VIII. QUELQUES MOTS SUR L'ÉDUCATION EN FRANCE

Questions

Les portes des lycées français sont-elles ouvertes, comme celles des écoles américaines? Où se donnait l'enseignement dans l'ancienne France? Qu'est-ce qu'un interne? Y a-t-il des internes dans les écoles américaines? Où couchent les internes? Où mangent-ils? Qu'est-ce qui frappe encore l'étranger dans les classes françaises? Y a-t-il en France beaucoup d'écoliers qui apprennent l'allemand? Quelle langue étrangère la plupart des écoliers parisiens étudient-ils? Les enfants des pauvres et les enfants des riches vont-ils à la même école? L'enseignement supérieur est-il bon en France?

Exercise

Remplacez les traits, dans les phrases suivantes, par l'article qui convient {masculin ou féminin, singulier ou pluriel) :

porte de lycée est fermée. Il faut sonner à ^ —

porte. Les internes sortent jeudi après-midi. Je m'amuse

pendant récréation. parents vont chercher leurs enfants. régime de école unique n'existe pas encore en

France. C'est gros problème. C'est fils de

bourgeois.

Questions

Combien d'académies y a-t-il en France? Quelle est la plus connue des cinq? Qui a fondé l'Académie Française? Quel était le but de l'Académie Française? Les académiciens travaillent-ils très vite? Est-ce l'Académie qui forme les mots? Où se trouve l'Institut? Quelle forme a le toit de l'Institut? La salle des séances est-elle vaste et commode? Combien y a-t-il de discours à chaque réception? Faut-il nécessairement être homme de lettres pour être reçu à l'Académie? Combien y a-t-il d'académiciens? Est-ce un métier agréable que celui d'académicien? De quelle couleur est l'habit des académiciens? Les Parisiens ont-ils beaucoup de respect pour l'Académie? Qui s'est beaucoup moqué de l'Académie? Est-il nécessaire d'avoir du talent pour faire partie de l'Académie? L'Académie Française est-elle pauvre?

Exercise

Les phrases suivantes sont toutes à l'indicatif présent. Remplacez les indicatifs présents par des passés indéfinis:

Je veux parler de l'Académie. L'Académie est fondée par Richeheu. Le nombre des membres est limité à quarante. Ils se demandent s'il faut admettre dans la langue un mot aussi vulgaire. L'électricité est posée à l'Institut. Il prononce un beau discours. Tu trouves un éditeur. Trouves- tu un éditeur? Je me moque beaucoup de lui. Il met son épée du mauvais côté. Il se trompe de côté. Molière ne fait jamais partie de l'Académie.

Questions

Les musées de Paris sont-ils tous très vieux? Quel est le plus connu des musées récents? Qui était Rodin? Quel est le grand

poète français auquel tout un musée est consacré? Qu'est-ce que les Vosges? Le quartier de la Place des Vosges est-il maintenant un quartier très chic? Quel genre d'objets trouve- t-on au Musée Carnavalet? Quels sont les deux musées les plus fameux de Paris? A quoi est consacré le Musée du Luxembourg? Que trouve- t-on au Musée du Louvre? Citez le nom d'une des plus belles salles du Louvre. Quelle aventure est arrivée à la Joconde? A- t-on retrouvé la Joconde? La Vénus de Milo a-t-elle des bras?

Exercise

(i) Historique est l'adjectif du substantif histoire. Donnez de même l'adjectif de chacun deS substantifs suivants: art, lettres, Amérique, élégance, mélancolie, prix, Paris, Rome, pédagogie, mystère, différence.

(2) Traduisez en français les phrases suivantes: To-day is the first of July. To-morrow is the second of July.

(3) Donnez la première personne du passé indéfini de je mHnstruis, je m^aperçois, je me souviens.

Questions

Paris a-t-il autant de parcs que les autres grandes villes du monde? Pourquoi Paris est-il une ville fortifiée? Paris était-il une ville saine au moyen âge? Les rues des villes du moyen âge étaient-elles très larges? Quels sont les arbres les plus fréquents sur les trottoirs des boulevards parisiens? Donnez le nom de deux jardins publics â Paris. Quand le jardin du Luxembourg est-il le plus animé? Donnez les noms de quelques jeux auxquels jouent les petits Parisiens. Qu'est-ce qu'un sénateur? Un sénateur est-il un homme très puissant? Rencontre-t-on seulement des jeunes au Luxembourg? N'y a-t-il pas au Luxembourg une sorte

de théâtre pour les enfants? Comment s'appelle ce théâtre? Les petits Parisiens aiment-ils beaucoup le guignol? Comment appelle- t-on, à Paris, un très petit jardin public? Qu'y a-t-il souvent au milieu des squares? Quels travaux va-t-on prochainement exécuter à Paris?

Exercise

Traduisez en français les phrases suivantes:

Paris is the largest city in France. Chicago is nearly as big a city as Paris. Chicago is a young city, Paris a very old city. The trees that one sees in the Paris parks are not the same as those in the Chicago parks. It is harder to rebuild an old city than to build a new one. Baseball is now very popular in France. Baseball was introduced into France by the American army. Most of the games practised in France are imported from England or America. "Guignol" is the French name for Punch and Judy show. It is thought that Punch and Judy shows origînate from Italy. "Guignol" is not a Parisian création. Lyons had the first "guignol" shows. Do not call your best friend "guignol." He would not hke it. For it is not a compHment.

Questions

Quel rôle le café joue-t-il dans la vie du Parisien? A quoi sert le café? Que peut-on voir de la terrasse d'un café? Que peut faire un poète au café? Est-il très extravagant d'aller au café? A quels jeux peut-on jouer au café? Dans quels pays l'institution du café en plein air ne peut-elle pas exister? Quelle différence y a-t-il entre un café et un club? Les Parisiennes ont-elles beaucoup de clubs? Où la vie de famille est-elle particulièrement développée?

Exercise Trouvez des synonymes aux mots suivants: Vie; sorte; paisible; humble; travail; parler; charmant; foyer (au sens de « home »); élève; en général; continuellement.

Questions

Connaissez-vous quelques villes qui ont été fondées par un seul homme? Versailles et Paris sont-ils très loin l'un de l'autre? Quelle est la vraie capitale de la France? Connaissez- vous un acte historique de grande importance qui s'est déroulé au Palais de Versailles? Le Palais de Versailles est-il très petit? Qu'est-ce qui orne les murs intérieurs du palais? Les Français aiment-ils la guerre? Qu'y a-t-il autour du palais? Que voit-on des fenêtres du palais? En quoi consiste le Parc de Versailles? Qu'est-ce qu'on appelle les « Grandes Eaux » ? Les Grandes Eaux ont-elles joué pendant la guerre? Connaissez- vous un plus petit palais qui se trouve non loin de celui de Versailles? Quel nom portet-il? Donnez le nom d'une reine de France. Versailles est-il une ville très bruyante?

Exercise

(i) Donnez un équivalent de l'expression à vrai dire.

(2) Donnez plusieurs synonymes de terminé.

(3) Quelle est la différence entre un village et un hameau?

(4) Donnez un synonyme de jadis.

(5) Donnez un synonyme de parfois.

(6) Formez des expressions semblables à l'expression à la française avec les mots suivants: hongrois, anglais, allemand, américain.

(7) Formez une phrase avec le mot ferme (substantif) et une autre avec le mot ferme (adjectif).

Questions

La France est-elle le seul pays qui possède de vieilles cathédrales? Quel pays a réahsé le type le plus parfait d'éghse gothique? Où l'art gothique est-il né, d'après les Allemands? Où est-il né en réalité? Citez quelques cathédrales françaises. A quoi peut-on comparer une cathédrale? Quelle est l'histoire importante pour le Français du moyen âge? Racontez l'histoire de Saint- Eustache. Donnez les noms, en français, de quelques vices et de quelques vertus. Enumérez les six premiers mois de l'année. Par quelle scène le mois de décembre est-il représenté dans nos cathédrales? Qui personnifie la musique à la cathédrale de Chartres? Qu'est-ce que les Allemands ont fait à la cathédrale de Reims? Où trouve- t-on les meilleures routes d'Europe?

Exercise

Remplacez le trait, dans les phrases suivantes, par le verbe qui convient, au temps et à la personne qui convient:

La France beaucoup de cathédrales. La France le

pays des cathédrales. L'art français (influencer) l'art espagnol. Les Allemands (vouloir prouver) que l'art gothique

(être) un art allemand. Cela faux. Les archéologues

(étabhr) maintenant la vérité. Les cathédrales du moyen

âge (contenir) tous les enseignements nécessaires à l'homme.

Nos ancêtres (comprendre) sans peine le sens de ces statues.

Les statues de Reims (mutiler) ou (détruire) par les obus

allemands. Beaucoup de touristes américains (venir visiter)

la cathédrale de Reims.

Questions

Que trouve-t-on partout en France? Dans quelle condition sont ces châteaux? Où sont-ils particulièrement nombreux? Qui habitait autrefois ces châteaux? Bâtissait-on encore des châteaux forts à la Renaissance? Les châtelains habitent-ils leur château toute l'année? Que fournit la ferme? Les écuries des châteaux français contiennent-elles autant de chevaux qu'autrefois? Qu'y a-t-il généralement autour des châteaux français? Nommez un château fort de la région parisienne. Nommez un château de la Loire. Comment la reine Catherine de Médicis se distrayaitelle? Que rappelle le château de Chambord? A quoi sert actuellement le château de Fontainebleau? Qu'est-ce qui rend si curieux le Château de Chenonceaux?

Exercise

Traduisez en français les phrases suivantes:

Some of the old French castles were so big that they could contain 10,000 persons easily. The Alsacian castles are, most of them, built with pink sandstone. That makes them very effective. The cathedral of Strasbourg is built with the same stone. One of the most famous Alsacian castles was the property of the former emperor, now plain Mr. William of HohenzoUern. He restored it. He restored it so badly that everybody was making jokes about it. The castle was an admirable ruin before being restored. Now it is as ugly as can be. When you go to France, do not fail to visit the castles of the Loire.

VOCABULARY

ABBREVIATIONS

The following abbreviations hâve been used in the vocabulary:

adj.

adjective

inlerj.

interjection

adv.

adverb

masculine substantive

art.

article

masculine and féminine sub-

card.

cardinal numéral

stantive

conj.

conjunctive

ord.

ordinal numéral

conj. pr.

conjunctive pronoun

pi.

plural

def.

definite

poss.

possessive

dem.

démonstrative

pr.

pronoun

disj. pr.

disjunctive pronoun

prep.

préposition

féminine substantive

refl.

reflexive

indef.

indefinite

tel.

relative

int.

interrogative

substantive

VOCABULARY

à, prep. to, at, in, on, by, of,

from, for, with, until abandonner, to abandon, give

up, leave, grant abattre, to fell, bring down abbatial, -e, abbatial, belonging

to an abbey abbaye, /. abbey abbé, m. abbot, abbé (gênerai

title for Catholic priests) Abel, Abel abîmer, to spoil aboiement, m. barking abolir, to abolish; s' — , be

abolished, be done away with abonder, to abound, be plenti-

ful; abondant, -e, abundant abord, m. access; d' — , at first,

first aborder, to board, broach, corne

to Abraham, Abraham abréger, to abridge abréviation, /. abbreviation abri, m. shelter; mettre à 1' — ,

to shelter, make safe abriter, to shelter; s* — , find

shelter abrupt, -e, abrupt, rugged {pt

pronounced)

abrutir, to stupefy, besot absurdement, absurdly académicien,, m. academician académie, /. academy académique, académie accent, m. accent accepter, to accept ^ accès, m. access acclamer, to cheer accompagner, to accompany accomplir, to accomplish, per-

form accord, m. agreement; tomber

d' — , se mettre d' — , to agrée accoster, to accost accourir, to run up accoutumer, to accustom; s' — ,

become accustomed; accou-

tomé,-e accustomed, used accueillir, to receive, greet, wel-

come; accueillant, -e, hos-

pitable accumuler, to accumulate acharné, -e, implacable, furious achat, m. buying, shopping acheter, to buy acheteur, m. buyer achever, to complète, finish;

achevé, -e, completed, perfect.

acquisition, /. acquisition acte, m. act, deed

VOCABULARY

acteur, -trice, m., /. player,

actor, actress actionner, to move, drive, propel actif, -ve, active activement, actively, strenu-

ously activité, /. activity actualité, /. actuality actuel, -elle, présent, present-

day actuellement, presently adapter, to adapt adepte, m. supporter, de votée addition, /. addition admettre, to admit administrateur, m. administra-

tor, manager administrer, to administer admirable, admirable admirablement, admirably admirer, to admire adonner (s' — à) to dévote o e-

self to, practice adopter, to adopt adorablement, adorably adorer, to adore adresser, to address adroit, -e, skilful, deft aéroplane, m. aéroplane affaire, /. affaire, matter, case,

business transaction; pi. af-

fairs, business; faire V — , to

be satisfactory, do (very well) affairer, to keep busy; s' — , be

very busy; affairé, -e, very

busy

affermir, to make firm, strengthen

affiche,/, poster

affirmatif, -ve, afiSrmative

affirmation, /. affirmation

affirmer, to affirm, state

affleurer, to be flush (level) with

affluent, m. tributary

affreusement, frightfully

affronter, to face, brave

afin (de or que), conj, in order to, in order that

Afrique,/. Africa

âge, m. âge

agent, m. agent, policeman

agile, agile

agir, to act; s' — de, be a question of

agiter, to agitate, stir, move; agité, -e, agitated

agrandir, to enlarge

agréable, pleasant, agreeable

agréablement, pleasantly

agrémenter, to adorn, beautify

agricole, agricultural

agricultiu-e, /. agriculture

aide, /, aid, help

aile,/, wing

Ailette, pretty little river of Northern France

ailleurs, elsewhere; d* — , par — , moreover, besides

aimer, to love, like

ainsi, adv. and conj.- thus, so, in this manner, as follows; — que, just as, as well as

VOCABULARY

air, m. air, look, appearancc,

manner; en P— , in the air,

up; en plein —, in the open;

avoir 1' — de, to look as if,

to seem to; V — , looking airain, m. brass aise,/, ease, pleasure; à V — , at

one's ease, comfortable aisé, -e, easy aisément, easily Aix-la-Chapelle, Aix-la-Chapelle,

German city not far from

the Rhine ajouter, to add alentours, m. pi. {in aux — de),

around, in the neighborhood of Alexandre, Alexander, famous

Greek conqueror Alexandrie, Alexandria, a city of

Egypt, founded by Alexander

the Great Algérie,/. Algeria, French colony

in North Africa alignement, m. Une aligner, to Une up, lay out in Une allée, /, walk, path allègrement, joyfuUy, cheerfuUy Allemagne, /. Germany aUemand, -e, adj. and s. German

(written Allemand when s.) aller, to go, go on or along, get

on; s'en — , go away allumer, to light, kindle allure, /. bearing, manner, gait;

à vive — , at a quick pace allusion, /. allusion

alors, then; — que, while, whereas, when

alphabet, m. alphabet

alpiniste, m. alpinist, mountaineer

Alsace, /. Alsace, French province along the Rhine {s pronounced as z)

altérer, to alter, change

amateur, m. amateur, devotee

ambitieux, -euse, ambitioas

ambition, /. ambition

âme, /. soûl, heart, spirit, mind

améliorer, to improve

aménagement, m. ordering, disposition, arrangement

amener, to lead, bring

américain, -aine, adj. and s.

American (written Américain when s.)

ameublement, m. furniture

ami, -e, m., f. friend

Amieux, well-known Parisian canning firm (its advertising motto is: toujotu-s à mieux, a pun meaning: better and better)

Amiens, famous cathedral city of northern France

amonceler, to pile up

amoncellement, m. heap, pile

amont (in en — ), upstream, higher up (on a river)

amour, m. love

amoureux, -euse, in love, very fond of

VOCABULARY

amoureusement, lovingly, amorously

ample, ample, wide, large

ampleur,/, vvideness, breadth

ampoule, /. bulb

amusement, m. amusement

amuser, to amuse; s' — , to amuse oneself, enjoy oneself, hâve a good time; amusant, -e, amusing, entertaining

an, m. year

analogue, similar

Anatole, Anatol

ancêtre, m. ancestor

ancien, -enne, ancient, former, of long standing, old

Andromaque, title of a famous tragedy by Racine

anglais, -e, adj. and s. English, Englishman (written Anglais when s.); jardin — , English garden (where nature is little interfered with. French gardens are much more artificial)

Angleterre,/. England

angoissant, -e, very disquieting

animal, m. animal, créature, beast

animation, /. animation

animer, to animate; animé, -e, animated, busy

année, /. year

annexer, to annex. grab; s' — , take for oneself, annex, add to one's number

annoncer, to announce

annuel, -elle, annual, yearly

anormal, -aie, abnormal

anthropologie, /. anthropology

antiquité, /. antiquity

apercevoir, to perceive, notice, see; s' — (de), perceive, elc.

Apollon, Apollo (Greek god of arts)

apôtre, m. apostle

apparaître, to appear

apparat, m. gala, state

apparence, /. appearance, look

apparent, -e, apparent

appartement, m. apartment

appartenir,* to belong

appel, m. call, appeal; faire — à, to appeal to, call upon, stimulate

appeler, to call, call out; s* — , be named

apporter, to bring

apprécier, to estimate, appreciate

apprendre, to learn, teach, hear of

apprêter, to prépare; s' — , prépare, get ready

approcher, to approach; s* — (de), approach, draw near

approfondir, to deepen

approvisionnement, m. stock (of food stuffs)

approvisionner, to revictual, provide food

appuyer, to support, lean, rest; S*—, lean, rest

VOCABULARY

après, prcp. and adv. after,

afterwards; — que, conj.

after; d' — , after, according to après-guerre, m. the period after

the war après-midi, m. (or/.), afternoon apte, apt, fitting aqueduc, m. aqueduct arabe, adj. and s. Arabie, Ara-

bian, Arab (written Arabe

when s.) araignée,/, spider arbitre, m. umpire, suprême au-

thority arbre, m. tree

arbuste, m. shrub, small tree arc, w. bow; boutant, flying

buttress arche, /, ark, arch (of a bridge) archéologue, m. archaeologist archevêché, m archbishop's

palace archevêque, m. archbishop architecte, m. architect ardoise, /. slate argent, m. silver, money aristocratie, /. aristocracy (pro-

nounced: aristocracie) arme, /. arm, weapon; pi.

armoriai bearing, arms armée,/, army armistice, m. armistice arracher, to snatch, tear off; on

s'arrache, everybody wants to

hâve, there is a wild demand

for

Arras, beautif ul city of northern France almost entirely destroyed by the Germans during the récent war

arrêter, to stop, draw up; s*—, stop

arrière, adv. and m. back, rear; en — , back, backwards, behind

arriéré, -e, backward, antiquated

arriver, to arrive, happen, corne

arrondissement, m. district, ward, subdivision of the city of Paris '

arroser, to water, sprinkle

arroseur, m. watering man

art, m. art; Pont des Arts, bridge on the Seine, opposite the Institut; Beaux-Arts, Fine Arts

article, m. article; Paris,

article of Paris (de luxe articles manufactured in Paris)

articulation, /. articulation, diction

artificiel, -elle, artificial

artillerie,/, artillery

artiste, m., /. artist

artistique, artistic

ascenseur, m. lift, elevator

ascension, /. ascension, mountain-climbing

Asmodée, Asmodeus, a very powerful genius in a fantastic story by Lesage. Asmodeus' favorite trick consisted in re-

VOCABULARY

moving the roofs from houses and watching the doings of the inhabitants

aspect, m. aspect, appearance, sight (pronounced: aspe)

assaillir, to make healthy

Assas (d* — ), name of a street in Paris (final s pronounced)

assaut, m. assault

assemblée, /. assembly, meeting; Haute — , High Assembly, Senate

assembler, to assemble, coUect, gather, unité

assentiment, m. assent

asseoir, to seat, set; s' — , sit, be seated, sit down; assis -e seated

assez, enough, sufficient, rather, well enough

assidu, -e, assiduous

assiéger, to besiege

assigner, to assign

assister, to be présent, attend, witness

association, /. association football, soccer

assoiffé, -e, thirsty

assurance, /. insurance, assurance; agent d' — , insurance agent

assurément, assuredly

assurer, to assure, ensure, certify

atelier, m. workshop, factory, studio

Atlantique, Atlantic

atmosphère, /. atmosphère

attaquer, to attack

attarder, to delay; s' — , be delayed, tarry

atteindre, to attain, reach

atteinte, /. reach, effect

attelage, m. team, carriage, horse-cab

attendre, to await, wait, wait for, expect; s* — à, expect

attention, /. attention, care

attentivement, carefully, intently

attirer, to attract, draw

attraction, /. attraction

attrait, m. attraction

attraper, to catch, scold

au (aux) = à le (à les)

auberge, /. inn

aucun, -e, no one, none, any

auditeur, m. auditor, hearer

auditoire, m. audience

augmenter, to increase

Augusta, Augusta

auguste, august, vénérable

Auguste, Augustus, Roman emperor

Augustin, Augustine (an order of Catholic priests)

aujourd'hui, to-day

Aumale (duc d') son of the former king of France, Louis- Philippe, and late owner of the castle of Chantilly

auparavant, before, previously

auprès (de), near, with

auquel (auxquels, etc.) = à lequel (à lesquels, eic.)

VOCABULARY

aussi, adv. and conj. also, so, as, therefore; — ... que, as . . .

as

aussitôt, straightway, at once; — que, conj. as soon as

autant, as much, as many, so many, as well; d' — que, d* — plus que, so much the more because

Auteuil, name of a district on the outskirts of Paris

auteur, m. author; — dramatique, playwright, dramatist

authentique, authentic, genuine

auto, m. or f. motorcar (shortened form of automobile)

autographe, m. autograph

automne, m. autumn

automobile, m. or f. and adj.

motor-car, motor driven, gasoline driven

autorité, /. authority

autour, adv. and prep. (with de), around

autre, other, else, of another kind; d'autres, others; l'un 1' — , les uns les — s, one another; comme dit 1' — , as one says, as they say

autrefois, formerly

autrement, other wise; — dit, to put it in a différent wa}'-

aval (in en aval), downstream

avaler, to swallow

avance,/, advance; d' — (à 1' — ), in advance

avancer, to advance, push forward, stretch out; s' — , advance

avant, prep., m. and adv. before, forward part; — de, before; en — , forward, in front; en — de, before; — que, conj. before

avantage, m. advantage; avec — , profitably

avantageux, -euse, advantageous

avec, with (following noun should often' be translated adverbially: — avantage, profitably)

avenir, m. future

aventure,/, adventure

avenue, /. avenue, driveway

averse, /. shower

avertir, to warn, give notice, inform, acquaint

avis, m. opinion, notice

aviser, to ad vise, notice; s' — , take into one's head, come on the idea

avocat, m. lawyer, barrister; — conseil, légal adviser

avoine, /. oats

avoir, to hâve, receive, be (âge), take (care); — faim, peur, soif, froid, be hungry, afraid, thirsty, cold; il y a, there is, there are, ago, for (of time); avoir à, hâve reason to (when eu occurs in the

VOCABULARY

forms of this verb, it is pro-

nounced: u) avoisinant, -e, neighboring avouer, to acknowledge, confess

Bachaumont, French eighteenth

century writer badaud, m. gaper, booby, idler bague, /. ring bain, m. bath baisser, to lower, drop balayer, to sweep balayeur, m. street-cleaner balcon, m. balcony baleine,/, vvhale balle, /. bail ballet, m. ballet

ballon, m, balloon, bail, football Balzac (Honoré de), great French

novelist of the XIXth century bambin, -e, m. andf. urchin, kid banal, -e, hackneyed, common-

place banane,/, banana banc, m. bench, seat bande, /. bevy, group, crowd banlieue,/, outskirts, suburbs bannière, /. banner banque, /. bank barbare, barbarous barbiche, /. small beard on the

chin baron, -ne, m., /. baron,

baroness barque, /. bark, small boat

barricade, /. barricade

bas, m. stocking

bas, -se, adj., adv. and m. low,

in a low tone, down, lower

side, bottom; en — , below,

downstairs bassin, m. pond base-bail, m. base-bail basilique, /. basilica, church bataille, /. battle Bataille (Henry), French con-

temporary dramatist bateau, m. boat batelier, -ère, m., /. and adj.

boat man, of boat men bâtir, to build bâtisse, /. building bâtisseur, m. builder batiste, /. cambric, muslin battre, to beat, strike beau (bel before vowels), belle,

beautiful, fair, handsome, fine;

un — joiu", one fine day, one

day; on a — dire, whatever

people may say beaucoup, much, many, very

much, a good deal; de —

much (before a comparative) beauté, /. beauty; de toute — ,

extremely beautiful bébé, m. baby Beauvais, a cathedral city of

northern France, not far from

Paris bec, m. beak; — de gaz, gas-

Hght

VOCABULARY

bêche, /. spade

bégonia, m. bégonia

belge, adj. and s. Belgian

(vvritten Belge when s.) Belgique,/. Belgium belliqueux, -euse, warlike benzine, /. gasoline berceau, m. cradle, birth place Bercy, name of one of the quays

in Paris béret, m. cap berger, -ère, m. and f. shep-

herd, shepherdess Berlin, Berlin, capital of Ger-

many Bernhardt (Sarah), great French

actress. A theater of Paris

bears her name Bernstein (Henry), contempo-

rary French dramatist besicles, /. pi. spectacles besogne,/, business, work, occupation besoin, m. need, necessity;

avoir — de, to need, must;

il est — de, it is necessary to bête, /. and adj. beast, animal,

foolish beurre, m. butter Biard, name of a Parisian firm,

which owns cafés bearing that

name biberon, m. nursing-bottle; au

— , nursing child Bible, /. Bible bibliophile, m. bibliophile

bibliothèque, /. library bicorne, m. cocked hat bien, adv. and m. well, very,

quite, many, much, fully, ail

right, indeed; m. good, prop-

erty, possession; — du (etc.)

much; — des, many; aussi — ,

besides; — que, conj. although bien-aimé, -e, well-beloved,

dearly loved bientôt, soon billard, m. billiard-table, bil-

liards billet, m. tickef Biron, name of an old French

family bizarre, bizarre, odd, strange blanc, -che, adj. and m. white blanchisserie, /. laundry house blé, m. wheat, grain blessure, /. wound bleu, -e, blue; — horizon, sky

blue (color of the French

uniform) Blois, French city on the Loire blond, -e, adj. and s. blond,

blonde, fair blouse, /. blouse bobine, /. spool bock, m. glass, tumbler (usually

of béer); — de blonde, glass

of light béer bœuf, m. ox, beef boire, to drink

bois, m. wood; bout de — , stick boiserie, /, wainscoting

VOCABULARY

boîte, /. box (said contemptu-

ously of the lycée by the

French high-school boys) bombardement, m. bombard-

ment bombarder, to shell bombe,/, bomb bon, -ne, good, kind, pleasant,

agreeable; il fait — . . ., it

is good to bond, m. bound, leap, jump bondir, to bound, leap bonheur, m. happiness, good

fortune bonhomie, /. good nature, kind-

ness bonhomme, m. old fellow, fellow bord, m. edge, border, brim, side border, to border, line bordure, /. edge; en — de, on

the edge of borner, to limit; se — , to limit

oneself botte,/, boot, bunch bouche, /. mouth bouclé, -e, curled boudoir, m. boudoir boue, /. mud bouffant, -e, large, blowsy,

baggy bouillir, to boil; bouillant, -e,

boiling boule, /. bail bouleau, m. birch' Boulie (La — ), name of the most

popular golf-links near Paris

boulevard, m. boulevard; Grands Boulevards, collective name for a string of Boulevards in the center of Paris

Boulogne (Bois de — ), fashionable forest and drive near Paris

bouquet, m. bouquet, cluster

bouquin, m. old book

bouquiner, to read old books, to read at leisure

bouquineur, m. one who reads old books, particularly on the Seine quays

bouquiniste, m. one who sells second-hand books

bourgeois, -e, adj. and s. bourgeois, member of the middle class

bourgeoisie,/, bourgeoisie, middle-class

Bourges, cathedral city in the center of France

Bourgogne, /. Burgundy, a French province

bourreau, m. hangman

bourse, /. purse, scholarship

bout, m. end, bit, limit

bousculade, /. jostling, bustling

bouteille,/, bottle

boutique, /. shop

boxe, /. boxing

branche, /. branch, bough

bras, m. arm, branch

brave, brave, worthy, fine, good

VOCABULARY

bravement, bravely, worthily

bref, -ève, adj. and adv. brief, short, curt, in short

brésilien, -ne, Brazilian

Brest, big harbor on the western coast of France

Bretagne, /. Brittany

breton, -ne, adj. and s. of Brittany, Breton (written Breton when s.)

bridge, m. bridge

Brieux (Eugène), contemporary French dramatist

brioche, /. bun, light cake

brique, /. brick

broche, /. spit

broder, to embroider

bronze, m. bronze

brouillard, m. fog, mist

bruit, m. noise

brun, -e, brown, dark

brusque, blunt, abrupt, sudden

brusquement, abruptly, suddenly

bruyamment, noisily

bruyant, -e, noisy

Buffalo, Buffalo, American city on the Great Lakes

buffet, m. side-board, refreshment room

buis, m. box-tree

buisson, m. bush, shrubs

bureau, m. desk, office

buste, m. bust

but, m. goal, aim

butte, /. hill, bluff, mound (of earth)

c* (ç'), see ce

ça, see cela

cabaret, m. tavern, bar, saloon

câble, m. cable

cacao, m. cocoa

cache-cache, m. hide-and-seek

cacher, to conceal, hide

cachet, m. seal, style, character,

original ^ir cadeau, m. présent cadre, m. frame, environment,

surroundings café, m. coffee, coffee-house,

café cafétéria, m. cafétéria cahier, m. copy-book, exercise-

book caisse, /. case, chest, box calembour, m. pun, play upon

words calme, adj. and m. calm, quiet,

calmness, tranquillity calomnie,/, calumny camarade, m. and f. comrade,

school-fellow camion, m. truck; — automobile, motor-truck camionneur, m. truck-driver camp, m. camp camper, to camp campagne, /. country, country-

side canal, m. canal Candide, hero of a witty novel

by Voltaire

canne,/, rod, stick; — à pêche fishing-rod

canot, m. small boat; — automobile, motor launch, launch

canotage, m. boating, sculling

capital, -e, adj. and m. capital; capitale,/, capital (city)

capitaliste, m. capitalist

capter, to woo, solicit, divert, canalize

capuchon, m. cowl

car, conj. for

caractère, m. character, disposition, quality

caractéristique, characteristic

cardinal, m. cardinal

cargo, m. cargo-boat

caricature, /. caricature

Carnavalet (Musée), name of the historical muséum of the city of Paris

carotte, /. carrot

carpe,/, carp

Carpentier, French boxing champion

carré, -e, adj. and s. square

carrière, /. career, quarry

Carrière (Eugène), great French painter of last century

carrosse, m. coach

carte, /. card, post-card, map

cas, m. case, event; en tout — , at ail events, anyhow

caserne, /. barracks

casser, to break, split, crack, break down

catacombe, /. catacomb

catastrophe, /. catastrophe

cathédrale, /. cathedral

Catherine, Catherine; Madame — , Saint Catherine; — de Médicis, a Florentine noblewoman, who became queen of France in the XVIth century

cause, /. cause; à — de, because of

causer, to cause, chat

cave,/, cellar

caverneux, -euse, cavern-like, very deep (of the voice)

cavité, /. cavity, depth, hollow

ce, dem. pr. this, that, it; — qui, — que, which, what, the fact that

ce, cette (ces, pL), dem. adj. pr.

this, that

ceci, dem. pr. this, this thing

Cécile, Cecilia

céder, to cède, yield, give

cèdre, m. cedar

ceindre, to clasp, put on

ceintiu'e, /. belt, waist

ceinturé, -e, surrounded

cela, dem. pr. that, that thing; \ de — , since then; abbre- | viated ça

célèbre, celebrated

célébrer, to celebrate, extol

celle, see celui

celui, celle (ceux, celles, pi.), dem. pr. this, that, this one

VOCABULARY

etc.; ci, là, the latter,

the former, this one, that one; — qui, he who, etc.

cent, card. one hundred

centaine, /. about one hundred, hundred

centenaire, centenary, a hundred years old

centime, m. centime (fifth of a cent)

censure, /. censorship

centimètre, m. centimeter (the hundredth part of a meter)

central, -e, central, chief; Central Park, large park in the center of New York

centre, m. center

cependant, adv. and conj. however, yet, meantime

cerceau, m. hoop

cerf, m. stag, deer

cerise, /. cherry

certain, -e, certain; pi. a few, some

certainement, certainly

certes, certainly

cerveau, m. brain

César (Jules), Julius Caesar, the celebrated Roman gênerai (101-44 B.c.)

cesse, /. ceasing, cessation; sans — , unceasingly

cesser, to cease, stop

ceux, see celui

Cézanne, great French painter of last century

chacun, -e, pr. each, each one chahut, m. ragging, row chaire, /. professorship chaise, /. chair; — à porteurs,

sedan-chair chaleur,/, heat, warmth Châlons - sur - Marne, French

cathedral town, east of Paris chalutier, m. trawler (fishing-

boat with drag-net) chamarrer, to trim with lace,

cover with gold or silver lace,

bedeck Chambord (château de — ), a

beautiful castle, not far from

the Loire chambre, /. chamber, room; la

Chambre, the Chamber of

Deputies champ, m. field; — de bataille,

battlefield champenois, -e, born in the

province of Champagne champignon, m. mushroom champion, -ne, m. 'and f.

champion championnat, m. champion^hip Champs-Elysées (Avenue des

— ), a beautiful avenue in

Paris; also the residential

quarter on both sides of this

avenue changement, m. change changer, to change chanson, /. song chanter, to sing

VOCABULARY

chantier, m. building yard Chantilly, a beautiful castle,

surrounded by an extensive

forest, north of Paris chapeau, m. hat chaque, each charbon, m. coal charge, /. charge, load, burden charger, to charge, load; se — ,

take charge, take upon one-

self ; chargé, -e, loaded, laden,

commissioned to chariot, m. wagon; Chariot d'Or,

Golden Wagon, the name of

many an inn in France charitable, charitable Charles VII, king of Fran':e

(XVth century) Charles X, king of France

(XIXth century) charme, m. charm, delight charmer, to charm; charmant,

-e, charming charmeur, m. charmer charnière,/, hinge charrette, /. cart; — à bras,

push-cart Chartres, beautiful French ca-

thedral town, west of Paris chasse, /. hunt, hunting, chase chasser, to chase, hunt chasseur, m. hunter château, m. castle; — fort, forti-

fied castle châtelain, -e, m. and f. castle-

owner, inhabitant of a castle

chaud, -e, adj. and s. warm, hot, heat

chauffer, to warm

chauffeur, m. chauffeur

chaussée, /. causeway

chausser, to put on (shoes, stockings, etc.)

chaussure, /. shoe, shoes (in gênerai sensé)

chauve, bald

chef, m. chief, leader; d'oeuvre, masterpiece

chemin, m. way, road; — de fer, railroad; faire son — , to make a headway, gain; prendre le — de, go to

chêne, m. oak

Chenonceaux, one of the most beautiful castles of the Loire

cher, -ère, adj., adv. and s.

dear, dearly, at a high price

Cher, name of a tributary of the river Loire

chercher, to search, seek, look for, try

chère, /. fare; bonne — , good eating, good food

cheval, m. horse; à — , on horseback

chevalier, m. knight

chevaucher, to ride (on horseback), bestride

cheveu, m. hair; pi. hair

cheville, /. ankle

chez, prep. at or to the house or home of, with, in, in the

VOCABULARY

room of, etc.; un — soi, a

home chic, adj. and m. stylish, smart,

style chien, -ne, m., f. dog chiffonner, to crumple chiffre, m. figure, number chimique, chemical chinois, -e, adj. and s. Chinese

(written Chinois when s.) Chinon, pretty little city in the

Loire district, with a beauti-

ful old castle chocolat, m. chocolaté choisir, to choose choix, m. choice chômer, to be unemployed, close

down (on holidays) chose, /. thing; autre — , some-

thing else, else; quelque — ,

sometliing chou, m. cabbage chrétien,-ne, adj. and s. Christian chroniqueur, m. chronicler, jour-

nalist ci, adv. hère (fréquent as suffix:

celui , etc.); de de-là,

par par-là, hère and there;

gît, hère lies

Cicéron, Cicero, great Roman

orator Cid (le — ), title of a tragedy by

Corneille cigarette, /. cigarette ciment, m. cernent cimenter, to cément

ciné, m. moying picture show (abbreviation of cinématographe)

cinéma, m. moving picture show (abbreviation of cinématographe)

cinématographe, m. moving picture show

cinématographique, pertaining to moving pictures; compagnie — , moving picture concern

cinq, card. five (q pronounced before a vowel)

cinquante, card. fifty

circulaire, circular

cirque, m. circus

ciselé, -e, carved, chiseled

cité, /. city; jardin, garden-

city

citer, to cite, quote, mention

citrouille, /. pumpkin

civil, -e, civilian

civilisé, -e, civilized

clair, -e, clear, bright

clairement, clearly

clairière, /. clearing, glade

clarté, /. light

classe, /. class, school

classique, classic

clause,/, clause

clef, /. key (pronounced: clê)

client, -e, m. and f. customer, patron

cloche, /. bel! (usually large)

clocheton, m. small steeple, spire

VOGABULARY

clos, -e, closed, enclosed clôture, /. closing, enclosure club, m. club Cluny (Musée de — ), a famous

Muséum in the Latin Quarter cocher, m. coachman cœur, m. heart, center coiffure, /. head-dress, hair-

dressing coin, m. corner coïncider, to coincide colère, /. anger; se mettre en

— , to get angry colimaçon, m. snail Colin, familiar for Nicolas collection, /. collection collège, m. collège, public school collégien, m. coUege-boy coller, to stick, fit tight; collant,

-e, tight fitting collier, m. necklace colline, /. hill colombier, m. dove-house; Vieux

Colombier, the name of an

excellent theater in Paris colonel, m. colonel colonial, -e, colonial colonie,/, colony colonnade,/, colonnade colonne , /. column, shaf t, pier colorier, to color combattre, to combat, fight combien, adv. how much, how

many, how combinaison, /. combination,

contrivance

combler, to fill in comédie, /. comedy comestibles, m. pi. foodstuffs comique, comic commandement, m. command comme, adv. and conj. as, so,

like, how, as if, as it were commencement, m. beginning commencer, to commence, be-

gin comment, adv. how, what commerçant, m. tradesman, businessman commerce, m. commerce, business, trade commis, m. clerk, employée commission,/, commission, com-

mittee commun, -e, common commimauté, /. community Commune (la — ), the Commune, a communist insurrection in Paris, in 1871 communiquer, to communicate compagnie,/, company, corporation; la bonne — , good society, Smart set comparable, comparable comparer, to compare complaisant, -e, obliging complément, m. complément complet, -ète, adj. and m. complète; au — , complète, ail complètement, completely compléter, to complète compliment, m. compliment

VOCABULARY

complimenter, to congratulate

comporter, to imply, include

composer, to compose; se — , be composed, consist

compositeur, m. composer

comprendre, to understand

compte, m. count, account, regard; se rendre — de, to realize; tenir — de, take into account (in this and in the next two words, p is not pronounced)

compter, to count, include

comptoir, m. counter, bar

comte, m. count

concentrer, to concentrate

concert, m. concert

concevoir, to conceive, plan, design; être conçu, be conceived, read

concierge, m. and f. concierge, door-keeper, janitor

Concordia, Concordia, dormitory for girls at the University of Paris

concoiu-s, m. concourse, compétition

concurrence, /. compétition; faire — à, to compete with

concurrent, -e, m. and f. competitor

Condé (le Grand Condé), French nobleman and gênerai under Louis XIV

condition, /. condition; à — que, on condition that

conduire, to conduct, drive,

lead, take, behave conduite, /. conduct, leadership conférence, /. lecture confetti, m. confetti confiance, /. confidence confisquer, to confiscate confort, m. comfort confrère, m. colleague congrès, m. congress connaissance, /. acquaintance,

knowledge connaisseur, m. connoisseur,

good judge connaître, to be acquainted with,

know conquérir, to conquer, gain,

win consacrer, to consecrate, dévote,

bear witness to conscience, /. conscience; avoir

— de, to be aware of, con-

scious of consciencieusement, conscien-

tiously conseil, m. council, counsel,

ad viser conseiller, m. counselor, coun-

cilor conséquemment, consequently conséquent (with par), conj.

consequently, therefore conservatoire, m. conservatory,

institute conserve, /. préserves; boîtes

de — , canned goods

VOCABULARY

conserver, to préserve, keep;

se — , keep considérable, considérable considérer, to consider, look at consigne, /. watch-word, orders consister, to consist consoler, to console; se — , be

consoled consommateur, m. consumer,

patron (in a café) consommer, to consume, eat consonne, /. consonant constant, -e, constant constater, to verify, ascertain,

settle, discover constituer, to constitute, make

up constitution, /. constitution construction, /. construction;

en — , being built construire, to build; se — , be

built consulter, to consult contact, m. contact (et pro-

nounced) contagion, /. contagion conte, m. short story, taie contempler, to contemplate,

gaze at contemporain, -e, m.,f. and adj.

contemporary, coeval contenir, to contain, restrain contenu, m. contents conter, to tell, tell of, relate contester, to contest, question conteur, m. story-teller

Conti (quai — ), name of a quay

in Paris contigu, -ë, contiguous continuel, -le, continuons continuer, to continue, go on contour, m. contour, outline contraire, adj. and m. contrary;

au — , on the contrary contrat, m. contract; passer un

— , to sign a contract contre, prep. against, close by contredire, to contradict contribuer, to contribute, help controverse, /. controversy, de-

bate convenable, suitable, proper convenablement, properly convenir, to suit, agrée, befit,

be fitting; en — , agrée, grant;

être convenu de, use to convertir, to couvert; se — ,

be converted conviction, /. conviction convoi, m. convoy, escort, row copain, m. comrade, pal (famil-

iar) Copeau (Jacques), great contemporary French dramatic

artist coque, /. shell; œuf à la — ,

boiled egg copier, to copy corde, /. Une, rope, cord coriace, tough

corporation, /. corporation, guild corps, m. body

VOCABULARY

correspondance, /. correspondence, letters

correspondant, m. correspondent

corridor, m. corridor

corriger, to correct; se — , to amend

côte, /. slope, coast

côté, m. side, direction; du — de, in the direction of; à — , near by, aside, in the wrong place; à — de, near, by, apart from

coteau, m. hillock, hill

cotonnade, /. cotton goods

coucher, to lay out, lay down, lay, sleep; couché, -e, lying down, in bed, lying, stretched out

coude, m. elbow

coudoyer, to jostle; se — , jostle one another

couler, to flow, run, run down

couleur, /. color; de — , colored

coup, m. blow, stroke; tout d*un — , ail of a sudden; tout à — , ail of a sudden, suddenly;

— d'œil, glance, sight; à — sûr, surely; — de feu, terrifie haste, glowing fire (said of the hurry of cooks who hâve to make up for a delay by overheating their stoves)

couper, to eut, eut off; épais à

— au couteau, so thick that you could hâve eut it with a knife; se — , eut each other

couple, m. couple

couplet, m. couplet, song

coupole, /. cupola

coiu-, /. court, yard; faire la — , to court, woo

courage, m. courage

couramment, fluently

courir, to run, run along, hunt

couronner, to crown

courrier, m. mail

cours, m. course; suivre un — , to attend, take a course; au — de, in the course of; en — , presently undertaken

course, /. course, race, errand, shopping; champ de — s, racing course

coiurt, -e, short; tout — , for short, plain

courtisan, w. courtier

courtois, -e, courteous

couteau, m. knife

coûter, to cost

coutume,/, eustom

coutumier, -ère, customary

couturier, -ère, m. and f. dressmaker, seamstress

couvent, m. couvent, monastery

couvrir, to cover

cracher, to spit

craie, /. chalk

crainte, /. fear, dread

cramoisi, -e, crimson

crâne, m. skull, cranium

cravate, /. cravat, necktie; — Lavallière, large, loose necktie of black silk

VOCABULARY

création, /. création

créer, to create

crème, /. cream, cream color

crémerie, /. cream shop, a restaurant where only dairy products and eggs are served

créneau, m. battlement

crépuscule, m. dusk, twilight

cresson, m. water-cress

creuser, to dig, hoUow out; creusé, -e, hollowed, hollow, excavated

crever, to burst open, burst

cri, m. cry, shout, scream

crier, to cry, cry out, shout

crinoline, /. crinoline

critique, critical

critiquer, to criticize

crochu, -e, hooked, crooked

croire, to believe

croiser, to cross; se — , meet, cross each other

croissance, /. growth

croître, to increase, grow; croissant, -e, adj. and m. increasing, growing, crescent, roU

cross-country, m. cross-country, a game popular in France

croustillant, -e, crusty, crisp

crue, /. flood, swelling (of a river)

cruel, -le, cruel

cubique, cubic

cuisine, /. kitchen, cooking

cuisinier, -ère, m. and f. cook

cuivre, m. copper

culte, m. worship, creed, service cultiver, to cultivate, raise, grow culture, /. culture, tilling, agriculture curieux, -euse, adj. atid s.

curions, inquisitive, curions person

d', see de

daigner, to deign

dame, /. lady

danger, m. danger, risk

dangereux, -euse, dangerous

dans, prep. in, into, to, on

danse, /. dance

danser, to dance

danseur, -euse, m. andf. dancer

date,/, date

dater, to date

Daudet (Alphonse), great French

novelist of the XIXth century dauphin, -ine, m. andf. dolphin,

dauphin, dauphiness (eldest

son of a French king, or his

wife) davantage, still more, more de, prep. of, from, by, with, to,

on, in, for, than, as, some

(partitive), English possessive

Cs) De Oratore, title of a treatise

on éloquence by Cicero dé, m. thimble déambuler, to stroll, walk leis-

urely

VOCABULARY

débarquer, to land débarrasser, to disentangle; se

—, get rid debout, adv. upright, up, standing débuter, to begin, start décédé, -e, deceased décembre, m. December décerner, to award déchiffrer, to decipher décider, to décide, make décide;

se — , be decided, make up

one's mind décision, /. décision déclarer, to déclare décocher, to aim décor, m. décoration, scenery décorer, to decorate découragement, m. discourage-

ment découvrir, to discover, disclose,

uncover décréter, to decree, order décrire, to describe dédaigneusement, contemptu-

ously dédale, m. labyrinth, maze dedans, adv. and m. inside,

within, in it, etc.

.défaut, m. fault, defect défendre, to défend, forbid;

se — , défend oneself, resist défense, /. défense, prohibition défensif, -ive, défensive défilé, m. fîling by, parade défiler, to file by, march by

définitivement, definitively, once

for ail déformation, /. déformation dégénéré, -e, adj., m. and f.

degenerate dégourdir, to take away the

numbness; se — , stretch, get

rid of one's stiflfness degré, m. degree, step dehors, adv. and m. outside, out,

ont of doors; en — de, ex-

cept, beside, out of déjà, already

déjeuner, to breakfast, lunch delà, prep. and adv. beyond; au

— , beyond; au — de, beyond délaisser, to abandon, neglect,

forget délassement, m. récréation déléguer, to delegate, authorize délicat, -e, délicate délices, m. pi. delight délicieux, -euse, delicious,

delightful demander, to ask, ask for, re-

quest, need; se — , ask one self démêlé, m. quarrel, tiff, différence démesurément, immoderately,

excessively demeure, /. dwelling demeurer, to remain, live; au

demeurant, besides, moreover demi, -e, half (fréquent prefîx);

à — , half way, half ; heure,

half-hour; tasse, half -cup,

VOCABULARY

demi- casse; faire tour, to

make a half turn, go back

home démobilisation,/, demobilization démocratique, démocratie démodé, -e, out of fashion demoiselle, /. young lady, girl démolir, to demolish, pull down démolition, /. démolition démonstration, /. démonstration dentelle, /. lace département, m. department dépasser, to pass beyond, sur-

pass, exceed dépêcher, to hasten; se — ,

hasten, hurry dépeindre, to depict dépendance, /. dépendance dépense, /. expense dépenser, to spend déplaire, to displease déployer, to unfold, display,

spread out depuis, prep. from, since, for;

— que, conj. since député, m. deputy (one of the

members of the Chambre des

Députés or French House of

Représentatives) dérivation, /. dérivation, divert-

ing dernier, -ère, last dérouler (se), tounroll, happen derrière, prep., adv. and m.

behind, rear, back des = de les

dès, prep. from, since, at, beginning with; — que, conj. as soon as, when; — à présent, already now

désarmer, to disarm; désarmé, -e, disarmed, helpless

descendre, to descend, go or come down, get out (of a carriage)

description, /. description

Deschanel (Paul), Président of the French Republic, elected in February, 1920, resigned on account of illness September, 1920; succeeded September 23, 1920, by Alexandre Millerand, former premier

désert, -e, adj. and m. deserted, désert

désigner, to designate, point out, call; tout désigné, rightly chosen, the very man

désir, m. désire, wish, eagerness

désirer, to wish, désire

désireux, -euse, desirous

desquels = de lesquels

dessein, m. purpose; à — , purposely

desservir, to serve, feed, come to

dessin, m. drawing, design

dessiner, to draw, design, outline

dessous, adv., prep. and m.

below, under, down, lower side, bottom; en — , below; au — de, below, beneath

dessus, adv.f prep. and m. above, over, on, upon, over or on it, etc., top; au — de, above; par , over, above

destination, /. destination

destiner, to destine, intend

détail, w. détail, retail; au — , retail

détruire, to destroy

dette,/, debt

deuil, m. mourning, sorrow

deux, card. two

devancer, to go or arrive before, anticipate

devant, prep., adv. ani m. before, in front of, in front, front

devanture,/, shop-window, window

dévaster, to devastate, lay waste

développement, m. development

développer, to develop, unfold; se — , develop, be developed, grow

devenir, to become

déverser, to pour out

deviner, to conjecture, guess

devise, /. motto

devoir, v. must, ought, to ôwe, be obliged, hâve to, be (necessity); m. duty; se mettre en — de, proceed to, set about

dévorer, to devour, eat up, consume

dévot, -e, adj. and s. pious, very pious person

diabolo, m. diabolo, a game once

very popular in Paris dialogue, m. dialogue diamant, m. diamond diction, /. diction dictionnaire, m. dictionary Dieu, m. God différence, /. différence différent, -e, différent difficile, difïicult, hard difficilement, hardly, with dif-

fîculty difficulté, /. difficulty diffusion, /. diffusion digne, worthy, dignified dignitaire, m. dignitary, high

officiai dignité, /. dignity digue,/, dam diligemment, diligently dimanche, Sunday dimension, /. dimension diminuer, to diminish, lessen dîner, m. dinner diplôme, m. diploma dire, to say, tell, call, speak;

pour ainsi — , so to say;

c'est-à , that is to say;

c'est — , that means directeur, m. director, président diriger, to direct, lead disciple, m. disciple discipline, /. discipline discours, m. discourse, speech discuter, to discuss disparaître, to disappear

VOCABULARY

disparition, /. disappearance

disposer, to dispose, arrange

disposition, /. disposition, disposai, arrangement

disputer, to dispute; se — , dispute for the mastery of, contest

dissimuler, to dissimulate, hide, conceal

distance,/, distance

distinguer, to distinguish, make out; distingué, -e, distinguished

distraction,/, distraction, amusement

distraire, to divert, amuse; se — , amuse oneself

distribuer, to distribute

divers, -e, diverse, différent

diviser, to divide; se — , be divided

dix, card. ten (pronounced:

dîss; di before a word beginning with a consonant; diz in liaison)

dix-huitième, eighteenth

dixième, tenth

dix-neuvième, nineteenth

dix-septième, seventeenth

dizaine, /. about ten, half a score

docilement, obediently, submissively

doctorat, m. doctor's degree; thèse de — , doctor's thesis

document, m. document

doigt, m. finger; sur le bout du

— , on the tip of one's Angers domaine, m. domain, estate,

land, field dôme, m. dôme domestique, adj. and s. domestic,

servant domicile, m. domicile, résidence;

élire — , settle down don, m. gift donc, conj., adv. and interj. then,

therefore, pray, do, just, now donjon, m. dungeon donnée, /. data, information donner, to hand, give, cause,

make, bear; — sur, open on;

se — , take place dont, rel. pr, of which, whose,

with (in, on, by, from) which,

etc.

doré, -e, gilded, golden douane, /. customs duty; agent

de — , customs duty officer doubler, to double Doucet, well-known dress-mak-

ing firm in Paris doughboy, nickname of the

American soldiers doute, m. doubt douzaine, /. dozen dramatique, dramatic drame, m. drama, tragedy dresser, to erect, raise; se — ,

draw oneself up, rise, stand up droit, -e, adj., adv. and m.

straight, erect, right, upright.

tax, law; droite,/, right hand;

à — , on ihe right du = de le

duc, duchesse, s. duke, duchess Du Camp (Maxime), French

writer of the XlXlh century duelliste, m. duellist duquel = de lequel dur, -e, hard, harsh, rough

eau, /. water; Eaux et Forêts,

Waterways and Forests, a

State service in France ébats, m. pi. playing, romping éblouir, to dazzle; éblouissant,

-e, dazzling échange, m. exchange échecs, m. pL chess échouer, to fail, fall through éclairer, to light, light up, give

light to; éclairé, -e, lighted éclat, m. burst, flash, explosion éclatement, m. bursting éclater, to explode, burst, shine;

éclatant, -e, shining, brilliant école,/, school écolier, -ère, adj. and s. school-

boy, school-giri, of school-boys économie, /. saving: faire des

— s, to save up money écorcher, to skin, bruise écouler, to run, flow out; s'—,

run, elapse, pass by, flow écran, m. screen écrire, to write

écrit, m. writing, work

écrivain, m. writer

écurie, /. stable

édenté, -e, toothless

édifice, m. édifice, building

éditer, to edit; s* — , be published

éditeur, m. publisher

édition, /. édition; maison d* — publishing firm

éducatif, -ive, educational

éducation, /. éducation

effarer, to scare, frighten; effarant, -e, amazing

effet, m. effect; en — , indeed, as a matter of fact

efficace, efficient, effective

efforcer (s'), to strive

effort, m. effort

effronté, -e, shameless, bold

également, equally, too

église, /. church

égout, m. main

Egypte, /. Egypt

égyptien, -ne, Egyptian {t pronounced as c; written Egyptien when s.)

Eiffel (la tour), Parisian tower, highest in the world (300 meters), erected for the exhibition of 1889 by the engineer of this name; now the most powerful wireless station in Europe

Einheitsschule, German compound noun. meaning: one

VOCABULARY

school for ail (rich or poor),

common school élan, m. spring, impetus, dash élargir, to widen élasticité, /. elasticity élection,/, élection électricité, /. electricity électrique, electric élégance,/, élégance élégant, -e, adj. and s. élégant,

élégant lady, swell élément, m. élément éléphant, m. éléphant élève, m. pupil élever, to elevate, bring up,

raise; s' — , rise, arise; élevé,

-e, elevated, high, tall élire, to elect élite, /. élite, pîck elle, conj. and disj. pr. f. she,

it elle-même, see lui-même éloge, m. praise éloigner, to remove; s' — , go

away, move away; éloigné,

-e, distant éloquence, /. éloquence éloquent, -e, éloquent embarrasser, to embarrass embellir, to beautify, improve embêter, to bore, bother émerger, to start up, crop out,

rise out émietter, to crumble, pulverize,

shoot, reduce to pièces émigrer, to emigrate

éminent, -e, eminent émouvoir, to excite, move empêcher, to hinder, prevent,

keep from empereur, m. emperor empire, m. empire, authority emplacement, m. place, location emplir, to fill • emploi, m. employment, use,

position, job, destination employé, -e, m. and f. employée,

clerk employer, to employ, use employeur, m. employer empoisonner, to poison emporter, to carry off or away,

take away, take emprisonner, to imprison emprunter, to borrow en, conj. pr. of it, of him, e/c,

some, with (of, by, etc.) it en, prep. in, into, te, while, in the capacity of, as, like, by, at; tout — , while enchevêtrement, m. entangle-

ment, mingling, confusion encombrer, to obstruct, encum-

ber, crowd encore, adv. still, again, yet,

besides encourager, to encourage encre, /. ink

encyclopédie, /. cyclopedia endolori, -e, painful, bruised endormir, to put to sleep; s* — , fall asleep

VOCABULARY

endroit, m. place; par —s, hère

and there énergie, /. energy énergique, energetic enfance, /. infancy, childhood enfant, m., f. child enfantin, -e, childish, child 's enfermer, to shut up, enclose enfin, finally, at last, after ail,

in short engouffrer, to engulf; s* — , be

engulfed, rush engrais, m. fertilizer énigme, /. enigma, riddle enjamber, to bestride, stride,

bridge enlever, to take away, carry off,

take off, remove ennemi, -e, adj. and s. enemy,

hostile ennui, m. ennui, tediousness,

vexation énoncer, to word, utter; être

énoncé, read énorme, enormous enquérir (s'), to inquire enragé, -e, mad, enraged, crazy enrichir, to enrich enseigne, /. sign, sign-board enseignement, m. teaching ensemble, adv. and m. ensemble,

whole, together ensuite, adv. then, next, after-

wards entassement, m. pile, piling

up

entendre, to hear, understand;

s' — , be heard, understood Entente, /. Entente (mostly

applied to the coalition of

France, England and Russia

before and during the world

war) enterrer, to bury enthousiasme, m. enthusiasm entier, -ère, entire, whole entourer, to surround entrain, m. go, high spirits entraînement, m. drilling, prac-

tice, training entraîner, to drag, draw along,

cause entraver, to hinder entre, prep. between, among, in entrée, /. entrance, entry entremêler (s'), to intermix, in-

termingle, occur entreprise , /. enterprise, under-

taking entrer, to enter, come in, put

or go in entretenir, to keep up, take

care of, maintain; s* — , converse entrevue, /. interview énumérer, to enumerate envahir, to invade, penetrate envahisseur, m. invader enveloppe, /. envelope, covering,

outward form envelopper, to envelop, wrap up,

surround

VOCABULARY

envers, prep. towards environ, about; aux (dans les)

— s, in the neighborhood or

vicinity environner, to surround envoler (s'), to fly away envoyer, to send épais, -se, thick épanouir, to open, spread épaule, /. shoulder épée, sword

épeler, to spell, spell out éperdu, -e, desperate, frantic épicier, m. grocer épidémie, /. épidémie époque, /. epoch, time épouser, to marry époux, -ouse, m. andf. husband,

wife, mate épouvanter, to terrify, scare éprendre (s'), fall in love with;

épris, -e, fond of équatorial, -e, equatorial équilibre, m. balance équipe, /. team errer, to wander erreur, /. error, mistake escabeau, m. stool escalader, to climb up escalier, m. staircase, stairway esclave, m. slave escrimer (s'), to strive, make a

big effort, race' af ter espace, m. space Espagne,/. Spain espérer, to hope

esprit, m. mind, wit, sensé,

brains, spirit essayer, to try essentiel, -le, essential (/ pro-

nounced as c) essentiellement, essentially essuyer, to wipe, wipe away estimer, to esteem, estimate est, m. East estampe,/, print et, and établir, to establish, set up,

settle, fix; s' — , be estab-

lished, take a position, settle

down établissement, m. establishment,

institution étage, m. flight of stairs, story,

floor (above the ground-floor) ;

premier — , second story étalage, m. goods exposed for

sale, display, show-window étalagiste, m. owner of books

displayed for sale étaler, to set out, spread out,

display, expose goods (for

sale); s' — , spread out, be

displayed, lie étang, m. pond état, m. State, condition; être

en — de, be able to, in a position to Etats-Unis, m. pi. United States étayer, to prop up etc., pronounced in French ett

cetera

VOCABULARY

été, m. summer

étendre, to extend, stretch;

s' — , extend; étendu, -e, ex-

tensive étiquette,/, étiquette étoile, -e, star-spangled Qtonnamment, surprisingly étonnement, m. astonishment étonner, to astonisli, amaze;

s* — , be astonished; étonnant,

-e, surprising étrange, strange étranger, -ère, adj. and s.

strange, foreign, foreigner,

stranger; à 1* — , in foreign

countries; V — , the foreign

countries être, to be, go (in past tense);

— à, belong to; il est,

there is or are (rarer than il

y a) ^ étreindre, to hug, oppress étrennes, /. pi. new-year gift étroit, -e, narrow étude, /. study; mettre à 1' — ,

take up the study of, study,

work on étudiant, -e, m. and f. student étudier, to study Eugène, Eugène Eure, /. French river (in Nor-

mandy) Europe, /. Europe européen, -ne, adj. and s. Euro-

pean (written Européen when

eux, disj. pf. they, them, them-

selves eux-mêmes, pr. themselves évanouir (s'), to faint, vanish éveiller, to awaken; éveillé, -e,

awakened, wide-awake, bright événement, m. event éventail, m. fan évêque, w. bishop évidemment, evidently, of course évidence, /. évidence éviter, to avoid évoluer, to e volve, move about évolution, /. évolution Evreux, French cathedral town,

west of Paris exact, -e, accurate, punctual exactement, exactly exagérer, to exaggerate examen, m. examination excellemment, excellently excellence,/, excellence; par — ,

preëminently excellent, -e, excellent exceller, to excel excepter, to except; excepté,

prep. except exception, /. exception; à P —

de, with the exception of exceptionnellement, exception-

aUy exclusivement, exclusively excursion,/, excursion excursionniste, m. excursionist excuse, /. excuse exécuter, to exécute

VOCABULARY

exemple, m. example; par — ,

indeed, for example exercer, to exercise, practise,

train exercice, m. exercise, drill exhiber, to exhibit, show; s' — ,

appear in public exigence, /. exigency, require-

ment exiger, to exact, demand, require exigu, -ë, exiguous, narrow existence, /. existence exister, to exist expérience,/, expérience, experi-

ment expliquer, to explain exploiter, to exploit, tap, work exposition, /. exhibition exprès, -esse, adj. and adv. express, on purpose expressif, -ive, expressive expression, /. expression exprimer, to express exquis, -e, exquisite extension, /. extension extérieur, -e, adj. and m. exter-

ior, outer, outside extraordinaire, extraordinary extravagant, -e, extravagant,

wild extrémité,/, extremity, tip

fabricant, m. manufacturer fabrication, /. manufacturing fabrique, /. factory, works

fabriquer, to manufacture, make

façade, /. façade, front

face,/, face, front; en — , opposite; en — de, opposite

fâcher, to anger; se —, get angry

facile, easy

facilement, easily

facilité, /. facility, ease, fluency

façon, /. fashion, manner, way

faculté,/, faculty, school; — de droit, law school

faible, adj. and s. feeble, weak, foible, weakness

faillir, to fail, corne near

faim, /. hunger; mourir de — , to starve

faire, to do, make, form, build, perform, cause, act, utter, take, commit, give, compose, carry on; se — , be made, be

donc, grow, become; se ,

to order; — exprès, do something on purpose; — venir, send for; cela fait bien, it looks Smart; — Paris, to "do" Paris (slang for visiter)

faisan, m. pheasant

fait, m. fact, deed

faîte, m. top, ridge (of a roof)

Falguière, French sculptor (XIXth century)

falloir, to be necessary, need, must, should, hâve to; s'en — de peu, be within an inch of, very nearly (touch, etc.)

VOCABULARY

fameiix, -euse, famous, great familial, -e, of the family, be-

longing to the family, family-

like familiariser, to familiarize, ac-

custom; se — , get acquainted,

familiarize oneself familiarité, /. familiarity familier, -ère, familiar famille,/, family fanfaron, m. boaster fantastique, fantastic farce, /. joke

fashionable, smart, fashionable fatigue, /. fatigue, weariness fatiguer, to weary, tire, exhaust faubourg, m. outskirt, suburb faucon, m. falcon, hawk faute, /. fault, error, mistake fauteuil, m. armchair faveur, /. favor

favori, -ite, adj. and s. favorite féerie, /. fairy-show féerique, fairy-like, magnificent féliciter, to congratulate Femina, French fashion and art

magazine destined for ladies féminin, -e, féminine femme, /, woman, wife fenêtre, /. window fer, m. iron

ferme,/, farm; adj. firm fermement, firmly fermer, to close, shut, lock; on

ferme, closing time fermeture, /. closing, closing out

ferré, -e, of iron; voie ferrée,

railway ferraille, /. scrap iron fête, /. festival, holiday feu, w. fire, shot feuille,/, leaf feutre, m. felt, felt hat fiacre, m. cab, horse-cab ficelle, /. string ficher, to stick, plant fier, -ère, proud, haughty fiévreusement, feverishly fiévreux, -euse, feverish figue, /. fig figurer, to imagine, picture, rep-

resent file,/, file, row, line filial, -e, filial fille,/, daughter, girl; bonne — ,

good-natured fillette, /. young girl film, m. film fils, m. son fin,/, end

fin, -e, fine, délicate, small final, -e, final

finalement, finally, once for ail finance, /. finance fini, m. quality of being finished,

perfection finir, to finish, end fixer, to fix flacon, m. flask flanc, m. flank, side Flandre (also pi. Flandres), /.

Flanders

VOCABULARY

flâner, to lounge, stroU

flânerie,/, strolling

flâneur, m. stroller

fléau, m. scourge

fleur,/, flo cr

fleuve, m. river, stream

flotter, to float

Foch, French gênerai who played

a prominent part during the

world war (pronounced Fosh) fluctuât, Latin word meaning:

it floats fluvial, -e, fluvial, of the rivers fois, /. time; une — , once;

chaque — que, every time;

une — pour toutes, once for

ail folie, /. madness follement, madly fonction, /. function, duty fonctionnaire, m. functionary,

State officiai fonctionner, to work, to run fond, m. bottom, back, end,

background fondation, /. foundation fonder, to found fonderie, /. foundry fontaine, /. fountain, spring-

water Fontainebleau, small town about

35 miles south-east of Paris

with a famous Renaissance

castle and an extensive forest fonte, /. cast-iron, melting foot-ball, m. foot-ball

footing, m. walking, hiking force, /. force, might, strength;

à — de, by dint of forêt,/, forest

forme,/, form, figure, proportion former, to form, make; se — ,

be formed formidable, formidable formule, /. formula fort, -e, adj., m. and adv. strong, clever, hard, very, very much, much, heavy, strong man, carrier (said of the laborers who work in the Halles and hâve to carry heavy loads on their heads or shoulders) fortification, /. fortification (in pl. the name used to be given to the wall around Paris) fortifier, to fortify, strengthen fortifs (les), m. pl. slangy abbre-

viation of les Fortifications fortune, /. fortune; de — , ex-

temporized, casual fossé, m. ditch, moat fossile, fossil, antiquated fou, folle, adj. and s. crazy, wild, random, capricious, madman foule, /. crowd, lot fourmiller, to swarm fourneau, m. stove, range fournir, to furnish fourrer, to put (familiar) foyer, m. hearth, fireplace, fire-

side, home fracas, m. crash

VOCABULARY

fraction,/, fraction, part

fraîcheur, /. freshness, coolness

frais, fraîche, fresh, cool

frais, m. pi. expansés, expense; faire les — , to bear the expense, be the victim, the object of

franc, m. franc (about 195 cents at par; worth much less since the war)

français, -e, adj. and s. French, Frenchmah; à la française, French fashion; le Français, the French Theater (one of the best in Paris)

France,/. France

France (Anatole), French novelist of international réputation. One of his best works is la Rôtisserie de la Reine Pédauque, published toward the end of last century

franchir, to clear, pass over, pass

François 1% Francis I, king of France in the XVIth century

frapper, to strike, knock, hit

frayeur, /. fright

frêle, frail, slender

Francfort, Frankfurt, large German city, not far from the Rhine

frémissement, m. trembling, rustling, quivering

fréquenter, to fréquent, haunt

frère, m. brother

fresque, /. fresco -

friand, -e, fond of,

frivole, frrvolous

froid, -e, adj. and m. cold,

chilly front, m. forehead, front frr't, interjection imitative of

the noise made by birds flying

up frugal, -e, frugal, moderate fruit, m. fruit fruitier, -ère, adj. and s. bear-

ing fruit, fruit-merchant fuir, to flee, flee from fuite, /. flight fumée,/, smoke fumer, to smoke fusil, m. gun, rifle futur, -e, future

gagner, to gain, reach, repair to,

make for gai, -e, gay, merry gaiement, gaily, merrily gaieté, /. gaiety, merriment galant, -e, courtly, graceful,

élégant galerie,/, gallery gallois, -e, Welsh gallo-romain, -e, Gallo-Roman galonné, -e, striped gamin, m. urchin, brat garçon, m. boy, bachelor, waiter garçonnet, m. young boy garçonnière, /. bachelor's quar-

ters, bachelor's apartment

VOCABULARY

garde,/, guard, watch; prendre

— à, take care, notice, pay

attention to garder, to guard, keep gardien, m. guard, keeper gare,/, station gâteau, m. cake gâter, tospoil; se — , getspoiled,

bad gauche, left; /. left hand; à — ,

on the left Gaule, /. Gaul (country now

called France) Gaumont, owner of a large

French moving picture con-

cern, and inventor gausser (se), to laugh at, mock

at gaz, m. gas (z pronounced) gazette, /. newspaper gazon, m. sward, grass gazonner, to cover with grass géant, -e, adj. and s. giant,

gigantic gelée,/, frost général, -e, adj. and m. gênerai;

en — , generally généralement, generally génération, /. génération Genève (lao de), lake of Geneva,

lake Léman (between Switzer-

land and France ) Geneviève, Geneviève génie, m. genius, spirit genou, m. knee genre, m. kind, sort, form

gens, /. pi. people gentilhomme, m. gentleman gentiment, gently géographie, /. geography géographique, géographical germanique, germa nie geste, m. gesture gibier, m. game gigantesque, gigantic girafe,/, girafïe gît, ji person sing. près, indic.

of gésir; see ci glace,/, ice, mirror; Galerie des

Glaces, Hall of Mirrors, one

of the state-rooms in the

Palace of Versailles gloire, /. glory

glorieux, -euse, glorious, proud glorifier, to glorify Gobelins, name of a quarter in

Paris golf, m. golf Goncourt (les), two brothers,

both talented French writers

(XIXth century) gondole,/, gondola gondolier, m. gondolier gonfler, to swell; gonflé, -e,

swollen gothique, gothic goût, m. taste, wish goûter, to taste, relish, appre-

ciate goutte, /. drop

gouvernement, m. government gouverner, to govern

VOCABULARY

grâce, /. grâce, charm, favor; — à, thanks to; de bonne — , willingly, readily gracieux, -euse, gracious, grace-

ful graine, /. seed grammaire, /. grammar grammairien, m. grammarian grand, -e, great, grand, large, tall, big, chief, open (air); — 'peur, great fear; Grand Prix, Derby (an important event in the French fashion world); -e route, highway, main road grandement, greatly, much grandiose, grand, majestic grandir, to grow tall, grow, in-

crease grand'maman, /. grandmother grand-père, m. grandfather grands-parents, m. pi. grandparents granit, m. granité gras, -se, fat, greasy grassement, fatly, richly gratuit, -e, free gratuitement, free, without

charge grave, grave gravement, gravely graver, to engrave gravure,/, engraving, illustration grenade, /. grenade, hand-bomb grenadine, /. grenadine (a fruit syrup)

grenouille, /. frog

grès, m. saftdstone

Gretchen, Margaret (a most common Christian name with German girls)

grève, /. strike; se mettre en — , faire — , to strike

grignoter, to nibble

grill-room, m. grill-room

grimper, to climb

gris, -e, gray

grommeler, to grumble

gros, -se, big, thick, stout, fat; en — , wholesale; le plus — , most of it, almost ail

groupe, m. group

grue, /. derrick, crâne

Grjrphe, Gryphius, a firm of publishers in Lyons, wellknown through the fine books it turned out of the press in the XVIth century; also a book published by that firm

guère, scarcely; ne . . . — , scarcely, not very

guerre,/, war

guerrier, m. warrior

guetter, to watch, watch for, wait for

gueule, /. mouth (of animais)

guide, m. guide

Guignol, Guignol, leading character in the guignol-show, the équivalent of the English Punch and Judy show

VOCABULARY

Guillaume, William gymnase, m. gymnasium

(h = aspirate h) habile, clever, skilful habillement, m. dress, dressing habiller, to dress; se faire — ,

buy one's dresses habit, m. coat; pi. clothes habitant, m. inhabitant habitation,/, dwelling, house habiter, to live in, dwell habitude,/, habit; d' — , usually;

avoir pour — , to hâve the

habit habituel, -le, habituai habituellement, habitually habituer, to accustom 'haïr, to hâte 'halle, /. market; les Halles,

the large Central Market in

Paris 'hameau, m. hamlet 'hardi, -e, bold 'hardiesse,/, boldness harmonie, /. harmony 'hasard, m. hazard, chance; au

— , at random 'hâte,/, haste, hurry 'hâter, to hasten, hurry; se — ,

hasten, hurry 'Haussmann (baron), author of

the city improvement plan of

Paris during the reign of

Napoléon III

'haut, -e, high, tall, loud; en —,

above; du — de, from the

top of, from 'hauteur, /. height 'hein, interj. hey, what?

'Heme (Heinrich), great Ger-

man poet of the XIXth cen-

tury hélas, îw/er/. alas! {s pronounced) 'Henri IV, Henry IV, popular

French king, assassinated in

herbe, /. grass hérésie,/, heresy, unpardonable

blunder hériter, to inherit 'Hernani, a drama by Victor

Hugo héroïne,/, heroine 'hertzien, -ne, Hertzian hésitation, /. hésitation hésiter, to hesitate heure, /. hour, o'clock, time;

de bonne — , early; à 1* — ,

punctually heureusement, happily, fortu-

nately heureux, -euse, happy, fortu-

nate, lucky; avoir la main

heureuse, be lucky, make a

lucky choice histoire, /. history, story historique, historical hiver, m. winter 'Hohnes (Oliver Wendell),

American writer of the XIXth

VOCABULARY

century, who studied medicine in Paris

hommage, m. homage, respects; rendre — , pay homage

homme, m. man

*Hongrie,/. Hungary

'hongrois, -e, Hungarian

honnête, honest, honorable, décent, respectable

honneur, m. honor; faire — à, to honor; tenir à — de, to consider it a matter of honor to

hôpital, m. hospital

horizon, m. horizon

horizontalement, horizontally

horreur, /. horror

*hors (de), out of

*hostel, hostel, home, dormitory

hôtel, m. hôtel, mansion, large private house

hôtelier, -ère, hotel-keeper

hôtellerie, /. hôtel, inn

*Hugo (Victor), French romantic writer (1802-1885). His best known prose work is a novel:

Notre-Dame de Paris

*huit, card. eight; — jours, a week; — reflets, top-hat (slang, thus named on account of the glossiness of the black silk)

htmible, humble

humblement, humbly

*Humboldt, name of two brothers, both German writers of distinction (XIXth century)

humain, -e, human humide, damp, moist hmnidité, /. dampness 'hurler, to howl 'hutte, /. shanty *Hyde Park, large Park in the center of London

ici, hère; d' — , from hère, from

now idéal, -e, adj. and m. idéal idée, /. idea identique, identical idole, /. idol idyllique, idyllic Ignavia, Latin word for: cow-

ardice ignorance, /. ignorance ignorer, to be ignorant of, not

to know fle, /. island; Ile de France,

région of France including

such provinces as Soissonnais,

Champagne, Brie, etc. That

part of France is historically

the heart of France illustration, /. illustration; VH-

lustration, French illustrated

vveekly ilôt, m. small island imagination, /. imagination imaginer, to imagine; s* — ,

imagine imbécile, adj. and s. foolisli,

silly, imbécile

VOCABULARY

immédiat, -e, immédiate immense, immense immensément, immensely immensité, /. immensity immeuble, m. apartment house,

house immortel, -le, immortal immuablement, immovably impalpable, impalpable impasse, /. cul-de-sac, blind

alley impavide, dauntless, never afraid impeccable, unimpeachable, un-

erring, faultless impénétrable, impénétrable, in-

scru table imperfection, /. imperfection impériale, /. top (of a bus) impitoyablement, pitilessly impliquer, to imply impondérable, impondérable importance, /. importance important, -e, important importation, /. importation, import importer, to matter, import; n'importe quel, any; peu importe, it matters (but) little imposer, to impose; imposant,

-e, imposing impossible, impossible impraticable, impracticable, impassable impression, /. impression impressionner, to impress, make an impression upon; impres-

sionnant, -e, impressive, strik-

ing imprévu, -e, adj. and m. unfore-

seen, unexpected, unexpected

form imprimer, to print, give; s' — ,

be printed improviser, to improvise, extem-

porize; s' — , become sud-

denly impulsion, /. impulse, impetus inattendu, -e, unexpected inaugurer, to inaugurate incalculable, incalculable incendier, to set on fire incliner, to incline; s* — , bow,

approve, bow approval incomparable, peerless, incomparable inconnu, -e, unknown incontestable, undeniable incontestablement, undeniably incontesté, -e, uncontested inconvénient, m. inconvenience incroyable, incredible indemne, untouched indépendance, /. independence indépendant, -e, indépendant Indes, /. pi. India indispensable, indispensable indistinctement, indiscriminately individu, m. individual individualité, /. individuality indolent, -e, indolent industrialiser, to industrialize industrie, /. industry

VOCABULARY

industriel, -le, adj. and m. in-

dustrial, manufacturer inégal, -e, unequal, irregular inégalable, unsurpassable, peer-

less infailliblement, infallibly infernal, -e, infernal infini, -e, infinité infiniment, infinitely infliger, to inflict influence, /. influence influencer, to influence influer (sur), to influence infortune, /. misfortune ingambe, able-bodied, able to

walk vvell, strong-legged ingénieur, m. engineer ingénument, artlessly, ingenu-

ously initiative, /. initiative innocent, -e, innocent innombrable, innumerable inoffensif, -ive, harmless inondation, /. inundation, flood inonder, to flood inouï, -e, unheard of inscription, /. inscription inséparable, inséparable inspiration, /. inspiration inspirer, to inspire; s' — , get inspiration, be inspired; inspirant, -e, inspiring installer, to install, equip Institut, m. Institute (a state institution in France, divided into five académies, one of

which is the world-famous

Académie Française) institution, /. institution instruction, /. instruction instruire, to teach; s' — , learn;

instruit, -e, acquainted,

learned insuffisant, -e, insufficient intact, -e, intact, untouched

{et pronounced) intellectuel, -le, intellectual intellectuellement, intellectually intelligence, /. intelligence intelligent, -e, intelligent intense, intense intensément, intensely intensif, -ive, intensive intention, /. intention, purpose interdire, to interdict, forbid,

prohibit intéresser, to interest; s* — , be

interested; intéressant, -e,

interesting intérêt, m. interest intérieur, -e, adj. and m. inter-

ior, home; à 1' — de, inside interminable, interminable international, -e, international interne, adj. and m. internai,

boarder interprète, m. interpréter interpréter, to interpret interposer, to interpose; s* — ,

place oneself between interrompre, to interrupt interruption, /. interruption

intervalle, m. interval, space intime, intimate intituler, to entitle intransigeant, -e, uncompromis-

ing; l'Intransigeant, a French

afternoon paper, published in

Paris introduction, /. introduction introduire, to introduce inutile, useless, needless invariablement, invariably inventer, to invent inviolé, -e, inviolate inviter, to invite invoquer, to invoke, adduce, give

as an example irascible, irascible ironie, /. irony irrespectueusement, disrespect-

fully Israël, Israël Italie, /. Italy italien, -ne, Italian (written

Italien when s.) ivoire, m. ivory

j , see je

Jacquot, familiar for Jacques

(James) jadis, of old, formerly (s pro-

nounced) jaillir, to burst forth or out, gush

out, spurt jaloux, -ouse, jealous, suspicious

jamais, ne ver, ever; ne . . . — ,

never jambe, /. leg; à toutes —s, at

full speed janvier, m. January jardin, m. garden; terrasse,

roof-garden jardinier, m. gardener jaune, yellow je, conj. pr. I Jeanne d'Arc, French heroine

(XVth century), now a saint

of the Catholic Church Jeannot, familiar for Jean

(John) Jésus-Christ, Jésus Christ jet, m. jet; — d'eau, water

spout jeter, to throw, cast, throw away;

se — , throw oneself jeu, m. game, margin; terrain

de — , playing-ground jeudi, m. Thursday jeune, young; — fille, girl jeunesse, /. youth Joconde (la), the Gioconda, a

famous picture by Leonardo

da Vinci; better known in

America as Mona Lisa Joffre, French gênerai who

played a prominent part in

the world war joindre, to join, put together,

meet joli, -e, pretty, good-looking jonché, -e, strewn

VOCABULARY

jouer, to play; se — , play, be played

jouet, m. toy, plaything

joueur, m. player

jouir, to enjoy (object is preceded by de)

jour, m. day, daytime, daylight; se faire — , corne through, come out; par — , a day; au grand — , openly, publicly; de nos — s, nowadays

joiunal, m. newspaper

joiunaliste, m. journalist

journée,/, day

joyeusement, cheerfuUy, merrily

joyeux, -euse, joyous, merry, cheerful

jugement, m. judgement

juger, to judge, consider

juin, m. June

juillet, m. July

Julien, Julian, Roman emperor

jupe, /. skirt

jmy, m. jury

jusque, to, up to, as far as, until; jusqu'à, to, as far as, up to, until, even; jusqu'à l'évidence

clearly, obviously; là, till

there, till then; jusqu'à ce que, conj. until

juste, adj. and adv. just, exact, fair, exactly

justement, justly, aptly

juxtalinéaire, juxtalinear, translated Word for word

kilo, m. kilo (slightly more than 2 English pounds)

kilomètre, m. kilometer (f mile)

khaki, m. khaki

kronprinzessin, German word for: crown princess (the wife of William of Hohenzollern's son, formerly heir presumptive to the German throne)

P, used before on for euphony

1*, see le, la {art. or pr.)

la, see le

là, adv. there, hère (fréquent as

affix or sufïix, when so used,

see word to which it is added) labeur, m. work, painful work laborieusement, strenuously, in-

dustriously labour, m. ploughing labyrinthe, m. labyrinth, maze lac, m. lake lâcher, to loosen, let out, release,

let go lâcheté, /. cowardie La Fontaine, the writer of ex-

quisite fables (XVIIth cen-

tury) laid, -e, homely, ugly laisser, to let, leave, let alone lait, m. milk laiterie, /. dairy lampe, /. lamp; — à arc, arc-

lamp

VOCABULARY

lancement, m. throwing

lancer, to dart, throw, hurl, send forth, cast, start; se — , throw oneself

langage, m. language

langue, /. tongue, language; mauvaise — , sharp-tongued person, scandal-monger

Laon, beautiful cathedral town of northern France

large, broad, wide, great, large

largeur,/, width, breadth

lasser, to tire; se — , get tired

latin, -e, adj. and s. Latin

Lavallière, see cravate

laver, to wash

le, la (P before vowels; les pL), def. art. the

le, la (les, pL; lui, leur, indirect), conj. pr. him, it, so, them, to him, to them, etc.

lecteur, m. reader

lecture, /. reading; salon de — , reading room

légende,/, legend

léger, -ère, light (weight), slightj thin, easy

léguer, to bequeath

légume, m. vegetable

lendemain, m. foUowing day, next day; au — de, after, just after; du jour au — , suddenly

Lenglen (Mademoiselle) , brilliant young French tennis player

lent, -e, slow

lentement, slowly Léonard, Léonard lequel, laquelle (lesquels, lesquelles, pL), rel. and int. pr.

which, who; which? who?

les, see le Lesage, French novelist of the

XVIIIth century Lescot (Pierre), French archi-

tect of the Renaissance lettre,/, letter lettré, m. man of letters, culti-

vated man leur, conj. pr. see le; adj. their;

le — , theirs Levallois, manufacturing suburb

northwest of Paris lever, to raise; se — , rise, arise,

get up Liban, m. Lebanon, mountain

range in Syria libraire, /. bookseller's shop,

publisher lien, m. bond lieu, m. place, spot; avoir — ,

to take place; au — de, in-

stead of; donner — à, to

cause; au — que, while,

whereas lieue, /. league (2I miles) lièvre, m. hare ligne, /. line

liguer, to imite; se — , unité Lille, large manufacturing town

of northern France limite,/, limit

VOCABULARY

limiter, to limit

limousine, /. limousine

lingerie, underwear

lion, m. lion

lire, to read; se — , be read

liste,/, list, roster

lit, m. bed

littéraire, literary

littéralement, literally

littérateur, m. man of letters