non plus, nor that either

Page 71. — I. Jongleur, medicine vian, the Indian witch doctor.

Page 72. — i. campagnes heureuses, Happy Hunting Grounds.

2. This Mr. Williams was theson of the Major Oliver Williams referred to on page 37, note 2. De Tocqueville does not make it plain, but the trading post at Saginaw was really in charge of two b^others,

p. 72-78] NOTES II3

Gardner D. Williams and l'iphraim S. Williams, who located there in 1828. For tvvelve years they also acted as agents of the American Fur Company, lîoth men were very prominent in the later development of Saginaw valley. (iardner l). Williams died 1858; his brother survived him till récent times.

Pag"e 73. — i. le point de mire, ///^ j/>//A In thecaseof doublebarreled guns, the sight is placed midway between the two barrels.

2. nous n'avions fait qu'entrevoir, zae had caw^^ht only a glimpse of-

Pag'e 74. — i. il y a six mille ans. This is according to the chronology of Bishop Ussher (i 580-1658), who in his Annals of the Old Testament and Chronologia Sacra made calculations for the dates of Bible history which hâve long been printed on the inner margin of the Authorized Version of the Scriptures.

Pag'e 75. — i. The city of Himera (pr. Ilim^-era), on the north coast of Sicily not far from Palermo, was founded by the Greeks 649 B.c. It was destroyed by Hannibal 409 b.c., but was subsequently rebuilt. For the circumstances of de Tocqueville's trip to Sicily see Introduction, page iii.

Page 76. — i. Ici c'était bien encore une solitude, to be sure, hère (in the forests of Saginaw) zoas still a solitude.

2. In more than one regard de Tocqueville foretold in a remarkable way the future development of America. His prédictions concerning the Saginaw River hâve been fully realized, and the valley to-day is known throughout the country for ils shipping and ship-building, coal, sait, lumber beet-sugar, and gênerai industries.

Pag'e 7 7. — i. suivant nOMS, from our standpoint. 2. filmes, see page 7, note 3.

Page 78. — i. serpent à sonnettes. Therattlesnakementioned hère is the black marsh rattlesnake {Sistrurtcs catenatus), known commonly by the Indian name massasauga. Its bite is frequently fatal, though it is not the most poisonous of our American rattlesnakes.

2. y en a tout plein, dialectical for il y en a beaucoup. Compare with our coUoquial English "ail full of ;" "The marsh is ail full of snakes," etc.

Pa^e 79. — i. évocation de l'avenir, a mysterious appeal îo the future.

Page SO. — I. See page 42, note 5. This annual distribution of présents was made at Fort Malden on the Détroit River.

2. Cass River is one of the head streams of the Saginaw, uniting with the main stream not far from the présent city of Saginaw.

Page 82. — i. The "July Révolution," as it is called, of 1830, ■was a protest of the people of Paris against the arbitrary policy of Charles X. The revolt began on July 27, and was attended by riot, mob violence and bloodshed, such as de Tocqueville describes in the following lines. On July 29 the crown was bestowed on the Orleanist Louis Philippe. For the way de Tocqueville was concemed see Introduction, page iii.

2. The extract which foUows is taken from a letter to the father, Le Comte de Tocqueville, written Sur le lac Buron, 14 aoïit, 183 1. After retuming to Détroit from the Saginaw région the two travelers continued their trip up the Lakes.

Page 83. — i. The important city of Sault Sainte Marie has a population of about 11,000. It was the first French settlement in the western Great Lakes région, a mission having been located hère as early as 1641.

2. des débouchés, an outlet. \Vhat de Tocqueville says hère and in the preceding few lines is quite within the facts. The Lake Superior région is unsurpassed for minerai wealth ; and the enormous commerce which passes through the city of Sault Sainte Marie makes it an "outlet" like no other in the world.

Page 84. — i. The Rapids of the St. Mary's River prevent ail navigation of the main channel, but there are shij>canals on both the American and the Canadian shore. " Shooting the rapids" is still indulged in by the tourists.