Spencer, Taine, Renan, see page 14, notes

5. struggle-for-life, the 8truggle-for4ife doctrine (in French, la IvUe pour la vie) is borrowed from Darwin. It was the creed and motto of most of the French intellectual leaders in the early nineties.

6. Emerson, Ralph Waldo (1803-1882), American writer, philosopher, and poet, SLuthor of^jBssaySf Représentative MeUy etc.

7. Brunetière, Ferdinand (1849-1906), French literary critic, author of rÉvolviion des genres^ Études critiques sur la littérature française, etc.

8. Haeckel, Emst (1834-1918), German naturalist and evolutionist philosopher, author of the Natural History of Création, etc.

9. grosses Berthas, a nickname for the big German gims during the war.

10. William James (1842-1910), American philosopher, author of Pragmatism, A Pluralistic Universe, etc.

11. Boutrouz, Emile (bom 1845), French philosopher, author of de la Contingence des lois de la nature, Science et religion, etc.

12. Bergson, Henri (bom 1859), French philosopher, author of VÉvolvJtion créatrice, etc.

13. Henri Poincaré (1854-1912), French mathematician, author of la Science et Vhypothèse,