Balzac, see page 13, note

8. Auguste Comte (1798-1857), French philosopher, author of Cours de philosophie positive,

9. Claude Bernard (1813-1878), French physiologist, author of Introducticm à la médecine expérimentale. Bemard's Introdu>ction upheld expérimentation against abstractions and théories in the field of médical science. It had a powerful influence on French realistic

novelists and on Emile Zola in particular in his théories on the experir mental novel, ZoUiy see page 16, note 7.

10. Stuart Mill, John (1806-1873), English philosopher of the utilitarian school.

11. Herbert Spencer (1820-1903), English philosopher and wellknowh sponsor of the theory of évolution.

12. l'ouvrage de Mill stir Auguste Comte, see Bibliography , page 9.

Page 15. 1. de la Bretagne ou de Paris, "As you may well imagine" [writes one of Clemenceau*s former colleagues at Stamford, Ck>nn., who visited Paris in 1868], "he was of incalculable benefit to us during our month's stay in Paris; engaged rooms for us, and made out a program for us every day, so we should know just what places to visit. I shall always remember his kindness to me as I was leaving Paris for Dresden. No brother could hâve been kinder. He gave me his card and said: 'Now you are going into a strange country. You do not know the people and you do not speak the language. You may not hâve trouble but you may. Hère is my card. K you need a friend send for me.' That card I kept for years. I would give a good deal for it now." (From a letter of Mrs. A. D — of Los Angeles, Califomia.)

2. l'Assemblée Nationale de Bordeaux, this political body ruled France from 1871 to 1875 and had its seat first at Bordeaux and then at Paris. It ratified the treaty which ceded Alsace-Lorraine to Germany (Treaty of Frankfort, May, 1871). The Assemblée Nationale voted the new Republican constitution of France (1875) after a vain attempt to restore a monarchy.

3. la Commune, a revolutionist govemment which ruled Paris from March to May, 1871. After serions street fighting and the siège of Paris it was def eated by the troops of the regular govemment seated at Versailles (hence the name of les VersaiUais given to the govemment soldiers).

Page 16. 1. une restauration monarchique, see page 15, note 2.

2. Indo-Chine . . . Tunisie, Indo-China, a French colony including Cambodge, Laos, Cochin China, Anam, Tonkin. It was conquered by France from 1882 to 1885. Tunisia, in northem Africa, was conquered from 1881 to 1883.

3. Bismarck, Prince von Bismarck (1815-1898), the German Chancellor.

4. l'affaire Boulanger, in 1887-1889 a popular French General, Georges Boulanger (1837-1891), tried to overthrow the French govemment and become dictator, but he f ailed.

5. l'affaire de Panama, the failure in 1889>of the French Company in charge of building the Panama Canal was the signal for the disclosure of political intrigues in the French parliament. Not a few deputies were accused of having accepted money from the Panama Company. Clemenceau was among them but he finally succeeded in clearing himself from the unjust charges brought against him by the forger Norton, who accused Clemenceau of having sold his personal influence to British interests.

6. l'affaire Dreyfus, Captain Alfred Dreyfus of the French army had been arrested in 1894 on the charge of having sold to a German agent some of the plans for the new French gim of 75 millimeters (3 inches), and other docimients. Captain Dreyfus's varions trials lasted until 1902, when he was declared not guîlty. Clemenceau was one of the most ardent supporters of the accused.

7. Emile Zola (1840-1902), French novelist of the naturalistic school and author of many novels grouped imder the gênerai title of les Rougon Macquart.

8. sénateur du Var, Var is a département of the south of France with Draguignan for its capital. The important city and naval base of Tovlon is in the same département.

Page 17. 1. des déserteurs allemands de la Légion Étrangère à Casablanca, in 1909 Germany claimed some German deserters who had enlisted in the French Foreign Légion at Casablanca (Morocoo). This dispute came very near bringing about a diplomatie rupture between France and Germany.

2. le discours provocateur du Kaiser It Tanger, in 1905 the former German Kaiser went to Tangiers (Morocco) and made a speech in which he upheld the independence of Morocco against France.

3. il n'avait, lui Clemenceau, etc., Clemenceau meant by that hoiUade that, since the spirit of the French politicians in power was ail of the same brand despite the changes of personnel in the cabinets, he had after ail donc nothing but overthrow one and the same cabinet.

4. la Commission de l'armée, the important Army Committee appointed by the French chambers to supervise the conduct of the war.

Page 18. 1. le cafard, the name given first by the French soldiers in Ai rica and then by the poilus, during the World War, to their fits of nostalgia, or homesickness and dépression. Cafard means, literally, cockroach.

2. la percée allemande, au printemps de 1918, first, in March, 1918, on the Somme, and a second time in May of the sa.mft -^^ax^ ^Skssû^

the Aisne River, the German armies succeeded in breaking the Allied lines and came very near taking Amiens and Paris. Soon, however, the luck tumed, especially when American reënforcements arrived, and the Allied offensive in July, 1918, led to the retreatof theOermansand to the Armistice of November, 1918.

3. Foch, Ferdinand Foch (pronounce Fosh [fo/1, bom 1851), the well-known gênerai, afterwards Marshal of France and generalissimo of the Allied armies.

4. l'entente cordiale franco-anglaise, a cordial understanding was arranged between France and England in 1904 and was due especially to the late King Edward VII (1841-1910). It led during the war to the effective Anglo-French Alliance which defeated Germany, with the help of the United States and the other Allied nations.

5. aux envoyés allemands à Versailles, the treaty which ended the World War was signed at Versailles, June 28, 1919.

Page 19. 1. Joffre, Césaire Joseph Jacques (bom 1852), the wellknown Marshal of France.