Avènement de Hugues Capet

XIe-XIIe siècle. — Temps des premiers Capétiens. 1095. — Première Croisade.

XIII-X Ve siècle. — Formation du territoire de la France. 1214. — Victoire de Philippe-Auguste à Bouvines. 1226-1270. — Règne de saint Louis.

1302. — Philippe le Bel réunit les premiers États généraux.

1337-1453. — Guerre de Cent ans.

1461-1483. — Règne de Louis XEI.

XVIe siècle. — Temps de la Renaissance, de la Réforme

et des guerres de religion.

1521-1559. — Guerres de François Ie et Henri IL contre Charles-Quint et Philippe IE.

1572 Massacre des protestants à la Saint-Barthélemy.

1598. — Henri IV établit la tolérance religieuse par l’'Édit de Nantes.

XVIIe siècle. — 1643-1715. — Règne de Louis XIV. 1685. — Louis XIV supprime la tolérance religieuse

par la révocation de l'Édit de Nantes.

XVIIE siècle. — 1789. Commencement de la Révolution. 14 juillet 1789. — Le peuple de Paris prend la Bastille. 20 sept. 1792. — L'armée est victorieuse à Valmy. 29 sept. 1792. — La Convention proclame la Répu-

blique.

XIXe siècle. — 1804-1815. — Le premier Empire. 1815-1830. — La Restauration.

1830. — Le peuple de Paris renverse Charles X. 1848-1851. — La seconde République.

1852-1870. — Le second Empire.

1870. — La guerre désastreuse contre l'Allemagne. 1870. — La troisième République.

XXe siècle. — 1914-1919. — La Grande Guerre.

1. As a rule, only meanings actually encountered in the text and in the captions under the illustrations have been included, and some words of common and frequent use in basal books have been omitted, unless employed in a specifically different sense.

2. Attention has been paid particularly to idiomatic constructions, in order to insure not only faithful but literary rendering on the part of the student.

3. The idioms are listed only once, generally under the various nouns and adjectives; but an effort has been made to place them under the keyword that the student of intermediate grade would be most apt to consult.

4. Proper nouns are translated only when different in English or in need of further explanation. The unusual abundance, however, of maps, illustrations, and descriptions in the text has made the definition of historical, geographical, and biographical references for the most part superfluous.

VOCABULAIRE

abaisser to lower

abattre to throw or bring down

abbé m. abbot

abîime m. abyss, chasm

abjurer to abjure, forswear

abolir to abolish

abord (d’) first

abord m. access; — glacial forbidding demeanor

aboutir to end in, succeed

abriter to shelter; s'— to take shelter

abus m. abuse

accablement #». depression, dejection

accabler to crush, heap on, overwhelm

accès m. fit

acclamer to hail, welcome

accord m. agreement; être d’—, to agree

accorder to grant

accourir to rush, hasten

accrocher to hang upon, hook

accroire to believe; s’en faire —, to deceive oneself

accroître (s’) to increase; accru increased

accueil m. welcome

accueillir to receive

accuser to charge with

acheter to buy

achever to complete

acier m. steel

acquéreur m. buyer, purchaser

acquérir to acquire

acquitter to pay; S’—, to acquit oneself

actuel present

adieu m. farewell; faire ses adieux to bid farewell

admettre to admit

admirateur m. admirer

adolescent adolescent, of youth

adoucir to modify, mitigate

adresser (s’) à to address, speak to

aérien aerial

affaiblir to weaken

affaire f. affair, matter; faire P—, to suit; pl. business; —s étrangères foreign relations

affiche f. placard, bulletin

afficher to post

affiger (s’) to grieve

affluer to flock

affolé distracted, infatuated

affranchir to free

affranchissement m». liberation, enfranchisement

affût m#». stand, rest: — de canon 7”. gun Carriage

afin de in order to

âge f. age; en — de old enough to

agenouiller (s°’) to kneel down

agir to act; s’— de to be a question of; to treat

agiter to wave

agrandir to increase, grow

agrandissement m”. growth, extension

agricole adj. agricultural

aiguille f. needle

aiguiser to sharpen

ail f'Ugarlic;: gousse d’—, j:

clove of garl'e

aile f. wing; battre des —s to flap one’s wings

ailleurs (d’) besides

aimanté magnetic

aimer (à) to like (to), be fond (of); — mieux to prefer

ainsi thus; — de suite and so forth

air m. air, look; avoir l — de to look like; en plein —, in the open, out of doors

aise f. content, ease; à l’—, at ease

ajouter to add

Alamans pl. Alemanni

alert brisk, sprightly

allégresse f. cheerfulness

Allemagne f. Germany

allemand adj. & n. German

aller to go, be about to, be at the point of, be going to; — trouver to go and find, call on; s’en —, to go away

allié m». ally

allier (s’) to ally oneself

allumer to light

alors then

ambulant itinerary

âme f. soul

amélioration f. betterment

améliorer to improve

amener to bring, bring about; to lead

amer bitter

ami "”. friend; adj. friendly

amitié f. friendship

amortir to moderate, soften

amour "”. love, passion

amuser to entertain, amuse

an m. year; avoir treize —$s to be thirteen years old

ancien former, ancient

VOCABULAIRE

âne m. donkey, jackass

anéantir to destroy

anglais adj. English; n. English.

man

Angleterre f. England

animer to animate

année f. year; l’— d’après the next year, following year

annuler to annul, abolish

Anvers Antwerp

apercevoir to perceive, see

apparaître to appear

appartenir to belong

appauvrir to impoverish

appel m. call; faire — à to call to

appeler to call

appliquer to apply; to enforce

apprendre to hear of, learn; to teach

apprenti m. apprentice

apprêter (s’) à to get ready, prepare for

approprié appropriate

approvisionner (s’) to get or lay in supplies

appuyer to press; Ss’—, to lean

âpre bleak

après after; d’—, according to; see année

arbre m. tree; tree

arc m. bow, arch; — de Triomphe Triumphal Arch (famous monument in Paris built by Napoleon I)

archipel ». archipelago

ardent scorching

argent m. silver; money

argenterie f. silver, silverware

argile f. clay; maison bâtie en —, adobe hut

armateur m”. shipewner

arme f. arm; —s à feu fire arms

armer to arm; être armé chevalier to be knighted

— fruitier fruit

VOCABULAIRE

armure f. armor

arracher to snatch, wrest

arrêt "”. decree

arrêter to stop

arrière: en —, backwards

arrière-garde f. rear-guard

arrière-petit-fils m. great-grandson

arrivée f. arrival

arriver to arrive, occur, happen; to succeed

arrondir to enlarge, extend

arrondissement "”. circuit, district

artifice ». art, trick; see feu

asile m. asylum; salle d’—, infant school

asphyxier to asphyxiate, destroy by suffocation

aspirer to aspire; — à to aim at

assaut "”. assault; donner —-, to storm; prendre d'—, to take by storm; see char

asseoir (s’) to sit

assiéger to besiege; to lay siege to

assistance f. benefit

assister to help; — à to attend, be present at, witness

assouvir to gratifv

assujettir to subdue, bring under subjection

assurer to assure, insure; S’—, to ascertain

astre m. star

atelier m. workshop, workroom, factory

atroce atrocious

attacher to attach; voted to

atteindre to attain, come up to; to join; to strike; atteint affected or seized with

atteler to yoke

attendre to wait for, expect; s’— à to expect, count upon

wrench,

attaché de-

attendrissement »:. emotion

attentat m. attack

attention f. attention; faire —, to notice, pay attention

attrouper (s’) to gather

aucun any, any One; no, no one

audace j. audacity, boldness

audacieux bold

augmenter Lo increase

auparavant before, previously

auprès de near, at

aussi too, also; therefore; — ...

que as . . . as

autant ...que as much . . . as

autel m. altar

auteur ». author

autour de round, around

autrefois, formerly, of yore

Autriche f. Austria

autrichien adj. & n. Austrian

avance f. advance

avant-garde f. vanguard

avant-propos m. foreword

avare miserly

avarice f. avarice, niggardliness

avènement M”. accession

avenir "». future

avertir to warn

avide covetous

avion "». airplane

avis ». mind, opinion; counsel, advice; changer d’—, to change one’s mind; du même —, of the same opinion

avocat m. lawyer

avoir to have; to be; for idioms see the various nouns and adjectives; — voulu to have liked; n’— pas to lack, be without

avouer to confess, own up

Bâle f. Basle ballon m. balloon; — dirigeable dirigible

banal common, communal

banc m. bench

bande f. gang, group

banque f. bank

banqueroute f. bankruptcy

baptiser to baptize, christen

barbare m. barbarian; adj. bar-

barbe f. beard [baric

barbelé barbed

barbier m. barber

barque f. bark, sea craft

bas m. stockings

bas low; en —, below

bataille f. battle

bateau m. ship; — de commerce merchantman; — sous-marin submarine boat

bâtiment m. building

bâtir to build

bâton ». club, stick

battre to beat; to defeat, vanquish; for idioms see the various nouns and adjectives; se

Bavière f. Bavaria [— to fight

beau(bel,belle)handsome,pretty:

avoir — faire to do in vain

beau-frère ». brother-in-law

beaucoup many, much; à — près not nearly, by a good deal

beffroi ». belfry

Belgique m. Belgium

bénéfice m. profit

besogne f. work

besoin m. need; avoir — de to be in need of, want

bête f. beast

beurre m. butter

bibliothèque f. library

bien m. good; benefit; goods, possessions

bien well; — que although:

si — que so much so that, so that

bienfaisance f. beneficence; société de —, charitable organization

VOCABULAIRE

bienfaisant beneficent

bienfait m». favor, boon

bienfaiteur m. benefactor

bienveillant kindly

bijou m. jewel

bivouaquer to camp

blanc white

blé m». wheat

blesser to wound; blessé à mort mortally wounded

bleu blue

blocus m. blockade; — continental continental blockade

bloquer to blockade

bœuf m. ox

Bohême f. Bohemia

boire to drink

bois m. wood

bombarde f. mortar

bombarder to bomb

bombe f. bomb, shell [good

bon good; pour de —, truly, for

bonheur m. happiness, boon

bonnet m. cap

bonté, f. goodness, kindness

bord m. bank, edge, side

bordage m. rail

border to line

bosquet m. grove

boucher m. butcher

bouclier m. shield

boue f. mud

bougie f. wax candle

boulanger 1». baker

boulet m. cannon ball

bouleverser to upset

bouquet m. bunch; — d’arbres cluster of trees

bourbeux muddy

bourgeois m. burgher (member of the middle class)

bourgeoisie f. middle class

Bourgogne f. Burgundy

bourreau m. executioner, hangman

bourse f. purse; scholarship

VOCABULAIRE

bousculade f. disorder, hustling

boussole f. compass

bout m. end, extremity; à — de ses forces exhausted; au —, at the end; au — du monde to the end of the world

boutique f. shop

branchage m. branch, bough

bras m. arm; à — ouverts with open arms, heartily

bravoure f. courage, bravery

brèche f. breach, hole

Bretagne f. Britain (in the time of Charlemagne); Brittany (province in northwestern part of France)

bréviaire m. breviary

brigand m». highwayman

brigandage m. brigandage, robbery

briser (se) to break, dash

brouiller (se) to fall out or be on bad terms with (avec)

bruit m. noise

brûler to burn, scorch

brumaire m». Brumaire (second month in the calendar of the first French republic)

bûcher m. stake [to

butte: être en — à to be exposed

cabane f. hut

cabaretier m. innkeeper

cacher (se) to hide

cadavre m. corpse

cadran m. dial

cadre m. frame

campagne f. country; campaign; faire une —, to serve in a campaign

candélabre m. candelabrum

canne f. walking stick, cane

canon "”. cannon; — léger m.

light gun

Cap m. cape: — de Bonne-

Espérance Good Hope

capacités f. pl. people with good intellect; talented men

Capitole Capitol (the hill in Rome upon which the temple of Jupiter stood)

capitulaire m. capitulary, law

caporal m. corporal

capote f. (soldier’s) great-coat

car because, for

caractère m. temper; avoir mauvais —, to be bad-tempered

carcasse f. carcass, body, bones

cardinalat m». cardinalship

carré m. square

carrière f. career, — des armes military career

carrosse m. Carriage

carte f. card; map

cartouche f. cartridge

casque m. helmet

cassation f. annulment; see cour

casser to break; to revoke

catéchisme m. catechism; faire le —, to teach catechism

cause f. cause; à — de on account of

causer to talk, chat

caveau m. vault

céder to yield, abandon, give up

ceinture f. belt, sash

célèbre famous

centaine f. a hundred, about a hundred

cercueil m. casket

cérémonie f. ceremony:; une —, to hold a festival

cerf m. stag, deer

cerner to surround

cesse f. ceasing; Sans —, ceasclessly

cesser (de) to cease (from); ne pas — de to keep on doing

Cape of

faire

chacun every one, each one; — pour soi every one for himself

chagrin m. grief, sorrow, vexation

chaîne f. chain

chair f. flesh

champ ". field

chancelier m. chancellor

chandelle f. tallow candle

changement m. change

changer to change

chanson f. song; — de geste heroic poem (èn Old French literature)

chant m. song

chanter to sing

chapeau m». hat