is, there are, ago ;

qu'avez-vous what is the matter

with you ?

avoir m. property, fortune avouer confess, admît avril m. Aprîl azalée /. azalea azuré -e azuré

VOCABULARY

bftcler hurry over, patch up iMidigeonner coat, wash, color, white-

wash bah nonsense 1 pshaw !

bailleur m. lessor (law) ; «^ de fonds

the man who puts up the money,

sleeping partner baiser m. kiss baisser lower, fall (in price) ; faire

«« bring down bal m, bail balai m. broom balbutier stammer baldaquin m, canopy baUe /. bullet

ban m, ban» bounds ; forçat en rupture de <>> escaped convict banc m, bench, bank bande f, band

banlieue /. suburbs, outskirts banquet m. banquet ; «^ à discours

campaign supper, banquet banquier m. banker banquise /. ice-floe baptiser baptize bar m, bar (saloon in American

style) baraque f. shanty ; {servants^ slan^

a house where they don*t do any-

thing for you barbe /. beard ; à «^ bearded barde m. bard

barre/*, bar ; ~ de la cheminée f ender bas -se low, vile, mean ; en bas

below; là-bas yonder, down

there, over there bas m. stocking bassesse /. mean action bataille /. battle bfttiment m. building

bâtir build

bâtisseur m, builder

batteur m, beater; «» d'estrades

highwayman battre beat, strike; «^ le vilain

swing the arms (to keep warm),

" beat the booby " bavard -e loquacious person bavarder prattle beau, bel, belle, beautiful, fine, fair,

handsome beaucoup much, many beauté /. beauty bébé m. baby

bec m, beak, bill, jet, bumer bécasse /. woodcock, idiot, silly-

goose bec-de-cane m, thumb-knob bégayer stammer belle-mère /. mother-in-law bénéfice /. profit, gain benêt m. simpleton bénir bless berceau m» cradle besicles f. pi. spectacles besogne /. work, task besoin m. need, want; avoir «« de

must bête foolish, stupid bête /. créature, beast, blockhead Bethléem Bethlehem bêtise/ stupidity, silly thing, pièce

of foUy betterave /. beet beugler bellow bibelot m. trinket bibliothèque /. library bien well, very, quite, many, ail

right, indeed ; eh <>> well ; «v qae

although ; «V à lui his very own

ICX)

bien m. property, wealth bienfait m. favor, kindness bienfaiteur m, benefactor bienvenu m. welcome ; être le <» be

welcome ; soyez le «o welcome bière / béer

bifteck m. beef steak, steak bigre heavens, gracious bijou m. jewel, trinket bile /. bile, anger billet m, note, ticket ; ~bleu bank-

note bimensuel semi-monthly biscuit m. cracker bizarre bizarre, strange blague /. tobacco-pouchj blamey,

humbug, tomfoolery blâmer blâme blanc, blanche, white * blanchir wash, launder ; se faire «^

hâve one's laundry work donc blanchisseur m. laundryman blason m. heraldry, coat of arms blasphémateur -euse blasphémer,

blaspheming bleu -e blue ; see note to 24 21 bleuté -e tinged with blue blond -e blond, f air, light; fairperson bock m. half-pint (of béer) bœuf m. ox, beef bohème /. Bohemia, Bohemian lif e,

the Bohemian world boire drink bois m, wood

boite f. box ; see note to 2^4i bon -ne good, kind, pleasant, good 1

well ; pour de bon in good earnest bonbon m. sweetmeat, candy bond m. bound, leap bonheur m. happiness, good fortune

bonhomie /. good nature, good-

heartedness bonhomme m. simple fellow, good-

natured old fellow, good man boniment m. stock phrase, clap-trap

phrase bonne / nurse (to care for child),

maid bonnement simply ; tout «^ in truth,

simply bonnet m. cap bonté /, goodness, kindness ; avoir

des ~s pour be friendly to border tuck in

bossu -e humpbacked ; humpback botte /. boot

bottine /. lady's boot, shoe bouche /. mouth

boue /. mud ; par la ~ in the mud boueux -euse muddy bougeoir m. candlestick bouilli m. boiled beef boulette / little bail, pellet boulevard m. boulevard bouleverser overthrow, disturb,

agitate bouquet m. bouquet, cluster bourgeois -e citizen, member of the

middle class, business man bourse /. purse Bourse /. Stock Exchange bout m. end, bit, scrap bouteille /. bottle boutique /. shop boutiquière /. shopkeeper boutonner button branche /. branch bras m. arm ; «v dessus e>» dessous

arm in arm; sur les e^» on my

hands

VOCABULARY

lOI

brasserie /. brewery, brew-house,

beer-saloon brave brave, honest, worthy bravo bravo! good!

bref ^ve brief, short, in short breuvage m.beverage, drink, potion brevet m. certificate bréviaire m. breviary bricole /. strap, job brigand m. brigand brisé -e broken, shattered, tired out bronchite m. bronchitis brosse /. bnish brouhaha m. uproar brouillard m. fog bruit m. noise, report brûler bum brume /. fog, mist brumeux -euse misty, foggy brun -e brown, dark ; ev>e piquante

dashing brunette brusque abrupt, sudden brusquement suddenly, sharply brutalement brutally bûche /. log, pièce of wood bûcher persévère, dig buée /. vapor, mist buffet m. sideboard, cupboard buisson m. bush

bureau m. office, desk, writing-table buste m. bust, head and shoulders but m. aim, goal butte /. knoll, hill

ça see cela

cà hère, now ! ah ~ well now !

cabinet m. office, study; (govem-

ment) cabinet câble m. cable caboche f, pâte, noddie

cabotin m. stroUing player, third-

rate actor cabrer (se) rear cachemire m. cashmere cache-nez m. muffler cacher conceal, hide cacheter seal cadeau m. présent caduc -uque old, décrépît, tottering café m. coffee, café, coffee-house cage f. cage, (of staircase) well caille /. quail

caisse y. box, coffer, cash-box, cash calembour m. pun calme m. calm, stillness calotdn m. parson camarade m. and/, comrade, chum campagne /. country, countryside canaille /. rabble, scoundrel candide frank caniche m. poodle caniveau m. channeled stone in

pavement, kennel-stone canne /. cane, reed cantatrice /. public singer capable capable cape /. cape with hood capital m. capital capitaliste m. and f. capitalist caprice m. caprice, whim capucine f. capuchin nun ; nastur-

tium car for, because caractère m. character carbonique carbonic caresser caress, stroke carillon m. chime (of bells) darillonner chime, ring camck m. box coat carrière /. career

carte /. card, bill of fare, map carton m. cardboard, pasteboard,

pasteboard box cartonnier m. filing-case holder, set

of pasteboard boxes or drawers cas m, case, event; dans le ~ où

in case cascade /. cascade, gush casser break ; à tout «<^ smashing cassette / casket cataracte / waterfall, cataract catarrhe m. catarrh, cold catéchisme m. catechism cathédrale /. cathedra!

catfaèdre /. teacher*s desk, chair cause/*, cause, reason ; à «^ de, pour

<>> de, on account of causer cause causer talk, chat ce this, that, it; «^ qui, <>> que,

which, what ; c'est que the fact is ce, cette, //. ces, this, that ceci this, this thing cela that, that thing célèbre celebrated, famous célébrer celebrate celui, celle, pL ceux, celles, this,

that, this one, etc. cénacle m. center of culture, meeting place of literary men cendre m. ashes, embers cent one hundred centaine /. hundred (collectively),

about one hundred centinie m. centime (fifth of a cent) cependant however, yet, meantime cérémonie /. ceremony ; de «^ for

State occasions certain -e certain, sure certainement certainly

certes surely

cenreau m. brain, mind

cervelas m. saveloy (sort of sau-

sage) cesser cease

chacun -e each, every one chagrin m. grief, trouble chair /. flesh, méat chaire/, pulpit, teacher*s desk, chair chaise f. chair ; <>> de canne cane-

seated chair chambre /. room ; <>> à coucher bed-

room champ m. field; sur-le-e^> immedi-

ately champignon m. mushroom chance /. chance, luck change m. exchange changer change, give a change to,

{intransitively with de) change

one*s . . .

chanson /. song chansonnier m. song-writer chanteur -euse singer chapeau m. hat ; «^ romain broad-

brimmed hat chapelet m, chaplet, string of beads chaque each, every charbonnier m, charcoal-bumer,

coal-dealer charcutier m . dealer in delicatessen ;

chez le ~ the delicatessen store charge /. charge, burden charger load, charge, fiU, burden,

commission charité /. charity charmant -e charming charpentier m, carpenter chasse /. chase, hunting chasseur m, hunter, chasseur

VOCABULARY

chastement chastely, in a chaste

xnanner chat m., chatte/., cat château m. mansion, castle châtier chastise chaud -e warm chaudron m. kettle chauffer warm chaussée /. causeway, road chaussure /. shoes, boots chauve bald, bald-head chef m. head, chief; ~ de gare

station-master ; <m d'école cory-

phaeus, fugleman chef-d'œuvre m. masterpiece chemin m. road ; ~ de fer railroad cheminée/, chimney, mantel, fire-

place chemise/, shirt chêne m. oak

chenille /. caterpillar, chenille cher -ère dear, dear one chercher look for, seek, try, try to

think, look to see chéri -e beloved, darling chétif -ive mean, wretched, thin cheval m. horse ; à c^a astride cheveu m. hair ; les ~x the hair chez at, to, with, at the house of,

at . . .'s, to . . .*s ; ~ soi, ~ moi,

~ lui, at home chic m, knack, style ; de c^9 in fahcy

touches chien m. dog chiffi>n m, rag, scrap chiffonnier m. rag-picker chiffre m. figure, number chignon m. nape of the neck, hair

twisted behind Chilien m. Chilian

chimère / chimera

chinchilla m. chinchilla

Chine / China

chinois -e Chinese

chœur m. choir, chorus

choisir choose

chose / thing

choubersky m. (portable self-feeding) Shuberski stove

choucroute-jambon / boiled ham with sauerkraut

chrétien -ne Christian

chronique / review of news (e.g.

literary)

ci accompanies ce and celui in the sensé this

del m, sky, heaven

cigare m. cigar

cinq five

cinquante fifty

cinquante-huit fifty-eight

cinquante-trois fifty-three

cinquième, wrongly cintième, fifth

circonstance / circumstance, occasion

circulaire circular

cirque m. circus

citer cite, quote

citoyen m, citizen

civilisation / civilization

clair -e clear, bright

claquer crack, snap, click

clarté/ brightness, light ; c^a lunaire moonlîght

classe / class, classroom

classical m, classicist

classique classic

def / key

clergé m. clergy

clérical clérical

client ffi. client, customer

climat m. climate

cloison /. partition

club /. club, Society

coalition /. coalition, combination

cocher m. coachman, driver

cocotte/, chickie, {io a horse) old girl

cœur m, heart

cognac m. cognac, brandy

coiffé -e (de) wearing on the head

coin m. corner

coke m, coke

colère /. anger

Colisée m. Colosseum (at Rome)

collaborateur m. colleague

collège m. collège

collerette/. (lady*s) coUar

collet m. collar

colonne / column

colorié -^ colored

combien how much, what

combinaison / combination

comédie / comedy, play

comédien m. comedian, actor

commande / command, order

commandement m, commandment,

command commander command, order comme as, so, like, as to one's, as if; exclamatory how; ~ qui dirait a sort of ; ~ . . . en such as conunencement m. beginning commencer begin, commence conunent how, what!

conunerce m. commerce, business conunère / godmother, gossip commettre commit, intrust commissaire-priseur m. appraiser, auctioneer ; commlssaire-priseuse / wif e of an appraiser

commission / commission, errand ;

faire des c^ag run errands conmiodément comfortably commun -e common communion/ communion communiquer communicate compact m. agreement compagnie / company; bonne ~

well-bred people, good society comparer compare complaisance/ complacency, kind-

ness complet -dte complète complet m. suit (of clothes) complètement completely compliment m. compliment compliquer complicate composé -e compound composer compose comprendre understand compte m, account ; sur son c>3 con-

ceming him compter count comptoir m, counter, bar, branch

bank, bank conception/ conception concession/ concession concierge m. and f. door-keeper,

porter concilier conciliate conclusion / conclusion, end concupiscence / concupiscence condamnation/ condemnation, sentence, judgment condamner condemn conduire conduct, lead, drive,

take conduite / conduct confesseur m. conf essor confession / confession

VOCABULARY

lOS

oonfesalonnal m. confessional (a priest's cabinet for hearing confessions)

confiance/, confidence, trust ; de «« on trust

confidence /. confidence, secret

confier trust, confide

confortable comfortable

confrère m. fellow-member, colleague

confus -e confused

congé m, leave, dismissal

connaissance /. acquaintance

connaître know, be acquainted with

consacrer consecrate

consdence f. conscience

conseil m. advice, counsel

consentir to consent

conséquent: par «^^ consequently, therefore

conserver préserve, keep

considération f, considération

considérer consider

consigne /. orders, instructions, baggage-room (for stored bagg^ge) ; forcer la ~ force a sentry, pass a guarded door

consolant -e consoling

consolation/, consolation

consoler console

constituer constitute, make up

constrnir construct, build

consulter consult

contact m. contact

contagieux -euse contagions

conte m. taie, story

contemplation / contemplation

contempler contemplate

contemporain -e contemporary, of the day

contenir contain

content -e contented, glad, happy ; c^i> de satisfied with

contentement m. contentment, gladness

contenter content, satisfy ; se c^9 get along

contenu -e restrained

conter relate

continuer continue

contraindre force, compel

contraire m. contrary ; au «^ on the contrary

contralto m. contralto

contre against

contremarque /. theater-check

contribuer contribute

contumace /. contumacy, default (failure to corne into court)

contumax m. fugitive under sentence

convenir agrée, suit, become, be suitable

convenu -e agreed

conversation /. conversation

convertir convert

convoi m. convoy, train, procession

copie / copy, manuscript

coquelicot m. wild poppy

coquille / shell, {in heraldry) scallop

coquin m. rogue ; ~ de rascally

cor m. corn (on the foot)

cordialité/ cordiality

cordon m. cord, string; c^a de sonnette bell-puU

cornichon m. gherkin (little cucumber) ; //. pickles

corps m. body

correct -e correct ; see note to 18 18

io6

correctionnelle /. police court

correspondance /. correspondence, relation

corsage m. body» waist (of woman's dress)

corvée /. unpleasant task, job

côté m. side ; à c^a near, near by, aside ; à ~ de beside

cotonneux -euse cottony, downy

couché -^ lying down, in bed

coude m. elbow

coudre sew

couleur /. color

coup m. knock, blow, stroke ; tout à ~ ail of a sudden, suddenly ; à ~s de by hammering away with ; faire le c^9 do it, do the deed ; c^a de sonnette ring of the doorbell ; ~ de pied kick ; ~ de chapeau doffing of hat ; «^ de génie flash of genius

coupable guilty

coupe /. eut, section, slope

coupé m. brougham, coupe

couper eut

coui/. court ; faire la ~ pay court

courage m. courage

courageusement courageously

courant m. current; ~ d'air draft

courir run

couronne /. crown, coronet

course /. course

court -e short

courtoisie /, courtesy

cousin m. cousin

couteau m. knife

coûter cost

couvent m. couvent

couvert m. cover, fork and spoon

couverture /. cover, covering

couvrir cover

cracher spit, spit eut

craindre fear

crasseux -euse dirty, foui, soiled

cravate /. cravat

crayon m. pencil

créancier m. creditor

crèche /. crib, manger

crédit m. crédit

cri m. cry, shout ; poètes du dernier

~ the latest thing in poets crier cry, shout, call crime m. crime criminel m. criminal, offender crinière /. mane crispé -e clenched, contracted critique critical, critic critique /. criticism croire believe ; c^a à believe in ;

~ caresser think one is stroking croiser cross croix /. cross croupion m. rump cru -e crude, raw cruche /. pitcher crucifix m. crucifix cuiller spoon

cuir m. leather ; de «^ fauve tan cuirassé -e armored, armor-plated cuire cook, bake

cuisine/, kitchen, cookery, cooking cuisinier -ère cook cuisse/, thigh, (of roast fowl) drum-

stick cuit -e roasted, baked cuivre m. copper, brass curé m. parish-priest, vicar curieux -euse curions, strange curiosité /. curiosity cylindre m. roUer ; à ~ roU-top

VOCABULARY

daigner deign

dame indeed! whyl welU

dame /. lady

dandy m, dandy

danger m. danger

dangereux -enae dangerous

dans in, into

date/, date

davantage more, still more, any

longer de of, from, by, with ; see note toi 2 dé m. thimble débauche /. debauch, debauchery,

dissipation débauché m. débauchée, rake débiter deal out, deliver, sell débiteur m, debtor debout upright, standing déboutonner unbutton débraillé -e loose, open, with breast

exposed débris m. débris, remains décemment decently décent -e décent, modest décevoir deceive décidément decidedly décider décide, détermine; se «n»

décide, make up one's mind déclaration/, déclaration, statement déconfit -« disconcerted décor m. décoration, scenery, stage-

setting décoratif -ive décorative, prétentions, showy découper eut up, carve découragé -e disheartened décourager discourage découvrir (se) uncover, take off

one's hat décrire describe

dédaigneux -«use scomful

défaillance /. weakness, faintness

défaite /. def eat

défaut /. defect, fault

défendre défend, forbid

défense /. défense, prohibition

définitivement definitively

défunt -« deceased, deceased person ' dégainer draw out, unsheathe

dégeler thaw ; se ~ thaw, thaw out

dégoût m', distaste, disgust

dégoûté -e (de) tired of, disgusted with, sick of

degré m. degree, step

dehors out, outside ; en ~ de outside of, without

déjà already ; pas c^9 si not so very

délai m. delay

délicat -« délicate, frail, fastidious

déUces/.//. delight

délicieux -euse delicious

délivrer deliver

déluge m. déluge, âood

demain to-morrow

demander demand, ask, ask for

démarche step, gait, conduct, application

demeurer remain, live

demi -e half ; à «^ half , half way

demi-million m. half a million

demoiselle /. young lady, miss

dent /. tooth

départ m. departure

dépasser pass, go beyond

dépêcher (se) make haste

dépense /. expense, expenditure

déplaire displease

déplier unfold

déployer unfold, display

dépouiller strip, plunder

io8

dépourvu -« (de) unprovided(with),

destitute (of), devoid (of) depuis from, for; e^i> que since;

c^a lors since then déraisonnablement unreasonably déranger disarrange, disturb dernier -ère last, latter, former,

lowest, worst dérober steal, take away déroute /. disorder, overthrow derrière behind derrière m, hinder part, back, butt,

rear dès from, since, at ; c^a que as soon

as, when descendre descend, land, get out description /. description désespoir m. despair ; enc^9 de cause

as a last resort déshonorer dishonor désigner point out, choose désillusion /. disillusion désintéresser indemnify, pay back désir m. désire désirer désire, wish désolé -« sorry, grieved désordre m. disorder désorienté -e lost, confused désormais in future dessert m. dessert dessin m. sketch, draft, plan dessiner draw, sketch dessous underneath; enc^a furtive,

sly dessus above, over dessus m. upper side, top, advan-

tage destinée /. destiny destiner destine, intend désuétude /. disuse

détestable détestable

détourner turn aside

détresse /. distress

détruire destroy

dette /. debt

deuil m. mouming

deux two

dévaliser rob

devant before, in front of

devenir become ; qu'est-ce qu'elle

devenait what was becoming of it deviner divine, guess devis m. estimate, spécification devise /. device, motto devoir owe, must, ought, hâve to,

be to devoir m. duty ; debtor (column in

bookkeeping) dévorer devour, consume dévot m. devout, religions person dévotion/, dévotion dévouer dévote, consecrate diable m. de vil; pauvre «s» poor

f ellow ; un ~ de sang hot blood diamant m. diamond dictature /. dictatorship dictionnaire /. dictionary diète /. diet dieu» Dieu, m. god, God ; mon Dieu

dear me, well ; grand Dieu good

Lord difficile difficult difficilement with difficulty difforme deformed, misshapen digérer digest ; s'écouter ~ watch

one's digestion digestion /. digestion digne worthy, dignified dignité f. dignity dinde /. turkey

VOCABULARY

diner dine

dîner m. dinner; <« en yille invitation to dine out, dining out

diplomate m. diplomatist

diplomatique diplomatie

dire say, tell ; que «« ? what could one say ? c*e8t-à-~ that is to say ; il n'y a pas à ~ there is no use talking; avoir beau «^ say in vain ; on aura beau ~ say what one will ; <^» du mal speak ill of »

slander

diriger direct, conduct

disciple m, disciple

discours m, speech

discrètement discreetly, faintly

discrétion /. discrétion

discussion /. discussion

disgrâce /. misfortune

disgracieux -euse disagreeable, unlovely

disparaître disappear

dispenser dispense, exempt, excuse

disposé -e disposed, inclined

dissimuler dissimulate, conceal

dissipation/, dissipation

dissiper disperse, scatter, disappear

distance /. distance

distinguer distinguish, make out

distraction /. distraction

distribuer distribute

distribution /. distribution

diva /. prima donna

dix ten

dix-neuf nineteen

dizaine about ten, half a score

doctrine /. doctrine

document m. document, information, référence

doigt m. fînger

dollar m. dollar

domaine /. domain

dAme m. dôme

domestique m. andf. servant

domicile m. domicile

dommage m, damage, harm ; être ~

be a pity don m, gift donc then, therefore donner give dont whose, of which, with which,

etc. {cf. de), whence dormir sleep dos m. back dot /. dowry

doter endow, give a dowry to double double douceur /. gentleness ; ~s delica-

cîes, sweets douillette /. quilted overcoat douleur /. pain, grief, sorrow douloureux -euse painful doute /. doubt

douter doubt; se ~ (de) suspect douteux -euse doubtful, question-

able doux, douce, sweet, gentle, soft,

mild douze twelve

doyen m, dean, senior, oldest drame m. drama, tragedy drap m. cloth draper drape, cover dresser set up, erect, arrange droguer drug, doctor, dose droit -e right, straight droit m. right droite /. right side, right hand, the

right diAle m. knave

IIO

dû, doe, due, owing, regular dael m. duel dur -e hard, severe durant during djrspeptiqtte m. dyspeptic

eau /. water

•au-de-vie / spirits, brandy

éblouir dazzle

écartelé -« quartered (in four parts)

ecclésiastique m. ecclesiastic, clergyman

échanger (contre) exchange (for)

échapper (s*) escape

échauffer (s*) become excited

échecs m.//, chess

échoir expire, fall due, fall to the lot (of)

échouer fail

éclairage m. lighting

éclairer light, light up

éclat m. splendor, brightness

éclatant -e dazzling, bright

éclater burst, burst out, break forth, flash, blaze

écœuré -e sickened, sick

école/, school ; «« payant pay school (as opposed to free schools)

économie /. order, economy ; détruire P~ de disarrange

économique economical

écot m. scot, reckoning

écouter listen, listen to

écraser crush, run over

écrevisse /. crawfish

écrier (s') cry, exclaim

écrire write; ~ en tontes lettres Write in full

écrit -e written ; par «« in writing

écriteau m. sign

écrivain m. writer

écrouler (s*) giveway,fall to pièces,

collapse écumer foam, froth écusson m. escutcheon édifice m. building édition /. édition effet m, effect ; en ~ in reality, in-

deed, well; faire de l'c^9 produce

an effect, show off effort m. effort effrayant -e terrifying effrayé -e frightened égard m. regard église /. church

égoïste egotistical, selfish ; egoist égueulé -e with broken mouth (of

bottles etc.) électeur m. elector, voter élégant -e élégant élégant m. dandy, swell, dude éléphantiasique elephantoid, ele-

phantiac élévation /. élévation élève m. and/, pupil élever raise, rear, bring up ; s'e^

rise, mount up (of accounts) éloigner remove; s'~ go away,

withdraw emballer (s') become excited embarras m. embarrassment, diffi-

culty, trouble embarrasser embarrass, trouble,

puzzle embotter fit, fît in; ««lepas march

in lock step with, tread in the

tracks of embonpoint m. obesity, stoutness embrasser embrace, kiss émeraude /. emerald

VOCABULARY

emmitonfler wrap up (person)

émotion /. émotion

émouvoir affect, xnove, stir, excite

empâté -e clammy, sticky

empêcher hinder, prevent

empereur m. emperor

empeser starch

empester infect, taint, smell abom-

inably of empiler pile up, crowd in • empirique m. empiric, quack emploi m. employment, situation employé m. clerk employer employ, use empoigné -e enthused, interested,

taken with empois m. starch emporter carry away empressement m. eagemess; avec

e« readily, cheerfully emprunt m. loan ; d*e« borrowed emprunter borrow ému see émouvoir en in, into, to, while, as, like en of it, of him, from it, etc. {cf. de),

some; ~ ... là (de) at that

stage, so far (in) ; e^» . . . à to

the point of, so far as encadré -e framed encaqué -e kitted, packed enchère /. bidding, auction ; à Pc^a

for sale to the highest bidder encombrement m. obstruction,

crowd encombrer encumber, clutter, ob-

struct encore again, still, yet, besides,

too, more, at that; et «« and

hardly that encouragement m. encouragement

encre /. ink ; «« de Chine India ink endormir (s') fall asleep endroit m. place énergie /. energy énergique energetic énergiquement energetically, vig-

orously enfance / infancy, childhood enfant m. andf. child ; bbn~ good

fellow enfantin -e infantile, childish, chil-

dren's, of children enfariner sprinkle with flour enfin finally, at last, in short, well enflammé -e ablaze enfoncer sink, thnist, break in enfuir (s') flee

engager (s') pledge one's self, enlist enlever raise, remove, take away ennui m. ennui, sorrow énorme enormous enragé -e {properîy ofdogs etc.) mad enrichir enrich enseigner show, teach ensemble together ensonuneillé -e drowsy ensoutané m. ecclesiastic entamer touch, begin, enter upon entendre hear, understand, mean

to ; bien entendu of course enthousiasme m. enthusiasm entièrement entirely entre between, among, in ; d'ew

from among, among, of entrée /. entrance, entry entreprendre undertake entrer enter, go in ; ~ en ménage

go to housekeeping entretien m. support, maintenance,

conversation, interview

envelopper envelop, wrap up

envie/, désire, envy; avoirs désire

envieux -ease envious, envier

environ about

environs m, pi. neighborhood

envoyer send

épagneul m, spaniel

épais -se thick

épargner save, spare

épaule /. shoulder ; coup d'~ help-

ing hand, lift épileptiqae epileptic épinards m, pi. spinach épingle /. pin

époque f. epoch, date, time épouser marry épottsseter dust épouvanter terrify éprouvé -e tried, suffering épuisé -e exhausted, worn out épure /. diagram, plan, draft équité /. equity ère /. era, epoch éreinter break the back of, use up,

lash to pièces erreur m. error, mistake escalier m. stairway escroc m. swindler espèce f. species, sort, kind espérer hope esprit m. mind, wit, intellect,

spirit essai m. trial essayer try

essuyer wipe, wipe away estampe /. print, engraving esthétique /. aesthetics estime /. esteem, estimation estimer esteem, value estomac m. stomach

estrade /. stage, platf orm ; {pbso-

lete) Street; batteur d'e^as high-

wayman estropié -e crippled, maimed et and

étable / stable établissement m, establishment ;

cv de crédit banking house étage m. story, âoor étape /. stage, halting-place, round état State, condition; de bons ~b

de service a good record ; en ««

de able to été m. summer éteindre (s*) die out, go out étendu -e extended, stretched out étemuement m. sneezing, sneeze étinceler sparkle, glitter étique lean, emaciated étoile /. star étonnant -e astonishing étonné -e astonished étonnement m, astonishment étouffer stifie, smother, suppress étourdir (s') lose one*s self, forget,

be befogged étrange strange, foreign étranger -ère foreign, foreigner être be ; ~ à belong to ; je suis à

vous I am at your disposai étroit -e narrow étui m, case étttve /. sweating-room (of bath),

kiln évangélique evangelical Evangile m. Gospel éveillé -e awake, lively événement m. event évidemment evidently évier m. sink

VOCABULARY

exactement exactiy

examiner examine

ex-banquier m. ex-banker

excellent -e excellent

exception yi exception

excès m. excess

exciter excite

exclamation /. exclamation

exdosion /. exclusion, exception

excommunier excommunicate

excuser excuse

exécuter exécute, perform

exemple m. exacnple, copy ; par c^a

for instance ; étonnait par c^a did

astonish exercer exercise exigeant -e exacting, hard to

please exiger exact, demand exigu -6 tiny, small existence /. existence exister exist expliquer explain ; s'~ hâve one's

explanation exprès expressly, purpQsely express m. express (train) expression f. expression exprimer express expulser expel externat m. day-school ; <m payant

pay school (non-free) extra m. extra extraordinaire extraordinary ; par

«^ as an exceptional thing

face f. face, front ; en ~ (de) in

front (of), opposite fâché -e sorry, angry, vexed facile easy facilement easily

façon /. manner, way ; de toute ~ at any rate, whatever happens ; aux e>'8 de like, with the manners of

faculté /. faculty

fagot m. fagot

faible feeble, weak ; un c^9 d'esprit a simple-minded man

faillir fail, come near

faim /. hunger ; avoir e« be hungry

fainéantise / idleness

faire do, make, be (of weather etc.)»

cause, hâve (~ télégraphier hâve [a thing] telegraphed), say, exclaim ; ~ le gros dos hump the back ; ev> offense give offense ; ~ le beau show off, {ofdogs) sit on the hind feet, beg; ne fait rien makes no différence; s'y fera will get used to it ; se~ bedone, become ; se c^a entendre be heard ; «^9 savoir let know ; c« e« u communion administer the communion; fait adapted

fait m. fact, deed ; en c^a de as regards ; par le «s» as a matter of fact ; tout à ~ altogether, downright

faits-divers m. pi. miscellaneous news, items

falloir be necessary, must, need; il fallait voir you should hâve seen ; il fallait vivre I had to live; il lui fondrait she ought to hâve

fameux -euse famous, notorious

famille f. family

fané -e faded, wilted

fanfaronnade /. boasting

fantaisie /. fancy, caprice

fantastique fantastic

farce /. farce (theatrical pièce)

farceur m. low-comedy actor, old

fraud» scamp fasciner fascinate fastidieux -euse tiresome fatigue /. fatigue, weariness fatigué -e tired faubourg m. suburb, outskirt; see

pp. 6s-66 faussaire m, forger faute /. fault, error ; ~ de for want

of, lacking fauteuil m. arm-chair, [theater) orchestra seat fauve tawny, tan faux, fausse, false, wrong, f eigned,

imitation faux m, falsèhood, forgery faveur / favor favorable favorable fée /. fairy féliciter congratulate féminin -e féminine fendre split, open fente /. erack fer m. iron

ferme firmly, steadily, sharply fermer close

féroce wild, fierce, savage ferraille / scrap-iron, (iron) junk festin m. feast, banquet fête / f east, festival : ~ carillonnée

grand holiday feu -e late, deceased feu m. fire feuille /. leaf, paper feuilleter tum over the leaves of,

run through feutre m, felt, felt hat

fi fie ; ~ donc ugh

fiacre m, cab, hack

fichtre deucedly

fidèle faithful

fidèlement faithfuUy

fiel m, gall, spleen

fier -ère proud, haughty

fiévreux -euse feverish

filandreux -euse stringy, prolix

file /. file, line, row ; prendre la «^

fall into line filet m. thread, string, fillet, net,

tenderloin ' fille / daughter, girl ; vieille ~ old

maid fillette /. little girl fils m. son fin -e fine, keen, délicate, dainty,

clear-cut fin /. end ; à la ~ at last, in the end financier m. financier finir finish, end ; en c^9 get done ;

n'en plus ~ come to no end

now; à n'en plus <^» without

end ; c^» par ultimately fiole /. phial

floral fiower-sellers; see note iû46 6 fixer fix, fasten flairer scent, smell flamber flame, blaze {literalfy) flamboyer fiame, blaze {figuraiively) flamme f, fiame flânerie / lounging, stroUing flatter flatter flétri -e faded, withered fleur f. flower ; en ~ in bloom fleuri -e flowered, adorned with

flowers, in bloom, fiorid foi /. faith ; ma e>9 in faith, really,

I assure you

VOCABULARY