Manet, Claude Monet, see page 85, note

6. Vendée . . . Bocage, see page 147, note 5, and page 148, no te 4.

7. Diderot, Denis (1713-1784), French philosopher, novelist, and essayist, author of Le Neveu de Eameau, Lettre sur les aveugles^ etc. In his /SoZona (1765-1767), or essays written on the art exhibitions in Paris, Diderot gave the first models in France of art criticism.

8. Théophile Gautier (1811-1872), French poet, novelist, and essayist, author oi Émaux et campes, le Roman de la momies Voyage en Espagne, etc. As a protest against the vague idealism of the romantic poets Gautier deliberately fixed his whole attention on thé extemal aspects of nature, in the description of which he was a master. He prided himself on being a man for whom only the visible world really existed.

Page 25. 1. Edmond de Goncourt, see page 78, note 1. 2. Balzac, see page 13, note 3.

Page 28. 1. Hsrpathie, Hypatia (370-415), a famous woman who

taught philosophy at Alexandria, and died at the hands of the mob in

revolt against her doctrines. Leconte de Lisle (see page 14, liote 6)

Aajsi consecrated one of his Pokmes antiqiie& to the memory of H3'patia.

2. avec ces grands moines révoltés, probably an allusion to some famons monks in revolt against the church, like Savonarola (1452- 1498) the Italian friar, Martin Luther (1483-1546), and others.

3. l'Inquisition, a famous tribunal in Spain which persecuted the heretics and in particular the Jews, with the utmost severity and the use of torture. Torquemada (1420-1498), a Spanish inquisitor, made a spécial réputation of cruelty for himself .

Page 31. 1. j'entendais .... le marteau nerveux tinter, etc., / heard the quick and staccato hlows of the hammer on the litUe aonorous anvil.

Page 32. 1. la face charbonneuse piquée d'une barbe de htdt jours etc., his face hlackened hy coal and hristling with a heard eight days oldy with a tvrinkling in his smaU shrewd eyes and an expression ahout his toothless mouth, thaJt chaUenged every newcomer.

2. sur de petites palettes servant de points d'appui, on little paddles used as a support,

3. Réatmiur . . . berceau du grand physicien, Réaimiur (1683- 1757), French physicist and inventer of the thermometer which bears his name. The Réaumur thermometer is used in France and some other countries. On that thermometer marks the freezing point and 80 the boiling point of water. To convert the readings of the Réaimiur thermometer into degrees Fahrenheits one has to multiply them by 9/4 and add 32.

Page 33. 1. au plus feignant, /et^nanf, slang for fainéant, lazy.

2. le courage du quadrupède sonSLeuXy the courage of the quadruped (the dog) which plied the heUows {hy moving the whed).

3. Elle tombe alors comme d'elle-même, it then faUs of itseJJ into the screw-pUUe surmounted hy d smaU ivide-openfnetalliccup,inwhichy with three or four hlows, the hammer fUMens and shapes the head {of the nail).

4. Enfin un petit coup sec de bas en haut sur la pointe, at last a litUe quick hlow from helow on the point causes the new nail to spring oui in a red semicirde and tofaU, etc.

5. ses frères encore tout chauds des baisers de la forge, the other naUs sttU hotfrom the forge.