Jttd. Est,y chap. I, tit. i; Bowring, vol. IV, p

84. Traités, Panoptique, II« partie. Comparaison des deux modes ^administration, etc. , sub flnem,

85. Ed. Rev., n* LXXIX, mars 1824, art. VIII, p. 172 : The notion of a patemal government bas indeed something soothing to tbe ears both of tlie ruler and tbe subject... In the parental bosom, indeed, nature bas implanted checks which are for tbe most part efficacious, but whicb are necessanly wanting in the govemor or the judge of a populous commanity. Sir Robert Filmer and the Tories of bis day were probably induced, by thèse very reasons, to pitch upon the government of a family as tbe origin of ail power, and the exemplar to which it ought to be assimila ted.

DROIT CONSTITUTIONNEL

1. Three Tracts, 1821, Tract n- 1 (1820» ; Bowring, vol. VllI, p. 470 : 1 who Write this, haste to write to you while I am still able ; I say, while I am still able : for ail sensé of security bas long been fled from me. Cartwrighl, Burdett, are under prosecution. Hobhouse bas already endured, manfuUy

endured, bis punishment : and unless he saves hlmself by silence or désertion, punished oyer and over again, it seems bis destiny to be. As to mCf YfhOj I bear it said continually, am more criminal tban any of them — me, for the fruit of wbose labours, criminal as they are styled, the bonestest and wisest among you are, at this moment, if I bave been rigbtiy informed, calling aloud tbat tbey may press it to tbeir lips ; tbere is sometbing— it belongs net to me to say wbat — tbat hitberto bas saved me. But my bour cannot be far distant. Not in tbe bermitage from wbicb I Write, but in some prison sball I die.

2. Bowring, vol. X, p. M2 : Bentbam à Mordvinoff (1824) : I am on tbe point of completing a Constitutionai Code, baving for its object the bettering of tbis wicked world, by covering it over vrilb Republics. — Pp. 543- 544, Bentbam à Sir Francis Burdctt, 23 sept. 1824 : A trifle of mine, a Constitutionai Code, wbicb, sbould it bappen to you to reacb tbe year 2828, you will tben see in force among ail nations, is at tbe point of completion. — 11 avait déjà publié en 1823, dans le Pamphleteet\ ses Leading Frinciples of a CojistUutional Code, for any state (Bowring, vol. II, pp. 267 sqq.). — Il écrit, le 19 juin 1826 (Bowring, vol. X, pp. 554-555) à J. Quincy Adams : « In a Constitutionai Code... I bave already made 6ucb progress as would enable any one of several persons I bave in mind to complète tbem from my papers, in case of my deatb before completion. >

3. Dans son Officiai aptitude maximized; expense minimized: as shown in the several papers œmprisedin this volume, Bentbam réunit en 1830 un certain nombre d'opuscules, parus à des dates diverses, entre autres une table des matières de son Code Constitutionnel (n* xi, et, sous le n* ix, un plan de réorganisation de la milice), qui est un extrait du Chnstikttionàl Code, Book 11, cbap. x, § 53 (Bowring, vol. Y, pp. 263 sqq.). Il avait déjà communiqué ce fragment à La Fayette, le 15 août 1828 (Bowring, vol. XI, p. 1) : «On tbis occasion, my principal object bas been to render tbe condition of tbe subject many, among tbe military, and under tbem tbat of tbe non-military, as non conformable and désirable as tbe nature of tbe case will admit ». — Y. Tétude critique consacrée à ce fragment dans le Westminster Review, n« XXIX, janvier 1831, art. I, Défensive Force.

4. Sur les manuscrits d'où a été tiré le Constitutionai Code, tel qu'il est imprimé dans l'édition Bowring, v. la note préliminaire de l'éditeur Ricbard Doane (Bowring, IX, pp. III-IY). — Les mss. du « Code Constitutionnel » se trouvent parmi les Mss. d'University Collège, sous les n** 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 44. — Les plus anciens manuscrits sont de 1820 et portent pour titre : Emancipation Spanisb (mss. Univ. Coll., n<* 38 j. Puis viennent, en 1821, des mss. intitulés : First Lines ; titre complet donné sur un manuscrit portant la date du 3 avril : first Unes of a proposed Code of Law for any nation compleat and rationalized (mss. Univ. Coll. n» 37). Cet ouvrage, dans la Préface projetée, Bentbam l'annonce comme « a work witbout exampie on a subject of a nature at once so extensive and so

434 NOTES. (Pp. 176-180)

important » (âO avril 1821 ; mss. Univ. CoU. d« 36). Une partie très importante dn Gode est occupée par les questions d'oi^ganisation judiciaire: première version arrêtée en octobre 1823 (rass. Univ. ColL. n** 84, 36, 40 et principalement 41), question reprise en 1827 (mss. Univ. Coll., n* 34.)

5. Conat. Code, Introthiction, «ection II; Bowriag, vol. IX, p. S : The rigfat and proper eod of goverament in eveiy political comannity, is the greatest happiness of ail the individnals of ^hich it is compoaed, aay, in other words, the greatest happiness of the greatest vumber. — In fipeak> ing of the correspondent first principle, call it tlie greafesC fiappiness principie. — ici Bentham ne parait pas s'apercevoir qu'il confond deux idées distinctes dans un siénie énoncé. La oonfusion est bieii démâée, Pawiomial Fragments, chap. i (Bowring, vol. III, p. 211;, où Bentham distingue en réalité deux principes : c In the formation of anch a work (a Pannomion) : the sole proper all-comprehensive end should be the greatest happiness of the whole comraunity: goveraors and govemed together, — the greaUsU hapfiae» primciple should be the fundnmental princifple. — The next «pacifie principie is the happineês^numeroU&mpfia' c^. — Rule: In case ef coliisioin and contest, h{^>pineB8 of each paKy being equal, prefer the liappiness of the greater to that of the lesaer nomhor. — Msis, dans le ConiiUUioHal Code lui-même (Bowring, vol. IlL, p. 5j : the proper «od of govemmcnt is the greatest happiness of ail, or, in case of compétition, tlie greatest happiness of the greatest number.

6. Co/is(. Code, Book 1, chap. ix ; Bowring, ▼ol. IX, pp. 60 iqq. — GL Hume, Inqukry oonœrming human undenkmdifig, aectton Ylli : The gênerai observations, treasured up by a course of expérience, give us the due ot human natnre, and teadi us to unravel ail its intricacies. Pr^exts and appearances no longer deceive us. Public déclarations paas for the speclous colouriug of a cause. And thongh virtue and hoooar be aUowed ttieir proper weight and autbority, that perifoct disin tarée tedneas, so often pretended to, is never expected in multitudes and parties ; seidom intheir leaders ; and scarcely ever in individnals of any rank or station.

7. Const, Code, Book [, cliap. IX, sect. iv; Bowring, vol. IX, p. 100.

8. Const. Ctx/p, Book I, introd. ; Bowring, \ol. IX, pp. 5-6.

9. Ciwst. Code, Book 1, chaf). xv, sect. 1 ; Bowring, vol. IX, pp. 95-96.

10. Cotisl. CodCf Inti-oduction, sect. I ; Bowring, vol. IX, p. 4.

11. Const, Code, Book H, chap. II, art. 1 and 2 ; Bownng, vd. IX, p. lâ<^

12. Const. Codf, Book II, chap. VI, sect. xxxi; Bowring, vol. IX, pp. 191 sqq. — Cf. Book I, chap. ix; Bowring, vol. K, pp. 59-66.

13. Const, Code, Book I, chap. ix < Bowring, vol. IX, p. 62) : Into the compass of thèse two words, may be condensed the all-directing and leading rule — mmimUe confidence, — Book II, chap. VI, sect. xxxx« art. n: Bowriny, vol. IX, p. 191 : For this pur pose, and on thèse several occa-

(ï^. 184-184) NOTES. 435

sions, confidence (it cannot be denied) maj with trath be soid to be minimized : tUstnut and suspicion maximized. Principle acted upon, say fbr shortnesS) the confidence-minimizalion principle : whence, as to practical déductions, tbe œntrol-maxinnzaHon prindpie.