wm. See note to

79. VOUÊ perueM. The indicative mood is often thus used potentiallj in Frenoh : e.g, *jon may think whether,' etc.

80. ffoOh qn». Instead of ' behold that,' say ' when all at once.'

81. gare la honibe. Be garer de means *to protect one's self fîrom : ' e.g. garez-vouê deê voUwreê, ' protect yourself from,' t e,

* take care of the carriages.' The imperative gare is used familiarly as an intransitive verb, * look ont,' ' out of the way ; ' by extension, as a transitive verb with a thing as object, ' look out for the shell I *

82. m* arrive deuue. Lit *oomee to me above.' Translate familiarly * comes on top of me.'

88. éhoêe . . . heureuse. This is in apposition with the following clause, and may be literally rendered * a still more fortunate thing.' One may also sum up a clause by ee qui^ * which : ' e.g. ce qui noui permit^ referring to the same clause as chose . • . heureuse.

1. le dwvdUer Hans. Chevalier^ ' knight,' is, in modem French, a title given to a member of an Order : e.g. ehevaUer de la légitm d^hoimeur. The title, now, by no means confers the dignity which is given by a knight's or bcuronet's title *Sir' in England. M. Mirobolant, Sir F. Giavering's cook, whose story is told in ^ Pendennis," was àuvalier. It may here be rendered * Sir.'

2. tl lui sembla entendre. Bender Mt seemed to him that he heard,' or better, avoiding the impersonal construction, *he thought—.'

4. pensant rôtir. See note to 96, 1. 33. Gf. je pense àUer à la eampagncy for which one can also say Je pense que firai.

9. large d* un pied. Cf. lôbfUmgues de trots pieds. Measurement is expressed : (1) with avoir : e.g. cet arbre a vingt pieds de haut or de hauteur, * this tree is twenty feet high ; ' (2) with no difierence in meaning, by être : e.g. eet arbre est haut de vingt pieds, lit.

* high by twenty feet.'

15. armé de toutes pièces. Lit 'armed with every piece (of armour necessary).' The English idiom is * at all points.'

28. fai entendu . • . vanter ion courage. Cf. note to 142, 1. 4. 31. que tu n* acceptes. Acceptes is subjunctive; ne must be sup-

pressed in trannliition. The verb following douJter must be preceded by ne when douter is negative.

45. h la mnifi^de. Lit. • to the half of,* «.«. « half way up/

47. mon petit bonhomme. Render * my little fellow.' He speaks as ttiongh he were talking to a child. Bonhomme is also said of a man whora good nature is mixed with simplicity, and in particular of a peasant.

53. f atteigne de loin. Lit. ' I must reach (i.e. strike) from a distaMce.' Kender by ' I must have a long reach.'

62. foi de clievaJier. Supply in thought *I pledge my' before 'knightly and kingly word.' Say *on your word as a knight and a king.' Gf. the common exclamation ma foi, * my word 1 '

67. en même temps. Même placed after the definite article, or, in adverbial phranes, after the preposi ion without the definite article, means 'same.' When placed after a noun or pronoun it means ' self,* * very.'

78. quand tu voudra». The English idiom requires a present here instead of the future. Since tiie prinoipln verb, e,g. * we will begin,' would be future if expressed, the subordinate verb must be future in French. See 82, 11. 31, 32.

84. tovt couvert gu'tZ, eto. Tout is the adverb * quite ; ' the conjunction que must be rendered * aa.' Gf. tout hardi qu*il est, *• bold as he is.'

87. fait d'une. Lit. *done in the case of a,' etc. It will be better in translation to repeat the principal verb 'they penetrated — f as they would have penetrated.'

93. avait changé de mesure. Changer^ * exchange,' governs an accusative : e.g. changer une poule contre un canard ; but one says changer (intransitive) de linge, de coTiduite, etc., * to make a change in,' or ' change one's linen, one's conduct,' etc

172 FBIMABT TRANSLATION BOOK. 157-

103. qtCd, «6 faisait, etc. Lit. * that (it) there was making itself a great change.' Render the impersonal oonstruction by a personal ' that a great change was going on.'

107. regarda iur lui. *To look at one's self is se regarder. Render the preposition here by * looked himself OTor' (lit. * looked over himself').

4. qu*e8l-ee que e^est que ça. Render this idiomatic phrase by ' what is that ? ' Gf. quest-re que c'est i ' what is it ? '

7. à nous deux. Cf. un à un, * one by one ; ' deux à deux, * two together,' * two at a time/ etc. ; à lui seul, ^ by himself alone/ etc Render here familiarly by * we have got it all to oarselves.'

24. au hcau milieu. Beau is thus idiomatically nsed for emphasis, * in the very middle,' * right in the middle.'

25. t7 lui fit lâcher le rideau. Note that, when faire is followed by a transitive verb, the person caused to do a thing is in the dative. The text is lit. *he caused to him the letting-go the curtain,' i.e, 'he caused him to let go.' But if the following verb is intransitive the person is in the accusative.

26. te voilà, etc. Mauvaise langue, lit * evil tongue/ is familiar for * a slanderer ; ' pleurnicheur is familiarly said of one who shams crying to get another into trouble. One may render the whole : * now I've got you, you evil-mouthed, impudent, howling beast I '

50. vlan, vlan. Render such imitative sounds by any appropriate English: e.g. * smack, smack/ or *8cramp, scrump* Gf. pan (of a gun), * bang ; ' ^ (of a knocker), * rap ; ' pif paf, • slap, slap.'