ARISTE

En quelle estime est-il, mon frère, auprès de vous ?

D'homme d'honneur, d'esprit, de cœiu- et de conduite ; Et je vois peu de gens qui soient de son mérite.

Molière, Femmes savantes, ii. 3.

P. 112 1. 455. Académie des Sciences: founded by G>lbert in 1666.

P. 112 1. 458. les billets de confession: allusion to the power regained by the Church under the Restoration.

P. 112 L 463. J'oublie, en vous parlant . . . l

J'oublie, en le voyant, ce que je viens lui dire.

Racine, Phèdre, ii. 5.

P. 113 1. 482. la Sainte-Inquisition: this survived in Spain till its suppression by Napoléon (1808).

P. 1 14 1. 507. la foi ... du charbonnier : ' On tire ce proverbe d'un conte: un charbonnier, étant enquîs par le diable de ce qu'il croyait, lui répondit toujours : "Je crois ce que l'Église croit '* ' (Littré). For la foi du centenier Littré only quotes Courier, who apparently alludes to the healing of the centurion*s servant (Luke vii. 2).

LETTRES AU RÉDACTEUR DU CENSEUR P. 116 1. I : on thèse letters see Introd. p. xxi. P. 116 1. 20. je suis chartné ... : Philinte on the fîrst quatrain of Oronte's sonnet :

Je suis déjà charmé de ce petit morceau.

Molière, Misanthrope, i. 3.

P. ii8 1. 62. cent fois dam le cours ... : Narcissus to Nero :

J'ai cent fois, dans le cours de ma gloire passée, Tenté leur patience, et ne l'ai point lassée,

Racine, Britannicus, iv. 4.

P. 118 1. 67. la Charte : la charte constitutionnelle^ granted (18 14) by Louis XVIII.

P. 1 18 1. 86. un l^n paysan qui a déplu au maire : this was Courier's woodman, Pierre Clavier dit Blondeau, who had formerly been in the service of Debeaune, mayor of Véretz, a hamlet near Courier's forest of Larçay. Courier had constant disputes with the mayor, a boorish upstart, and dealt with the Clavier- Blondeau case in three amusing memoirs (see Bibliography, p. 225).

P. 1 18 1. 90. es prisons : the word ès^ for en lesy now survives only in académie titles and in place-names, except in the légal phrasç verser une somme es mains d'un tel,

P. 119 1. 103. les parties de monsieur Fleurant: partie bas hère the archaic sensé of ' mémorandum of expenses/ * bill ' :

Ce qui me plaît de monsieur Fleurant, mon apothicaire, c'est que ses parties sont toujours fort civiles. . . . Oui ; mais, monsieur Fleurant, ce n'est pas tout que d'être civil ; il faut être aussi raisonnable. — Molière, Malade imaginaire, i. i.

P. 119 l. III. bandes noires : a name given at the time to companies which bought up large estâtes and hîstoric buildings as a spéculation. They are also referred to in the Simple Discours (p. 143 1. 435). Courier, with his hatred of medievalism and complète indifférence to the historic part of his own country, approved of their opérations, but the Romantics were naturally opp)osed to such vandalism :

Oui, oui. La bande noire a bon nez, et j'espère qu'avant im mois, ce vestige de la féodalité ne souillera plus le sol d'un peuple libre. Siu* son emplacement on plantera des betteraves, avec ses matériaux on bâtira des chaumières pour l'homme utile, pour le laboureur, pour le vigneron. — AuGiER, Le Gendre de M. Poirier, iv. i.

P. 120 1. 140. HeppI heppi the German cry for an onslaught on the Jews, originally a cry to goats. Courier, who was no German scholar, may hâve picked up the word at Strasbourg or in Switzerland.

P. 121 1. 165. Côme de Mëdicis: usually Cosme, for Italian Cosmo (1519-74), first Grand Duke of Tuscany.

P. 122 1. 191. madame de Harlal : the great family of Harlai gave several judges and bishops to the State. The référence hère is apparently to the jurist Achille de Harlai (i 536-1619).

P. 122 1. 194.. Marcellus : le comte de Marcellus, littérateur and

politician (1776-1S41), authpr of several volumes of sacred poetry. His son, an orientalist, discovered the Venus of Milo.

P. 122 1. 204. Chenonceauz, le PleBsis-lèz-Tours ... : ail of thèse, except Blois (Loir-et-Cher), are in Courier's own départaient of Indre - et - Loire, which corresponds nearly to the old province of Touraine. Plessis-lèz-Tours was the place of Louis XL 's secluded life (see Quentin Durward, Chap. i. ) ; Blois witnessed the assassination of Henry of Guise by order of Henry III. ; Amboise was the scène of the first Huguenot rising and massacre.

P. 122 1. 220. Qui travaille prie : an adaptation of Latin lahorare est orare, With this idéal présentation of the Tourangeau peasant cf. the reality as evidenced in Courier's murder (see Introd. p. xxiii).

P. 123 1. 225. Prenez le titre ... : La Fontaine, Contes et Nouvelles^ iii. S, Le Faucon,

P. 123 1. 231. à laquelle il fût attache : the médiéval serf was adscriptm glebae and went with the land.

P. 123 1. 241. Conservateur', founded (1818) by Lamennais, Bonald, Chateaubriand, Villèle, Lamartine, etc., to propagate the monarchical and ultramontane ideas which had revived under the Restoration.

P. 123 1. 244. substitué à lui et à ses hoirs ... : légal formula in entailing property. The old French hoir is now replaced, except in some légal phrases, by héritier,

P. 124 1. 278. Marmoutier : a village near Tours.

P. 124 1. 282. madame la duchesse : the Duchess of Luynes, a great local landholder.

P. 124 1. 283. Saint- Andoche : Saint Andochius (Sept. 4).

P. 124 1. 288. la Sainte- Alliance : formed, after the second fall of Napoléon, by Prussia, Austria, and Russia, to combat revolutionary tendencies in Europe. The French government of the period was in sympathy with its policy.

P. 125 L 303. Jean- Jacques : the 'retum to nature' is the idea which dominâtes in ail Rousseau's works. He deals with the origin of language in his Contrat Social,

P. 125 L 311. philosophes: see p. 138 1. 144. The inventors of speech are likened to the eighteenth-century French philosophes,

P. 125 1. 314. Sëguier : magistrate and advocate-general of the parliament of Paris (1726-92), repeatedly called for the prosecution of the Encyclopédie and other works of the philosophes.

P. 126 I. 334. un Phénicien : the invention of writing was attributed by the ancients to the Phoenicians. In Greek tradition, the art was introduced into Europe by Cadmus, mythical founder of Thebes.

P. 126 1. 346. Thomme de Mayence : Johann Gutenberg (whose real name was Gensfleisch, ûe, * goose-flesh ') of Mayence (German Mainz), reputed inventor of printing.

P. 127 1. 365. Couasergue : magistrale and deputy, espoused the reactionaiy views of the Restoration, and (in 1820) obtained great notoriety by accusing the minister Decazes of complicity in the assas* sination of the Duc de Beny.

P. 127 1. 370. Marcaesus: the real name of the Comte de Marcellus (p. 112 l. 194) was Louis- Marie- Auguste Demartin du Tirac. I do not know what Courier means by Marcassus,

P. 128 1. 39a le docteur Kirkausen : this is ail fictitious.

P. 128 1. 395. tachitypie : coined by Courier from Greek ra^i^f, swift, TÙTùiy type.

P. 128 1. 415. Despotes ho noniosi Sefl-TÔTiyj b yàiMS, *the law the master. '

P. 130 1. I. The castle of Chambord (Loir-et-Cher), built by Primaticcio for Francis I. , had been granted by Napoléon to Marshal Berthier, Prince of Wagram. The minister of finance had conceived the idea of taking it over from the Berthier family and allowing the dande noire (see p. 119 L iii)'to hâve the opportunity of buying it. This threatened yandalism called forth from an inhabitant of Blois a letter of protest which appeared (Sept. 1819) in the Conservateur (p. 123 1. 241). Forth with a movement was started among the royalists for the purchase of Chambord as a présent to the infant Duc de Bordeaux, posthumous son of the Duc de Berry (assassinated Feb. 13, 1820) and grand-nephew of Louis XVIII. The project was eagerly taken up and municipal councils were inyited to subscribe. Courier's protest against his local council taking part in the subscription was perhaps partly due to his personal avarice. But, as was his custom, he composed his diatribe so slowly and carefiilly, that Chambord was bought for the prince before the Simple Discours appeared. The pamphlet is therefore to be regarded as a gênerai expression of the author's views, already enunciated in some of his Lettres au Censeur y the Chambord business serving only as a peg on which to hang his indictment of the court It contaîns his best invective writing, and one passive, the terrifie caricature of the courtier (p. 140), which is not surpassed in ancient or modem literature. This pamphlet led to Courier's trial and imprisonment (Introd. p. xxi). Some of the most bitter paragraphs were omitted from the Sautelet édition of 1829-30,

to be reintroduced, after the fall of the legitimist monarchy (1830), in the Paulin édition of 1832.

P. 131 1. 31. Son métier, c'est de rëfirner un jour : owing to the expulsion of the direct line by the Orléans branch he never came to the throne. The genealogical tree will help to a clearer understanding of the pamphlet :

Louis XI IL (16x0-43)

Louis XIV. (1643-1715).

Louis (t 171 1)-

Louis (t X7i2)>

Louis XV. (1715-74).

Louis (t 1765X

Louis XVI.

(guillotined

Louis XVII.

(t in prison as a child Z795).

Louis XVIII.

Charles X. (1834-30).

Duc de Berry (assassinated 1820).

Henri, duc de Bordeaux,

comte de Cbambord

Philippe, duc d'Orléans.

Philippe, duc d'Orléans, the Régent.

Loub d'Orléans.

Louis-Philippe d'Orléans.

Louis-Philippe-Égalité (guillotined X793X

Louis Philipoe I«r (1830-48).

Ferdinand duc de Chartres (t Î842).

P. 132 1. 64. comme dit l'autre : ùe, La Fontaine :

Rien n'est si dangereux qu'un ignorant ami ; Mieux vaudrait un sage ennemi.

Fables, viii. 9 (L'ours et r amateur des Jardins).

P. 132 l 68. le semoir de Fehlemberfir : P. E. Fellenberg(i77i— 1844), famous Swiss educationist and agronome.

P. 132 1. 79. qui ont lofiré deux fois les Cosaques du Don : in the eastern departments, during the two allied invasions of France (1814, 1815).

P. 132 1. 82. Sacken : Russian gênerai, govemor of Paris on its fîrst occupation by the Allies (1814).

Platow : in English usually Platoff, the hetman, or ataman, of the Cossacks.

P. 133 1. 104. Un homme s'est rencontré : this was Adrien de Galonné, a sagacious courtier.

P. 133 1. 107. Fouché : a republican leader, afterwards chief of Napoleon's police and Duke of Otranto (i 763-1 820).

P. 133 1. 115. le ministre: Sîméon, ministre de P intérieur, who had given his approval to the subscription.

P. 133 1. 118. Bufirène: the famous Prince of Savoy (1663-1736) and brother-in-arms of Marlborough. It is characteristic of Courici to quote as examples two gênerais whose chief victories had been won against his own country.

P. 133 1. 123. comte de Saxe: Maurice de Saxe (1696-1750), illegitimate son of Augustus II., elector of Saxony, Marshal of France, Victor over the English at Fontenoy in Hainault (1745).

P. 134 1. 134. ce Henri : Henry IV., whose pacification of France at the end of the Wars of Religion put an end to the Spanish influence which had been exercised through the Catholic League.

P. 134 1. 137. Invalidée: the Hôtel des Invalides (Paris) was founded by Louis XIV. for aged and infirm soldiers.

P« 134 1. 143. hulans: or uAIans, properly German lancers, but used hère of Marshal Saxe's cavalry, which consisted partly of foreign mercenaries. The word is of Turkish origin.

P. 134 1. 152. le gouverneur d'un roi enfieuit: Dubois, chief minister of the regency during the minority of Louis XV. (17 15-1723). See p. 137 1. 257.

P. 135 1. 169. Saint-Denis : near Paris, with famous royal abbey^ dedicated to Saint Denis, patron saint of France. Burial-place of the French kings.

P. 135 1. 175. Titus: emperor of Rome (79-81), with whom Boileau (v. 1.) compares Louis XIV. :

Tel fut cet empereiu- sous qui Rome adorée Vit renaître les jours de Saturne et de Rhée ; Qui reudit de son joug l'univers amoureux ; Qu'on n'alla jamais voir sans revenir heureux.

Boileau, Épîfre i. Au roi.

P. 135 1. 179. les firrandes entrées: the privilège of the gentilshommes de la chambre^ other court officiais having only the petites entrées.

P. 135 l. 189. Louis XII: le père du peuple^ reigned 1498-1515.

P. 136 1. 202. le duc de Chartres : see genealogical tree (Note on p. 131 1, 31). Courier was, like many Libérais, inclined to favour the younger branch of the family, which, in the person of Louis-Philippe, the Citizen King, occupied the throne after the July Révolution (1830).

P. 137 1. 232. Dragronnades : the intimidation of the French Protestants after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes by quartering dragoons on them :

Les dragons ont été de très bons missionnaires jusques ici ; les prédicateurs qu'on envoie présentement rendront l'ouvrage parfait. — Mme. DE SéviGNÉ, Oct. 28, 1685.

3tl6 PAUL-LOUIS COURIER

P. 137 1. 236. Jacquerie: the peasant revolt (135S). Froin Jacques Bonhomme^ traditional nickname of the French peasant.

Barricades : two Parisian insurrections (1588, 1648) bear the Xïzmt journée des barricades, The first brought about the expulsion of Henry III., the second was a successful protest against the arbitrary govemment of Mazarin and the Queen-mother, Anne of Austria.

P. 137 1. 258. menin : from Spanish meniuo, 'young man of rank.' First used in French in 1680, when six menins wete attached to'the service of the Dauphin : * Quand le Dauphin commettait une faute, on fouettait le menin * (Larive et Fleury).

Tout eat à vous : see p. 134 1. 153.

P. 137 1. 259. il est l'heiUTe que voxis voulez : reply attributed to Boileau when the King asked him the time — ' Il est l'heure qu'il plaira à votre Majesté.*

P. 139 1. 308. éllgibles, * proper to be elected.' Used several times by Courier, who is the only authority for the word in Littré :

Le président, m'appelant» me donna im de ces billets où il fallait écrire deux noms. Pour moi, j'y voulais mettre Aristide et Caton. Mais on me dit qu'ils n'étaient pas sur la liste des éligibles. — Lettres particulières, ii.

P. 139 1. 322. Wellington : the restored monarchy was naturally rather Anglophil.

P. 140 1. 350. Frappe^ mais écoute : iràroJîov f/Jy, &Kov(rov dé, said, according to Plutarch {Li/e of Themistocles), by Themistocles to the Spartan Eurybiades, when, at the second council of war at Salamis, the latter raised his staff to strike the Athenian, in anger at his prudent advice. In Herodotus it is Adimantus the Corinthian who threatens Themistocles :

Strike, but hear ! Leap, Mr. Chuzzlewit, but look !

Martin Chuxxlewit, Chap. xxiv.

P. 142 1. 408. quant aux autres : apparently an allusion to the Prince de Wagram, one ofNapoleon's créations (see introductory Note to the Simple Discours),

P. 142 1. 420. le héros parut, et fit venir d'Allemacrne ... : Napoleon's partiality for the émigrés was always a sore point with Courier.

P. 143 1. 436. la bande blanche : white was the colour of the royalists, hence la terreur blanche (Introd. p. xx) as opposed to la terreur rouge. Cf. current use of red, white, in Russia.

P. 143 1. 439. Bn effet, qu'elle l'achète ... : cf. the views expressed in the Lettre au Censeur (pp. 120-21).

P. 143 1. 462. le Sénégal : colonized by France temp, Richelieu, lost to Britain during the Seven Years War (1757-1763) and not restored till 18 14. This seems to be an early allusion to the * freedom of the seas,* the British navy being at the tîme all-powerful.

P. 143 1. 463. des misslonnaireB : allusion to the active propaganda carried out by the Catholic Church under the Restoration.

P. 144 h 470. Pharamond: semi-mythical first King of the Franks (fifth century).

P. 144 1. 4S3. croissez, multipliez : Genesis i. 22.

P. 146 1. 540. le baron de Frimont : an Austrian gênerai, of French origin, was commander-in-chief of the army of occupation till 1S18.

P. 147 1. I. This brochure was written while Courier was awaiting his trial for * outrage à la morale publique et religieuse. '

P. 149 L 81. Jacquinot de Pampelune : the procureur du rot, or public prosecutor :

Le pauvre jeune homme, étant à labourer im jour, reçut un long papier, signé Jacquinot de Pampelune, dans lequel on l'accusait d'avoir offensé la morale publique. ... A raison de quoi Jacquinot proposait de le mettre en prison et l'y retenir douze années. — Procès de Paul- Louis Courier, 182 1.

P. 150 1. 103. la personne du roi : this charge was dropped.

P. 150 1. 106. Qui n^ aime pas Coitin ... :

Qui méprise Cotin n'estime point son roi.

Et n'a, selon Cotin, ni Dieu, ni foi, ni loi.

BoiLEAU, Sat. ix.

P. 150 1. 114. oncques: or onques, *ever,' archaic adverb, Latin unquam,

P. 150 1. 123. Bellart: procureur-général, temp, Louis XVIII., acted as public prosecutor at the trial of Marshal Ney and later on was the chief enemy of Libéral journalism.