yn
LAZAP.E TTOCTTE.
PABTI.-CHAPiER I.
bibtn of hoche — karly life and education — first situation — enlist8 in the fuench guabds — madk a orenadler — h18 erfobts to acquere education — difficultie8 — choice op bookb — hu pas8i0nate disposition — duel — imprisonltent — made co&po&al.
Page 1.
Llne 7. — Versailles. — A city eleven miles south-wpst of Paria. Its great attraction is its palace, whoso history is th© history of the place. Tho cbfiteau was firet xiB«d aa a Royal résidence by Louis XIII., and his son Louis XIV. expended onormous sums in its reconstniction and décoration. It was hère that the States-Oenerml mot in 178'.> at the boginning of tho French Révolution. Diiring tho Franco-Prussian war in 1871, William, King of Prussia, was c^o^vned Emporor of Gormany in tho palace of Versailles; and, aft«r the conclusion of peace, the city was for soiue Ume th« législative capital of tho uew Fronch Republic.
Line 9. — garde-clienll. Ket pt r of the konnols — onc of the exie&> sive gruup of words fonnid froin yardc, kcoper ; »Â4ml is from chien, dog.
Line 9. — vénerie. - Ilunting establishment.
Line 12. P»**^ reniiint itc. — Took tlu> child to her heart.
Line 14. ••♦' *** leiimrquer. — The use of faire followed by ttM
inlinitivo i» very conimon. In iranslaling, Uio Bn^ lish passiva iufinitivo niust gencrally bo rmployvd, but it is freqmMi'Jy bost to reudcr f r«cly : inuidate baro — attracted attention. ^
Line 17. — Saint Germain en Laye. — A town on thô Seine, fonrteen miles below Paris. It was hère that James II. of England lived after his dethronement.
Page 2.
Line 4. — surnumerariat. — Position of supernnmerary, or helper,
" écuries. — écurie is a stable for horses ; étable for cattle. Line 11. — Grandes Indes. — The East Indies ; also called Les Inde»
Orientales.
Line 12. — gardes françaises. — A régiment of infantry raised
in the sixteenth century, and employed as the body-
guard of the sovereign. After the attack on the
Bastille the régiment was disbanded on account of ita
share in the insurrection.
Line 13. — adroit. — Clever, from droit, right. Compare Fr. gaucherie
andEng. dexterous. Line 14. — maniement de Tarme. — The manual, ^.0., handling his
arms.
" exercice des manœuvres. — Field exercises; drill in
Company and battalion.
Line 20. — qn» relevait &c. — This is a very common order when
the relative is the direct object of a verb which has a
noun for its subject.
Line 21. — grenadiers. — The company on the right of a battalion
selected for thefif size and stature. The name was
originally applied to soldiers who threw grenades,
which were hoUow iron balls filled with powder, and
fired by a fuse.
Line 22. — caserne. — ^In barracks — quartered. Line 23. — accueillie. — Accueillir means to receive either favorably
or unfavorably ; hère, of course, favorably. It may be
translated, granted.
When ue comes before il or ill with the l liquid, it
is sounded the same as oeu, as in this verb, orgueil, &c, Line 25. — on était &c.— It was the year 1785.
« l'on sentait Were felt. It is always best to use, if
possible, the passive voice in translating sentences
of which on is the subject.
There is no précise rule for the use of Von. The
rule given by De Fivas, 111. E., is generally foUowed,
but the practice of the best writers varies very much. Line 30. — qu'oppesait &c. — Which obscurity of birth or want of
fortune threw in the way of personal worth. See
note, p. 2, 1. 20.
Line 82. — ele «'élever.— Of riaing.
Line 35. — «le donner &c. — ïo givo talent and geiuus (tiH scope
to display themsolves.
Line 87. — tout ce que &c. — AU the assistance and sirengtb il
(éducation) supplies.
Line 40.— «t répand de cliarme.— And what a chami it spreadi
— Bupply combien.
Page 3.
Line 6. — an sein de. — In the midst of, or simply — in. Line 18. — liîver. -ïho final r is soundcd in the following worda ending in er : amer, cancer, cueiller, enfer, fier hier, hiver; monosyllables, and foreigu proper namM, as Jupiter, Luther.
Line 23.— «ne**>*e.— Exercise. ,
" acqniMitionM. — Purchases.
Line 26.— clten ^c.— At that time quoted on ail occasions. Line 27.— polémique.— Controversy.
" empreints &c.— Staniped witb the enihuaiaam of the moment.
Lino 30.— ln«l*ge»<«i— Crude.
Lille 33 cependant. —Ilowever.
Line 36.— «"»plre sur lul-m£"iue.— Self-control. Line 37.— ««"P®"^^.— Hasty.
" prenait racine dan*.— Sprang from — literally, took
root in.
Line 89.— uileux reglé«.When better regulated.
Paok 4.
Lino 2.— délation.— Informing — in the sensé of talo-bcariiJ|f.
Line 3.— c«»* cttu<*«'>i.— Viz. la délation et laperfidi^.
Line 6.— l'w^'riwïe.— l'encing.
Line 7.— •<»•» arme.— His weapon — bis sword.
Line 11. — lofç''*» maison. — AfawoH is tho bouse ronsidered merely an a building ; loijis as a dwrlljng.
Line 13. — envenima©. — Exaggerated -- litorolly, poisoned. Th«
meaning is that tho crimo of Ilorbo wn V the
most of by his enemirs, in ordcr to i .or
poison, tlie minds of bis suprriors, ao m to mmkm hia piMiishmcnt as sovrre a» possible.
■ traduit rn JuK«'i»ent &c.— BroOgbt to ttiâl Alld
teuced to closo couûueiueut.
t$6 NOTES.
Line 14.— cacliot,— Dungeon — darkcell; sometimes called by soldiers
"theblackhole." Line 15.— jour.— Day-light.
Line 16. — habits de rechange,— Change of clothes. Line 24. — avancement.— Promotion.
Line 26.— simple.— Private.
Line 29.— que relevait &c.— Which was still further increased
etc. See note, p. 2, 1. 20.
Line 30.— défilait.— Marched past.
Line 32.— on ferait &c.— That man would make. Line 34.— iwéflécliie. Thoughtless. In words beginning with
irr both r's are sounded.
OHAPTEE n.
OàUSIIS dp THE FBENOH BEVOLUTION — PEELING OF THE DIFFBBBHT
classes — the excitebient dp the lower ordebs — the national assembly convoked — the mtlitaby summoned to versailles — the attack on the bastille — conduct of the french guards — hoche
true to his flag the guards disbanded — hoche becomes ser-
geant-major of the national guabd — the festival at versailles — excitement in paris — the women of paris march to vïbsaillhs — the palacs invadbd — conduct of hochs.
Page 6.
Line 6. — d'exposer. — To explain.
Line 12. — nés. — Produced — literally, bom.
Line 13. — charges.— Burdens, i.e., taxes.
Line 14. — 1» participation &c. — That the conntry should hâve a voice in the imposition of taxes and the work of législation.
Line 19. — sans heurter de.— Without conflioting with.
Line 20. — ^blesser. — Offending.
Line 22. — séculaires— Vénérable.
Line 24. — droits acquis— Vested rights.
Line 28. — fort avant &c. — Deep down in the heart of the masses.
liine 33. — ©* qu® &c. — ^In English it is improper to connect a relative clause with a participial clause by means of the con, junction and, although this construction is not unfrequently met with. This usage, however, is quite common in Frcnch, and numerous examples may be foond in this Author.
Line 34. — a foret» de <fec. — In onnseqaence o' **arinf{ eveiy day vi^'urous déclamations.
Paoe 6.
Line 1.— et levlndiquer etc.— And claims made on belialf of ail
for &c.
Line 3. — "« fussent. — ne is nscd without pas \vith the subjmu-tive after que or qui wben it may be trauslated by but or
fJidt not.
Line 6.- «lisclpllne.— Restraint.
Line 6.— il était à prévoir.— It might bave been foreseen.
Line 12. — L'Assemblée nationale &c.— In May, 1789, Louis XVL convoked the States-Gent'ral, which bad not met for nearly 200 years. This body cousistcd of representativet of the nobility, clergy, and commons, or Tiers-Etat, as the lutter were called. It had formerly been the custom for the représentatives to vote by orders, but as this pHu would hâve efTectually prevented the commons from exercisiug any influence, thoy demanded that the votes sliould b« takou by members. Thin demand wuh lefuscd by tha other orders, and the représentatives of the Tier»-Etat thereupou withdrew, and, on tho 17th of Juno.dcclared themselves " L'Assemb'i'r nationale et constituante."
Line 20, — Itonl» XVI. — Grandson of Louis XV., marricd ^^arie
Antoinette, an Austriun princoss.in 1770; '1 the
throne 1771. The Révolution broke ont in ^^i iu
1790 the king was takon from Versailles and kept m prisoner in tho palace of tho Tuileries. Ile was aftorward.H transferred to tho Temple, aud iu 1793 ho wa* tried, condemucd, and exccuted.
Line 28. — cédait. — Vorba of tho first conjuRatiou whos»» stmi oiuls in a single consonant proceded by <i acute-, ch.nij^o thm into e grave bofore the e mute endiuga. Soo D. F., 201.
Line 25. — comiiatlble». — Consistent
Lino 27.— devoir <lo roi. — Duty as kinjj.
Line 37.— oppo««'r«Mit, «!kc.— Opposrd tho insurrection of the mulU« tude to tho throat of bayonots ; or more freeJy— met ih« threat of bayoneta by a genenJ riting of Um peopU.
PlOB 7.
Line 1.— l'arbitraire — Arbitrary authority.
Line 5. — Bastiîle. — This famous prison was originally the castle of Paris, and was biiilt by Charles V., about 1380, at the Porte St. Antoine, as a defence against the English. After it came to be used as a State-prison, it was greatly strengthened. Though capable of containing only seventy or eighty prisoners, it must be remembered that thèse were always persons of importance, who had f allen victims to political despotism, court intrigue, ecclesiastical tyranny, or family quarrels, and who had been placed hère by virtue of lettres de cachet, the name given to the famous warrants of imprisonment issued by the kings of France, especially Lotds XIV. Thèse were sealed with the king*s small seal [cachet), and in them the royal pleasure was made known to individuals and corporations, and the administration of justice thus frequently interfered with. The lieutenant-general of the police kept forms of lettres de cachet ready sealed, in which it was only necessary to insert the name of the individual to be arrested.
Line 33. — licenciés. — ^Disbanded.
Line 36. — ^^ Fayette. — The Marquis of La Fayette, at the âge of twenty, went to America, and took part in the war of independence. After his return he was made commander of the National Guard. In 1789 he adopted the popular side, but by his modération and his denunciation of the extrême measures of the revolutionary leaders, he incurred the enmity of the Jacobins and was compelled to flee. He was af terwards imprisoned by the Austrians, but was released through the influence of Napoléon. He returned to France, but took no part in public life until after the death of Napoléon. He was a prominent actor in the Kevolution of 1830, and died in 1834, on which occasion, as a tribute of respect to his memory and gratitude for his services, the American Congress went into mouming for thirty days.
Page 8.
Line 3. — datiphin. — The title formerly given to the eldest son of
the king of France. It was until 1349 the name borne by the lords of the province of Dauphiné : at this time, the last of thèse dying without an heir, bequeathed his dominions to France on condition that the heir-apparent
■honîd boar the title and govern the province. The title, howcver, aftcrwarda becamo purcly houorory, and wm abolishcd in 1830.
Line 6. — rwai-ïlcH blanchet .— White was the colorof thoBonrbons.
Line 6. — tricolores. — The badge of the National Guards which came to be tlie embleni of tho Rovolutionists. Tho national flag of France is now tricolor, conaisting of blue white, and red in equal masses dividcd vertically. Tricolor flags arc usually assumcd by nations professing to hâve gained their liberty, e.g., Italy, Beîgimn, TIolland, bnt the colorà arc various, and are difTereutly arrangcd.
Line 11. — sans inœiir». — Immoral. In this word tho final s ia souudcd : it has no siugular.
Line 17. — liuissior. — Gentleman-usher. Ushor is tho English forin of the word.
Line 29. — se fbnt tuer. — AUow themselves to >)o killed.
Line 30.— MarIc.Antoinettc — Daughter of Francis I. and Maria Theresa of Austria. Sho marriod Louis XVI. in 1770, at the âge of ûfteon. She was giiillotincd in 17'Jd.
Paoe 9.
Line 4. — •«»* **•• — On tho side of.
Line 5. —répugnait. — Had an aversion to.
Lino 9. — attentat. — Outrage.
Line 17. — U hc aentait. — Hc felt within himself — ^h« WM OOMoioat
of.
Lino. 19. -U *'ût rougi. — \Vhon tho pluporfoct subjnuctivo ia xiMd in a principal proposition, it hftH Ujo forco of Ujo conditioiiol pa.st,of which it issonutirnos calh»d a tonu. .So« D. F. Cn5 and Nuto. Ti:ui.:..Lo bar» a« if il wer« **il aurait rougi."
CHAPTER ni.
PEOGRESS OF THE REVOLUTION — THE EMIGRES — THE GERMAN ALLIAKOB — ^PEUSSIAN INVASION OP FRANCE — ^ATTACK ON THE TUILERIES — IMPRI- SONMENT OF THE ROYAL FAMILY — THE SEPTEMBER MASSACRES — ENTHUSIASM OF THE ARMY — HARMONY BETWEEN OFFICERS AND SOLDIERS — ALLIANCE AGAINST FRANCE — HOCHE CONSPICUOUS AT MAESTRICHT — AIDE-DE-CAMP TO GENERAL LE VENEUR — NEERWINDEN — CHARACTER OF LE VENEUR — KINDNESS TO HOCHE — DESERTION OF DUMOURIEZ — HOCHE SENT TO PARIS TO REPORT — THE FRIGHTFUL STATE OF THE CAPITAL — ARREST.OF LE VENEUR — HOCHE's INDIGNA- TION— HIS REPORT ON THE DEFENCE OP THE NORTH — REMARKS ON THE VENDEAN WAR — NEW TACTICS RECOMMENDED — HOCHE ARRESTED AND BROUGHT BEFORE THE REVOLUTIONARY TRIBUNAL OF DOUAI — MEMOm AND LETTER TO COUTHON — LIBERATED AND APPOINTED ADJUTANT-GENERAL UNDER GENERAL SOUHAM.
Line 27.--Tiiileries.— Situated in Paris on the right bank of the Seine. The original Hôtel des Tuileries was so called from being built on the site of tile works [tuileries). The famous palace was begun in 1566, and was greatly enlarged and improved by successive sovereigns. It was the officiai résidence of Bonaparte, Louis Phihppe and Napoléon m., but was biu-ned by the Communists in 1871, and now stands to a great extent in ruins.
Line 34. — émigrés. — The name given to those who foUowed the French princes into exile in the time of the Eevolution. They belonged chiefly to the nobility and clergy, and fled to varions parts of Europe, where many of them lived in deep distress, earning a scanty subsistence by teaching those arts and accomplishments which they had learned in happier days. When the Prince of Condé with a large number of émigrés followed the Prussians into Champagne, very severe laws were exacted against them by the Government. Thirty thousand names were placed on the list of &,nigrés, and they were banished forever from the soil of France, on pain of death. It was not till after the disastrous resiilt of their landing at Quiberon, in 1795, that they abandoned the idea of entering France by force of arms. A gênerai amnesty was first proclaimed by Bonaparte, but many did not return till after his downf ail.
NOTKS. 141
Page 10.
Lino 1. — attolMti—attacked.
Liue 13.— Varenne» — A town neor Verdun in the department oÊ MeuRo. Seu Carlylo's Fr. Rov., Vol. U., Book iv.
Line 20. — •n<*»«»e«.-Encroachecl upon.
" A chaque progrès &c.— To each advance of ttio enemy
there respoiided in tho hearta of the mob in Paris, an increase of rago againat the king and queen.
Line 28.— Saluait la loi— Were laying down tho law.
Line 29. — C^mmunei — The name giveu to a provisional council o| 800 members appointcd by the pcoplo to govtru tb« capital. The appointment of this committee waa sano* tioned by the king ufter he waa brought from Veraaillea.
Line 81. — août. — In this word the o ia not aounded. Prouounc« the samo as ou.
Line 83. — I^e Temple. — An ancient monnatory in Paris, ai one tim« occupied by tho Kniglita-Templura, wheuce tlie name. It was used aa a prison during tho Révolution.
Line 34.— I^ongwy — a town on the Belgian frontier, N. W. of Metz.
Lin« 36, — Verdun. — A strongly fortified town at the hcad of navigation on the Meuse, not far from tht; Belgiau line.
Paob 11.
Line 4, — Danton. — One of the most prominent of tho revolntionary ohiefs. He was the leader of the extrême Rcpublicans* and was cbieily instrumental in establishiug the infamouB Revolutionary Tribunal to whose insatiable oruelty ho lùmaolf fell a victim. Hc was the author of the famous nayiug at tho timo of tho Prussian invaeion. "Pour les vaincre, pour la atterrer, que faut-il t De l'audace, encore de l'audace, et toujours de Vaudact." His name is alao aauuciated vnlh. tho atUick on the Tuileries, the Soptçmber masancro of the prisonera, and tho trial imd exécution of tho king.
Line 11. — fltlre rumpi endre Scv. — To luake tho gênerai poaitiou of the country understood.
Line 12. — P*y«' — This is the général nnine fov :»r-
ticular région or traet of hv.\i\, ynti md,
campagne opon country, or country diotrici, di«Ungui^^ht•d from tlio town.
« h^rolquo. — In tho noun hér^ s, tho h is a«piraU, bai in ite
derivativea tho h is mute.
Line 18. — s'anii.— The snbjunctive is used after relative prononns preceded by superlative adjectives, by le seul, l'icnique, l* premier, le dernier, and also by négative clauses.
Line 19. — qu'il était. — Que is frequently used in order to prevent the répétition of other conjunctions, such as, si, quand^ pourquoi, comme, and those ending in que ; hère it is used iov parce que,
Line 33. — ^1» Marseillaise. — The name given to the famous song of the French Révolution. It was composed at the request of the Mayor of Strasbourg, by Rouget de Lisle, in honor of a régiment of volunteers about to leave that city in 1792. It was called by its author Chant de guerre de l'armée du JEthin. Though well known throughout the country, it remained unknown to the Parisians until Bung when the men of Marseilles were called to the capital ; and it was therefore named '^ Hymne des Marseillais," or briefly " La Marseillaise." It is now again the national anthem of France.
Line 37. — et qu'ils^ &c. — See Note, p. 6, 1. 33.
Page 12.
Line 10. — chef.—/ is silent in the compound 9hef-d'œuvr$ ; also in the words clef, baillif, cerf, and plurals of bœuf and œuf,
Line 20. — I*» Fayette &c. — Thèse, at one time ofiScers of the royal army, adopted revolutionary principles and held commands in the armies of the Eepublic. Biron and Custine, as well as La Fayette, had served in the American War of Independence. Thèse two afterwards feU victims to the Revolutionary Tribunal, Dumouriez died in England. See Note, p. 7, 1. 36.
Line 24. — se rétablir. — To prevail again.
Line 27. — Valmy. — A village on the Marne, near Chalons, the scène of a Prussian defeat, 1792.
Line 28.— J««»"**ipes. — A town in Belgium, not far from Mons. It was this victory over the Austrians that led to the eonquest of Belgium.
Line 33. — ^borrear. — The r'« are strongly sounded in horreur, terrev/r, and erreur', in the future and conditional of mourir, couHr, and acquérir; and in words beginning with irr and corr. Chambaud's instructions are " snoring half a àozen of r's between your teeth."
Page 18.
Line 3. — l'«<leiitat Sic. — Referring to the exécution ol tiio kiog.
Liue 4. — selon mol. — In iny oinnion.
Lino 6. — pose en prlncipei — Lays down as a principle.
Line 13. — a te point <fec, — So far forgottcn that it waa norrssirj m 1703 to replace by the Rcign of Ternir tho ;:ia.l and gênerons enthusiasm of 1789, (" The raah though gênerons cnthusiasm." — Pernct.)
Line 21.— le Mupplice. — The execntion.
Line 23. — 1» Convention nationale. — The name givcn to the third asBembly of the Révolution which met for tlio fi rat Urne 22nd September, 1792. The character of thia Convention was more Rcvolutionary tlian that of the preceding, and in it the Mountain party were more nowerful.
Line 86. — chairiéa — Carted.
Faos 14.
Line 1. — nous. — That is, the French.
Line 6.— le Sttlnt-Siége Tho Holy See.
Line 7. — 1» Vendée. — Formerly a division of the province of Poitou, now a maritime department on tho Bay of Biscay, a littlc south of tho mouth of tho Loire. It waa the strouyhold of tho RoyalistH during tlie lievolution. See Part II., Chap. I.
Line 12. — Aidennea. — A forest district in the North of Franco and South of Bi Igium.
Line 15. — cantonnenient» d'hiver. — Wintor quarters.
Line IG. — ?Ieu»e. — (Dutch, Maat). A river rising in the Norlh of France, flowing through B> Igium and iloUand inio the North Sea. Li6ge ia on important town of BuJ^ium ou tljia river.
Line 18. — marn. — 8 Houuded.
Line 20. — Maeatrlclit. — A city of ILiUand on tho Maaa.
Line 22, — foin. — DintinguiBli fois from tttnpa : tho former rrfcn to repotilion, aa deux fuit, plusiourê fois; the Ult«r tu duriition.
Line 27. — journée. — jour is the gênerai word for day, and mcana any day; journée nionns tlie time between riting and going to bt'd, aiul lias rcfereJJce t<i a particulnr day, UHiially with spcciid relation to duratioo ol iiiiM.
Line 29. — a «duce &o. — Bolduess aiid succcas.
Xjiue 30.— niatérlel.— Material of war, or ■turec.
Line 39.— Nerwiiide,or Neerwinden.— A village of Belgium abont half-way between Liège and Brussels.
Page 15.
Line 2.— lionvaîn — ^A Belgian town on the Dyle, which is a tributary of the Scheldt.
Line 9. — avancement. — Promotion.
Line 13.— »ristocratîe.Pronounce final tie as if spelled cie in words derived from Greek, also in some names of countries, as Dalmatie, Nigritie &c.
Line 17.—®» rapport — ^In accordance with— in keeping with.
Line 23.— contenu &c.— Upheld solely by custom.
Line 24.— mœurs.— This noun bas no singular. The a is sounded,
Line 82.— peu équitables les obstacles Little justice in the obstacles.
Line 34.— libre concurrence.— Free compétition. " essor.— Opération— play.
Line 39.— applaudit à.— The following are the most commonly occurring French verba which take à before the noun, while the corresponding verbs in English take no préposition : applaudir, convenir, défendre, se fier, obéir, pardonner, permettre, plaire, promettre, répondr», résister, succéder. Page 16.
Line 9. — decbeance. — Déposition.
Line 27. — dans <fec. — Supply, " there appeared,"
Line 29. — dont Sic. — ^At which might hâve sometimes taken
offence.
Line 30. — s'il «ût été— Au assumption not true,or a négative assumption, introduced by si, reç^uires the subjunctive mood. «
Line 33.— héros.— See Note, p. 11, 1. 12.
Line 39. — monde. — Society.
Line 40.— possédant. — Controlling. Compare English noun "selfpossession."
Page 17.
Line 1. — délicatesses. — ^Eefinements.
" cboisie. — Select.
Line 10. — second. — The c has the Sound of ^ in second, secret, and
their derivatives.
Line 16. — commerce. — ^Intercourse.
Line 24. — jacobins. — Members of a political club composed of extrême Democrats. It was originally called the Club Breton, and was formed at Versailles in 1789. When the
National Assembly removed to Paris, it mot in the hall of tho former Dominican Convent, which wa« called the Jacobin Convent, bccauso sitnatcd in tho R%u St. Jofques (Latin, Jacohu»). It soon becamo oven more powerful than the ABRembly ; tbc agitation for the death of tho kiiig, the deatmction of the Girondistfl, and th« Reign of Terror were tho work of the Jacobins. Tho overthrow of Robespierre, in 1794, waa the deathblow of the club, and in the end of that year it was flnaliy. closcd.
Line 31. — prit des dispositions. — Made arrangements — prepared.
Line 33. — impériaux. — Impérial, t. e., belonging to the Gorman Empire.
Line 84. — wn© tralilson. — An act of treanon.
Line 38. — compte. — From this word, whicli romcs from Latin eoit^ puto, we get Englirth count, reckoning ; tho word couni. the title, is derived from the Fronoh comte, which ia from Latin cornes, companion.
Paob 18.
Line 1. — conjurer. — Avrrt.
Line 2. — Conait6 de salut public. — This coramlttee formed in 1793, was composed of racrabors chosen from tho Convention, in whoBo haiids wa.q placed what wa« practically Bupremo power.
Line 6. — tribunal révolutionna lr«. — This waa CHtablished at the samo time as tho Committee of Public S-ifety, »t the instance of Danton, to coorce and terrify hin opponouU.
Line B. — enfin. — Finally — concluding the list of causes which pin diiced the itat affreux of Paris.
Line 7. — montajçnards. — So called (from montagne, mounii;! becaurfo they occupied Hoats in tho highcst part tf :n. hall. They reprcBcnted the extrême démocratie party. •'Tho Législative AHscnilily waa divided into thr«o parties, a llight, a Contn\ aiul i\ I^ef t ; tho rtmt Con- Bervative, the last Radical, and tlio hocouJ Modorate. The Loft becamo known as tho Mountain, and \X\t> Contre ua tho Plain." (Morri«'H Iïi8t.)ry of Fr. Rbt.)*
Lino 8.— girondins — The chiof mon o( Uio Plaln or ModormU party were known by tho name of Giriindist»», Unausa tlioir loftding mm woro doputios from tho do; trtment of Gironde They 8trugKl«<^''r*velyii^Mi: -tf
nards and Jacobina, but in spito of thon ^ . . .tj
were overthrown by thoir momies, May Slsi, ITW
Line 13. — arme— Weapon.
Line 15. — s'y refusa. — Eefused to do this. Se refuser takes â
after it.
Line 16.— éclairer. — Enlighten, or inform. Line 22. — disait-il. — He was in the habit of saying— Observe the
force of ths imperfect.
Page 19.
Line 2. — se snlbstitnait aux. — Took the place of.
Line 6. — se confondaient encore. — Were still united.
Line 9.— par intérim.— Temporarily.
Line 12. — parcourut. — Took a survey of.
Line 18. — un j» an dat d'amener. — Aperemptory summons. Literally, a warrant to bring.
Line 20.— arrêt de mort.— Senter. of death. " emporta.— Transported.
Line 22.— Pitt et Cobourg.— Pitt, prime minister of England, whc was regarded by French Eepubhcans more as a malignant fiend than a human foe. AU hostile movements, no matter of what nature, or in what quarter, were attributed to the diabolical enmity of Pitt. The Duke of Saxe-Coburg was at this time commander of the alUes in Belgium.
on enlève &c. — The republic is being deprived of her bravest defenders. Verbs which signify taking away, in English, are followed by from ; in French, by à, such as ôter, emjporter.
Line 24. — et qui laillirent &c.— Which nearly cost the one who had uttered them his life. See Note, p. 5, 1. 33.
Line 26. — i»it par écrit. — Put in writing. Far écrit is frequently used as an adjective with the meaning " written," as sûreté par écrit, written security.
Line 27. — mémoires. — Masculine when it means memoir; féminine when it means memory.
Line 88. — ^toute particulière.— Altogether peculiar— spécial. " qiue reclamait.— Demanded by. See Note, p. 2, 1. 20.
Page 20, Line 2. — colonnes mobiles. — Flying columns. Line 3.— insaisissable. — Invisible — literally— that could not be
got hold of .
Line 6. — rOu«»sit — Sound st in ouest and est (Bast), Line 10.— opérée.— Effected.
Liue 20. — qu'il faut <fec. — which must be occupicd.
Line 22. — détail». — BesidoH the nouua mentioned in D. F. 89, a few others iu al aud ail fonn their plural by adding », bat they are not very commonly met with.
Line 24. — Camot. — A celebrated mathomatician and military engineer. While commanding the Army of tho North he defeated the Au&trians at Wattignics ; he waa a member of the Committee of Pubhc S&fety, and afterwardg Miiiister of War.
Line 25. — Fleuru». — A town of Belgium in the province of Hainault, situated on the Saiiibro. lïcre Marshal .Tourdan, in 1794, defeated the allies uuder tho comniand of the Prince of Saxe-Coburg. Jn conséquence of ibis defe*l Belgium waa evacuated by tho allies.
Line 28. — Douai. — A town uear theFlemish frontier, in the extrême North of France.
Line 3L — san*» s'émouT-oir. — Without Bhowing émotion.
Line 32.— et qu'il &c.— Sec Note, p. G, 1. 33.
Line 86. — Je ▼ou» fai» passer. — I send you— litorally — I cause to pasB to y ou.
Page 21.
Line 1. — qu'il e»t d'un d:c. — That it ia tho work of a young man.
Line 2. — traduit. — Summoned.
Line 8. — le» reprégentant» (fcc. — The Committee of Public Safety waa ropiesented at tho headquartt^ra of ail the French armiea by persons appoiuted to supervise the action of the genorala, and to report to PuriH. Tbose reproBcntatives frequeutly iuterfered in the conduit of the war, and in mihtary mattera of which they had no pracUcal knowlodge. It was thia interférence with hiti plan», aud the unfaimcsa of their reports as to lus sh.-iro of the glory of the French victoriea that led to tho enmitj between ITocho and the Committee, and flually to hi» imprisunuient.
Liue 10. — »olent. — Subjunctivo aftor ju«9u^ d Mqw. D. F. 623.
Line 11. — «ûr. — Distinguish «ir and sur, ' ■ tion
— derivod froni Ijatiu $êcurus .'
Line 13.— *<» qu'on voudra. — Whatevcr tlioy ploaao. In KugU«h the preHcnt U-nso is U8cd in aubordiimt.' propoaition», even wheii tho rofeniue in to future tinr, r.g., I nhall tell him whou I iee him. Fruncb, /• U lui dirai qiàand je U vtrrai.
Line 17- — clief de bataillon. — Chief of Battalion ; eqnal in rank to
Major in the British arinj/-.
Idne 19. — Dnnlcerque. — Dunkirt, a fortified town on the Straits of Dover, acquired by England during the Protectorate, and afterwards sold to France by Charles EL.
CHAPTEE IV.
DUNKIRK BESIEGED BY THE ATiIilES — ^DILAPIDATED STÀTB OF THB PLACB — HOCHE PUTS IT IN A BETTER CONDITION — EEENCH VICTORT AT HONDSCHOTTE — SORTIE — RETEEAT OF THE ENGLISH — HOCHE PRO- MOTED — APPOINTED TO THE COMMAND OF THE ABMY OF THB MOSELLE — ^RECENT DEFEATS — CRITICAL STATE OF THE FRONTEER — DISCIPLINE BE-ESTABLISHED — ENTHUSIASM OF THE ARMY — PRUSSIANS DRIVBN BACK — HOCHE REPULSED — PICHEGRU — HOCHE'S PLANS — ^DEFEAT OP THE AUBTRIANS — ^HOCHE IN COMMAND OF BOTH ARMIES — WBIBSEN- BOXJBG TAEBN — ^LANDAU DELIVEBED.
Line 23. — ennemies. — Hostile. In ennemi the w's are pronounced as in English ; but in ennoblir, and ennui and its deriv». tives they hâve the nasal sound.
Line 24. — ^1® duc d'York. — Second son of George HE. He was not a brilliant success as a gênerai.
Line 28. — de manière à empêcher. — So as to prevent.
Line 29. — ^liors d'état. — ^In no condition.
Line SO. — ^l'enceinte. — There is no term in English to express this, and the French word is generally used, as is the case with very many other terms relating to fortification. It means the principal wall or rampart surrounding a place, from encevndre to surround. Compare p. 71, 1. 1.
Page 22.
Line 2. — ©» comptait &c. — Scarcely amounted to the half of that.
Line 5. — ^fossgs. — ^Ditches or trenches. Distinguish from fosse, a pit.
Line 6. — ^revêtements. — ^Another French term adopted in English, but sometimes written revetment. It means the lining of stone or wood on the. face of a ditch or other slope to prevent the earth from falling down.
y^Mft 7,s'etait aliènes.— Had alienated (from themselves): »e hère is the indirect object, and the participle agreea with the direct object que. D. F. 591.
Line 9, — équipage» — Crews — applied to floldien uxà MÙlon on
board a ship.
" HMitHurgèrent — Mutiniod.
Line 12. — one. — The use of tho présent for the paat to give more vigor to tlio nanativo is very rommon in Frcnrh, far more bo than in Englisli. D. F. 647. In transilating it is generally to use the past tonse.
• ««perer.— There are a number of verbs whirh in Fronrh
tako no proposition, whilo tho corresponding Rngli«h
verbs require ono ; such &b payer, approuver, attendre,
demander, d-c.
Line 18. — n'occupe en< or* <fec — Still occupied in the army, accord-
ing to rank, only a subordinate position. Line 18. — l'adjoint du miniHtrc. — Tho Deputj' Minister (of war). Line 20. — <*e nous forcer— To compel us — ». «., to Burreuder tb«
placo.
Lino 21. — doit s'attendre — Must expect.
Line 23. — n l» '«•*t p»s«or— Ho co'nmunicated. This nse of both
nouu aud pronoun is quito common. In translating omit
the pronoun, Line 26. — mène. — Most verbs in eter and tf^doubl<> the consonant
before the e mute, but other verbs of tho first
tion whose Btem endn in a single consonant pi'
e mute, take a grave accent instead of doubliu^ i:.< <u-
Bonant, as 7ncner, lever.
Line 28. — casser — He casliiered— i. *., deprivcd of his ofBce. "To
break " is nsed in English in the same sensé. " I sce a
great gênerai broken." — Swift.
Line 29. — avec nioli««HHe — LVniontly— ».r., with crimiual leniency. Line 36. — tardoitti«'nt-lls — < ven shoiild thcy d« lay. " À force do travail — By dint of hard work.
Paoe 23.
Line 1. — on peut les attendra. — We can wait for them.
Line 4. — accourait— Was advanciuL,' rapidly.
Lino 6. — litMuhuitl. A fainous Frenrh général, who gainrd the battle of Hondsrhotte in 17''îï. Being accu«cd of not haviug iniplicitly oboycd th'- rommands of tbe Cornraittoo of S.ifoty, ho wan guillotined.
• Jour<Ian. — A celebrntrd gênerai, who in 1791 defe.nted the
allies at Fleurus, drovo thom across the Rhine and gained possosnion of Bclgium. He wae aftenrard» madc a Miirshal by Napoléon, and Imd an important! in Spaiii during thr Pcninaular War.
Line 7. — Parnes— In the province of W. Flanders, Belgmm.
Liue 10. — murs. — Mur is the gênerai word for wall. Muraille refera to the defences of a city, &c. Distinguish mur — wall, from mûr — ripe. Thèse words corne respectively from Latin murus and maturus.
Line 12. — ile venir en aide &c. — from coming to the assistance of Marshal Freytag in an effective manner. More freely — from giving any effective assistance to Marshal Freytag.
Line 16. — liate. — The circumflex accent over a vowel generally marks the elision of the letter s after it—e.g., fête, être, côte, maître, were originally written feste, estre, coste, maistre. Sometimes, however, it indicates a contraction of another kind, for example — âge, originally written aetge.
Lins 17. — en face de — Opposite.
Line 22. — a fait passer — ^Imparted»
Line 25. — délabrée — Dilapidated,
'' résister à. — See Note, p. 15, l* 39,
Line 27.— beUe— Splendid.
Line 33. — brnmaire. — The second month of autumn in the Eepublican calendar. The convention which met in 1792 in their désire for change, adopted new names for the months, as follows : — In autumn, Vendémiaire {Vindemia grape-gathering) ; BRUMArRE [Bruma, fog) ; Fbemaiee {Frimas, hoar-frost). In winter, Nivose {Nivosus, snowy); Pluviôse {Pluviosus, rainy) ; Ventôse {Ventosus, windy). In spring. Germinal {Germen, germ) ; Flore al {Flores, flowers) ; Prairial {Prairie, meadow). In summer, Messidor (Messis, harvest, and (ïôron, gif t) ; Thermidor {Therm,a, heat); Fructidor {Fructus, fruit.)
The month was divided into three décades of ten days each, called primidi, duodi, tridi, quartidi, &c. Five complementary days were added at the end of each year, which were set apart for Republican festivals. The year I. of this calendar commenced the midnight before the autumnal equinox of 1792, and was in use nntil January Ist, 1806. For a rule to convert dates of this calendar into the old style, see Carlyle's Fr. Eev., Vol. III., Book IV., Chap. IV. Note.
Line 84. — Moselle. — A river rising in the Vosges Mountains, flowing north-east through France and Prussia into the Rhine at Oohleuz.
Lîne 88. — Mayoncp — (Gfrninn, Mminz). A fortifled town on th« left bank of the Bhine, taken by tho Frcncb in ITW.
Paoe 24.
Liue 1 — Francfort — Frankfort. An ancicnt city of Gennany, on
the Main, about twenty miles from ita junction witb the Bhinr. It was the place of meeting of tho Dict of the Geiinanic Confédération.
" Castlne—Sie Note, p. 12, 1. 20.
Line 2. — Valenclenne-*. — A fortilied town in the north of France, ou the Scheldt, notcd for its lace manufacture.
Line 3, — Vosges. — A mountain range in the north-east of Franco,
extending across the boundary ncarly to Mayence un
the Bbiiio.
«* Lanter. — A river of Prussia, flowing from the ea^tem
elope of the Vosges iuto the Bhine at Nouberg. Line G. — étalent tombées. The verbs whioh take être as an nux-
iliary, are chiefly iutransitive verbs deuoting uioUdu or
rest.
Line 8. — Q-tieanoy. — A fortifled town near Valenciennes. Line 10. — Scarpe. — A tributary of tho Scheldt from tho West.
" ArraH. — A fortified town on the Scaipe, famoua for iti
tapestry. In this word the $ is sounded.
Line 11. — sans consistance — Without organization.
Line 12.— H^'^ère — Line.
Line 16. — lignes de "Wissembonig — Lines of WiBfipml)onrg. Thèse
consisted of a séries of fortification» extendiiii^ along the
Lauter. Weissenbourg waa on tho right bank of that
river. Pronounce xv as v.
M Landau. — A strongly fortifled town of Rhcnish Prussia,
ou the Queich.
Line 17. — Kayscrslautein. — A town near the Lauter. Liue 18. — Sarre — (Germnn, Saar), A tributary of Uie Moeelto,
risiug in the Vosges.
Liue 22. — i»I«"«l"* «i»»*** — Whou nu. précèdes its uouu, it is invariable,
and ia joined to tho uouu by a hyphon ; when it foUows
tho noun it agrées with iU D. F. 423. Liue 24. — moral — Toue. Distinguish moral, n»ind, from moraU,
otliicH. In Euglish we use moraU to express what is
heie meaut by mural.
Line 27. — Wattignies. — A village in the north of France, near Lille. Under instructions from Carnot, Jourdan led his army by rapid marches from the frontiers of the Ehine and defeated the Austrians at Wattignies in 1793. This vietory opened the way for the French into the Low Coun tries.
Line 32. — il faut la faire aimer. — ^We must make it loved.
Line 34. — ^votre partage — Tour portion,
Line 35. — pour me la plus quitter — ^Never to leave it agam.
Page 25.
Line 1. — rechauiFeiit — ^Rekindled,
Line 6. — l'impérieuse. . . .mort. — This clause is the suhject of the verh pouvait — que is the ohject of rendre.
Line 8. — sans tenir compte de — Without taking into account; without regard either to noble birth or to rights of seniority.
Line 11 — tiennent lieu de — Took the place of.
Line 17. — l'exaltation — Excitement.
Line 18. — s'en ressent — Bore the marks of it— breathed it.
Line 20. — accentuées — ^Bmphasized.
*< enfltire — ^Bombastic style.
Line 21, — cacliet — Stamp— literally, seal.
Line 25. — Picliegru. — A celebrated French gênerai, who conquered Holland in 1794-5. He afterwards entered into negotiations with the Prince of Condé for the restoration of the Bourbons, but becoming suspected, he was arrested and transported to Cayenne, Making his escape, he wentto England, and afterwards with George Cadoudal, formed a plot against Napoléon, whicli was discovei-ed. They were arrested, and Pichegru was found strangled in prison.
Line 27. — si j'en crois — If I can trust.
Line 31. — qu'il batte son an*ière-l>an — ^Let them call to arms their last reserves. The han was a proclamation calling on ail who held lands of the crown to serve the king in his wars. The arrière'ban was the portion of the réserve^ composed of the oldest men, who were called out only in cases of extrême necessity. The proclamation was generally made by beat of drum, hence batte is used.
Line 32. — coup de grâce — ^Death-blow — literally mercy-stroTce — alluding to the final blow wliich put an end to the sufferings of criminals broken on the wheel, whose limbs were broken one by one by the executioner.
Llne 84.— «•©pru©— Re-capture.
Line 36. — boulovarrt—Bulwark— dcfence. The bouUvard» of Parin were public proraenados on the top of tlio walls whic)i Hurround«;d tho tity, hence our use of the word, which ia simply the French form of *' bulwark." For dérivations see Webster'B or Worcester'a Dictionary.
Line 89. — clioite — Feminiue to agrée with main, understood.
'« ver.ï—Diatingaiah from tcra— verse, also from plural oi
ver worm. Th-, se three words corne from Latin venu* (prep.), versus (uouu), aud vermis.
Page 26.
Lin» 4. — Saveriu' &c. — The student who ran procure one of the niunerous maps of this part of tho continent, publishod during the Franco-Prussian war of 1^0-1, will be able to obtaiu a very defiiiito knowledge of the great majority of the localities hero mentioned.
Liine 7. — faisant fucr — Facing.
Lino 13. — tle franelili — To cro88.
Line 14. — retranchée — Which was intrenched. In m&ny such participial clauses it makcs bcttcr EngUsh to insort the relative and verb. It might be translated : " then intrenched."
Line 15. — «le longer — To skirt,
Line 17. — à revers — In the rear.
Line 13. — devait — Was io.
Line 21. — «le debloijui'i — To raise tho siège of.
Lino 22.— brumaire — See Noto D. 23, 1. 33.
Line 23. — «'cbranlc — Advanced.
Line 24. — ■• replient — Fell back.
Lino 25. — loa Y force — Assailed them theie.
Line 26. — acliarne — Desperato, bloody.
Line 31. — bouclios ù lou — Caunona -literally, flre-mouth» " sont en présence — \Vore cngagod.
Line 33. — l'élan — Tho enthusiasm.
Line 35. — en l'air. — As a gênerai lulo, the prcp.»«*itinn i>n i* n««»d boforo a nuun \vithi)ut the artirlo,
Line 86.— «'««»«»««'•— Bogan.
Lin* 39. — adossé» aux Vosgr?» — Rosting on tho Vo«g«»— or, with the Vosges at their back ; adosti irom dos, back. PAO» 27.
Lin© 1.— d^cImés—Decimattd-litorally, rvcry truth min kjllcd " mitraille — Grajift-bliot. lu words «nding in ai7.'«. êt'.U.
osil, and ille, tho l is gonerally li(]uid.
Line 2. — livrent — Made.
Line 4. — s'épuisent — Gave out.
Line 5.— lui échapper — lui because échapper is foUowed by A,
Line 10.— fait preuve—G-iven évidence— shown.
Line 12 —qu'il avait &c.— Which he had less accepted than su) •
mitted to. It would make better English to in vert the
clause, and say, " which he had rather submitted to than
accepted." Line 15 — écliec — Eepulse— the final c is sounded. Line 17. — éclatante — ^Brilliant— signal, Line 19 —que lui opposaient &c.— See Note p. 2, 1. 20. Line 20 —étrangères.— Not only the four adjectives mentioned, P,
F. 48, take ère in the féminine, but ail adjectives in e; . Line 21. — naissant© — ^Eising.
Line 22. — avec répugnance — ^Unwillingly, Line 23. — concours — Coopération.
Line 24. — se répandit — ^Launched out.
Line 25.— amères.— See Note p. 27, 1. 20 ; r is sounded in amer. " se plaignit. — ^Distinguish plaindre, to pity, from se
plaindre, to complain. Ail verbs in aindre^ eindre, and
oindre are conjugated in the same way. Seo D. F,
Line 27. — à l'avenir— In future— avenir is derived from à venir, i.e,
(time) to corne.
Line 28« — mettre dans le secret — To let into the secreU Line 30. — Saint Just. — One of the leading Terrorists, and a mem-
ber of the Committee of Pubhc Safety, He was guil-
lotined with Robespierre in 1794.
•« lie Bas. — Another ardent supporter of Robespierre. He
committed suicide, and thus escaped the guillotine. Line 33. — contre eux — Against them— i.e., to défend himself against
their enmity.
" il s'appuya de rassentiment— he relied on the supior^.
Line 38.— prenant parti pour— Taking aides with— taking the
part of.
Page 28.
Line 2. — malveillantes — Hostile.
Line 3. — à lui faire — ^Depending on cherchent. Line 4. — préventions — Préjudices.
Line 7. — chargé des opérations &c. — Caruot was Minister of War*
» et qui &c.— See Note p. 5, L 33.
Line 8. — d'ensemble — As a whole.
Line 10.— eut souvent 1© tort — Often made the mistake.
Lice 11. — Inlifotive — Metliod — that ia, of rarrying ont his piMi». The author means that \\'hilA insistiiiK ou h&\iiig bi« planB carried nat as a wholc, >io should hâve l<ft to tb« gênerais in comtnand the ntepu by which the desired resnlts wero to ho ohtained,
Tjine 14. — ilerober — Concoah Sce Note p. 1'.^ U '2:<.
«' n^osa point — Oaer genorally takes jmt ouly, The um of
point hère marks a strong négative.
Linc 18. — iropcier — To effect^
Line 1 . — 'l<*»t ogir — Was to act,
Line 27. — »" ««t en hlTer — It was wiuter*
Line 30. — alimentent — Supplied,
Line 35. — conjurent — Implored.
Line 38. — »«r «es projets — Ab to his plant.
Line 40. — » 1» dérobée — Secretly,
Paob 29
Line 1. — 1«» «lens — His own ofiBcera,
Line 3. — connût. — The subjunctive is used becaose doubt is Im-
plied in the expression ti je pensais. A universnl nile
for forminj,' tlio imperfect subjunctive is to add $e to
the sacond pers. sing. prêt* dei.
Line 8. — *nx pri^px — Engaged.
Line 10. — RelHchoffèn, Freisch-wlllei-. — Two towns in AUace, net
far from Wissembourg, Line 18. — l'encan — Auction. Old French enquant, from Latin in
and quatitus.
liine 14. — livre». — This term is now sup^rseded by Jranc. The
Word in still used, howovcr, in such exprcsHions aa —
10,000 livres de rente — 10,000 francs iucome. Line 15,— A<ljugexl — Knock it down — équivalent to "Agrood ;" or
" I will tako it at that prico." A French aucUonoer
saya "Adjugé!" wlion an EngUsh ono would say
" Gone 1 " Ljne 1^6. redoutes — Rodoubts. A redoubt is a small fort haatiiy
constnictcd for purposen of tiMnporary dcfonco. M an pa<« de rhnige — At the double— Il torally, at a oiiarg
ing pace.
Li,i„ '11. tiébordi» — Outflanked.
Line 23.— *•• prè«-..Closoly.
Line 2tj.— "«•"»"*•' -IXomUxI— culbuter ineauit to tUruw dowu Crom a high place.
Liue 31. — qui a mis &c. — Who had been very slow in supportlng
him.
Line 33. — soient — Subjunctive of wish after vœu. Line 88. — décernèrent — Assigned.
Line 40. — ancien — Senior—», e., he had oceupied the same rank
longer than Hoche.
Page 80.
Line 3. — disposa tont — Made every arrangement
Line 6. — ^le prince de Condé— A member of the illustrions house
of Condé, a branch of the Bourbon f amily. He was the
leaaer of the émigrés in their invasion of France in con-
junction with the Austrians and Prussians. Line 10. — chateau-fort — Strong redoubt.
" liérissées — ^Bristling— agreeing with hauteurs.
" at que protègent— And protected by. See Notes, p. 2,
