n avait trois enceintes. // hère refers to the castle

8. de créneaux et de mâchicoulis, 'battlements and machicolations.' The latter were the overhanging galleries at the top of the wall, with openings for pouring hot oil, pitch, molten lead, &c., on assailants at the foot of the wall.

9. douve. This means the wall of a canal or ditch, but seems hère to be used for the ditch itself.

10. le donjon, *the keep.' This was the central stronghold of a mediaeval castle, and was generally a large tower, round or polygonal, which could hold out when the rest of the castle was taken.

encore défendu, ' additionally protected.'

11. une herse toujours levée, always drawn up ready to be let down in case of emergency.

14. corps de log^ls, 'principal building,' as distinguishcd from out-buildings, &c.

15. des souterrains, thèse underground passages often existed in old castles, and were still more often believed to exist.

32. cour d'honneur. The chief court was so called to distinguish it from the basse cour^ where stables, poultry-yard, &c. were placed.

23. écuyers. A squire was a young man of gentle birth, in attendance on a knight, and being trained to become a knight himself.

pages. A page was younger than a squire, and was also supposed to attend on a knight and be trained to become a squire.

s'exerçaient à rescrlme, 'were practising fencing.' The dative is used of occupation,

24. On lui lit ensuite traverser, ' he was then taken through.' 30. de loin en loin, * hère and there.'

32. Les vitres, ' the Windows.' Vitre and verre both come from the Latin vitrum, but the former means 'window glass,' the latter 'glass' generally, or 'a drinking glass.*

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a. œuvré, 'carved.'

3. de tapisseries d'Arras, 'with arras,' so called because made at Arras in Artois.

4. dans tout leur ponrtonr, <all round,* literally, 'in ail their circuit.'

9. une liorloge. The use of clocks of the modem kind became gênerai in the fourteenth century, but they were still expensive enough to be beyond the reach of any but the rich.

17. hanaps, 'tankards.* Hanap is an old German word hnapf^ which has survived as napf^ * a bowl.*

19. accommodée à, Mressed with.' The dative is always used in phrases denoting cookery, seasoning, &c. Eve § 157.

ai. tiré aa-dessos de la barre. The bam is the cross-bar that goes down the middle of a cask ; hence wine * drawn above the bar ' would be from the upper half of the cask, and would be clear, without sédiment.

25. le clialnmel, an old form of chalumeau, ' the pipe/ so called because first made from a reed (Latin calamus).

le rebec. The ' rebeck ' was a sort of three-stringed violin, in use throughout the Middle Ages.

29. ces foorchettes. Dinner forks were invented in Italy, and fîrst appear in France in 1579. The use of them did not become gênerai for two centuries after.

33. Persoime ne prit garde. . .an, *nobody noticed. ' Prendre garde à means sometimes 'to notice/ sometimes * to beware o£'

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