I. Que vient de découvrir Ivan? 2. Vient-il de trouver des
pots de terre? 3. Venait-il de délivrer son maître de ses fers?
4. L'intrépide compagnon du major vient-il de l'encourager par
ses discours ?
I. Ivan had just roused his master from his réfections to conduct him to the refuge. 2. He has just discovered the stores. 3. He has just gone out to look for some potatoes. 4. Hâve we just put the quarter of mutton on the fire ? 5. You had just gone to sleep. 6. They had just experienced the most unendurable pains. 7. He had just awakened.
Page 27 (line 22) to Page 29 (line 9). Use of a and de with
the infinitive a/ter adjectives
With an adjective preceded by il est (impersonal), de and the infinitive are used. If c'est précèdes the adjective, or if the adjective is used with a verb not impersonal, h with the infinitive is used.
I. Etait-il difficile de décrire l'état d'anxiété dans lequel le major se trouvait ? 2. C'est difficile à faire, n'est-ce pas ? 3. Etait-il possible de connaître l'immense profondeur du précipice? 4. Cette profondeur est facile à deviner, n'est-ce pas ? 5. Etaient-ils heureux {glad) de sortir de ce pas dangereux ?
I. It was easy to hear the noise of the stones. 2. This moment of agony is hard to describe. 3. He would be happy to see his mother again. 4. Would it be their intention to défend themselves if one should attack them? 5. It is not always easy to défend oneself.
Page 29 (line 10) to Page 30. Dont Quel Lequel
I. Quel était ce jeune homme dont il s'agît dans cette leçon? 2. Etait-ce l'homme dont le cheval était sans selle ? 3. Lequel de ces hommes avait le pistolet ? 4. Vu l'état de faiblesse dans lequel se trouvait le major, il était difficile de marcher, n'est-ce pas? 5. Quels étaient les hommes dont la trahison probable pouvait les perdre ?
I. Which of thèse men was thrown upon the turf? 2. To which one of thèse men did Ivan deliver the pistol ? 3. The young man whose horse was drowned fled. 4. The men whose habitations are not far distant are peaceful. 5. Of which one of thèse children are you speaking ?
Page 31 to Page 32 (line 28)
Verbs of thinking, believing, etc., take the indicative when used affirmatively, and usually the subjunctive when used negatively or interrogatively.
I. Je crois qu'ils partiront à la tombée de la nuit. Le croyezvous ? 2. Croyez-vous qu'ils partent ? 3. Pensez-vous qu'ils entrent dans Peau jusqu'aux genoux ? 4. Je pense qu'il tombera de lassitude et de douleur. C'est possible, n'est-ce pas? 5. Je ne pense pas qu'il s'en aille à la Ligne. Le pensez-vous ?
I. I do not believe that a new misfortune will happen to them. Do you ? 2. I think that ail the country will be white with soft bail. 3. l 'do not think that they can préserve me any longer. 4. Do you think Ivan will retum? 5. I do not think he will wish to find an isolated house. 6. Do you think it will rain (Jfleuvoir) ?
Page 32 (line 28) to Page 34 (line 4). Vouloir
Vouloir is foUowed by {a) the infinitive when the two verbs hâve the same subject ; by (jb) the subjunctive when the verbs hâve différent subjects.
I . Voulez-vous gagner deux cents roubles ? 2. Voulez-vous que je les gagne? 3. Voulez-vous livrer le major à ses ennemis? 4. Veut-il que j'aille à Mosdok ? Veut-il aller à Mosdok ? 5. Veutil que le major soit sauvé ?
I. I do not wish you to give the alarm. 2. I wish to bring some money for his ransom. 3. He wishes him to come into his house as a friend. 4. Why did this man wish to place Ivan in a position to deceive him ? 5. I want you to go for the two hundred roubles. 6. Ivan wished to run and get the major.
Page 34 (line 5) to Page 36
Impersonal verbs and verbs used impersonally, implying doubt or possibility, require {a) the subjunctive in the following subordinate clause, unless the verb in this clause is used impersonally ; {b) if the verb in the subordinate clause is used impersonally, de with the infinitive is used.
I. Est-il possible qu'il vous trahisse? 2. N'est-il pas juste que vous m'apportiez deux cents roubles? 3. N'est-il pas juste de
gagner deux cents roubles ? 4. Se peut-il que vous soyez soupçonneux ? 5. Ne vaut-il pas mieux que les Cosaques s'éloignent ?
I. It would be better to give a bail. 2. Is it possible that Ivan has not yet fînished his twentieth year ? 3. It may be that you will receive a gift in recompense for your courage. 4. Is it natural that he expresses astonishment ? 5. Would it be just to give him a blow with the ax?
VOCABULARY
French words spelled the same or nearly the same as the English équivalent
are omitted.
a. See avoir.
à at, to.
abandonner to abandon, gîve up;
s'abandonner à to give way to.
abattre to beat down, fell; s'abattre to fall down. abord: d'abord at first.
aborder to board, land.
abri m, shelter; à l'abri under
shelter.
absoloment absolutely.
accabler to overwhelm, oppress.
accès m. access.
accompagner to accompany.
accorder to give, grant; to tune
(an instrument), accontomer to accustom.
accusé m. accused, culprit.
acheminer (s') to make one's way,
set out.
achever to complète.
acquérir to acquire.
acquit. See acquérir, admettre to admit, adroitement cleverly.
affaire/, business, trouble, quarrel ;
avoir affaire à to hâve business
with, hâve to do with.
affreu-z -se frightful.
afin in order; afin de in order to.
âge m, âge.
âgé -e aged.
agir to do, act ; il s'agit de it is a
question of , it concems.
ailleurs: d'ailleurs besides, more-
over.
ainsi thus, therefore ; ainsi que as
well as.
air m. appearance, look, aisément easily.
ajouter to add.
aller to go, be about to; to fit;
s'en aller to go away, départ, allons corne 1 allumer to light, kindle.
alors then, at that time.
amant -e m. andf. lover, amener to bring.
ami -e m, andf. friend.
amitié/ friendship, kindness.
amour m, love, amuser to amuse, entertain.
an m, year.
ancien -ne old, former, angle tn. corner, angoisse/ anguish.
animer to animate, enliven.
anneau m. ring, link.
Bxa&ef. year.
annoncer to announce.
anxiété y. anxiety.
apaiser to appease, calm, soothe.
apercevoir to përceive, discover;
s'apercevoir de to përceive, discover.
aperçut. See apercevoir, apostasie/! apostasy.
appartenir to-belong; s'appartenir
to become one's own master.
appeler to call; s'appeler to be
called.
appesantir to dull; s'appesantir to
grow dull.
apporter to bring.
apprendre to leam, teach, inform.
apprêt m. préparation, cooking.
approcher to draw near, approach;
s'approcher de to approach.
après after.
arbitre m. arbiter, umpire.
arbre m. tree.
ardent -e buming, fiery. .
argent m. money.
axme/". arm, weapon.
armer to arm.
armoire/, cupboard.
arracher to tear out, pull up, pull
out.
arrêter to stop; s'arrêter to stop,
hait. .
arrière m, rear; en arrière in the
rear.
arrivée/! arrivai, arriver to arrive, happen, befall.
art m. skill.
Asie/. Asia.
aspect m. appearance, sight. assassiner to murder.
asséner to deal (a blow).
asseoir to set, lay; s'asseoir to sit
down.
assez quite, quite well, enough.
assignation/ note, bill.
assis. Sââ asseoir, assuré -e bold, confident, assurer to assure, insure, make saf e.
attacher to attach, fasten, tie.
atteindre to attain, reach, over-
take.
attenant -e adjoining.
attendre to wait, await ; s'attendre k
to expect.
attente/ waiting, expectation.
attenter to attempt; attenter à to
make an attempt upon.
attenti-f -ve attentive, attentivement attentively.
attirer to attract, draw.
attraper to catch, ensnare.
au contraction ofk le.
aucun -e any ; with ne no one, none.
au-dessus de above.
augmenter to augment, increase.
auparavant before.
auprès de to, at, near.
aussi as, so, also, therefore; aussi
bien que as well as.
aussitôt at once, autant as much, as well; autant
que as much as.
auteur m. author.
autour de about, around.
autre other.
aux contraction of à les.
avance/ advance ; par or d'avance
beforehand, in advance.
avancer to forward; s'avancer to
corne forward, go forward.
avanie/ affront, outrage.
VOCABULARY
avant before ; en avant ahead, forward.
avec with.
avoir to hâve ; il y a there is, there are.
baguette/, wand, stick, ramrod.
bâiller to yawn, gape.
baisser to let down ; se baisser to stoop, bend down.
bal m. bail, dance.
banc m. bench, ledge.
bande/, band, troop.
bander to bind, bandage.
barbarie/ barbarity.
barbe/ beard.
bas -se low.
bas-fond m. shallow, hoUow, depression.
bataillon m. battalion.
battre to beat, strike ; se battre to fight.
beaa,bel, belle beautif ul, handsome.
beaucoup much.
belle-fille/ daughter-in-law.
bénir to bless.
berger m, shepherd.
besoin m. need; au besoin if necessary.
bien very, well.
bientôt soon.
bienveillance/ good will, kindness.
bière/ béer.
billot m. billet, block.
bissac m. wallet.
bizarre odd, strange.
blanc, blanche white, pale.
blottir (se) to squat, cower down.
bois m. wood, forest,
boisson m, drink.
bon -ne good ; de bonne heure early.
bonheur m. happiness, good luck.
bonjour m. good day, good moming.
bord m. edge, brim, bank.
botte, bottine/ boot.
bouche/ mouth.
bouffon m. clown.
bouffonerie/ buffoonery.
bourgade/ village.
bourka / burka, waterproof coat
of felt.
bout m. end, tip.
bride/ bridle.
brigand m. robber, outlaw, bhgandage m. robbery.
broussailles / //. brambles, brush-
wood.
bruit m. noise, commotion, brûler to bu m; brûler la cervelle
to blow out the brains.
brusquement brusquely, abruptly.
bruyant -e noisy, clamorous.
buisson m. bush, thicket.
but m. object, purpose.
butin m. booty.
ça. See cela.
cabane/ cabin, but.
cacher to hide, conceal.
calcul m. calculation.
calculer to calculate, détermine.
camarade m. and f. comrade.
campagne/ country.
canon m. cannon.
capricieu-z -se capricious.
car for.
carabine/ carbine, gun.
caractère m. character.
caresse/ caress, kiss.
cartouche/ cartridge.
cas m. case, condition.
casser to break.
Caucase m. Caucasus.
cause/, case, lawsuit.
causer to cause ; to talk, converse.
cavalier m. horseman, rider.
cavité/ cavity.
ce it, this, that.
ce, cet, cette, ces this, that, thèse,
those.
céder to yield.
ceinture/ belt, girdle.
cela, ça that.
celui, celle, ceux, celles this, that;
celui-ci the latter.
cendre/ ashes.
cent hundred.
centaine/ hundred.
centre m. center; au centre même
in the very center.
cependant yet, however.
cervelle/ brains.
cesser to cease, discontinue, chagrin m. grief, sorrow.
chaîne/ chain.
chalet m. cottage, chaleur/ heat, warmth.
chambre/ room.
changement m. change, chanson/ song.
chanter to sing.
chapeau m. hat.
chaque each, every.
charger to charge, intrust, load;
se charger de to take charge of.
chaussure/ boots, shoes.
chef m. chief, leader.
chemin m. road, way.
cheminée/ fireplace.
chêne m. oak.
chercher to seek, hunt, get.
cheval m. horse ; à cheval on horse-
back.
cheveu m, hair; //. hair.
chevreau m. kid.
chez at, to, with.
chien m. dog.
chislik. See note.
choisir to choose.
Chrétien -ne m. andf, Christian, chute/ fall.
cinq five.
cinquantaine/ fifty.
circonstance / circumstance, occasion, citer to cite, summon.
clef/ key.
clos -e closed.
clos m. inclosure, lot, field.
cœur m. heart.
coffre m. trunk, chest.
coin m, corner, angle, edge.
collet m. coUar.
colline/ hill.
combat m. combat, battle; hors de
combat disabled.
combien de how much, how many;
combien de temps how long, commandant m. commander, commandement m. command.
comme like, as, as if comment how.
commettre to commit, commissionaire m, agent, mes-
senger.
commodité/ comfort, convenience.
communiquer to communicate; se
communiquer tQ inform one an-
other,
VOCABULARY
compagnon tn. companion, partner.
compatriote m. and f. fellow-
countryman.
complaisance/, kindness, favor.
complètement completely.
complot m, plot, comprendre to understand.
compter to count, reckon.
concilier to win.
concombre m, cucumber.
condamner to condemn.
conduire to conduct, lead.
conduite/, conduct.
confiance/ confidence, trust.
confidence/ secret.
confier to intrust.
conjurer to entreat, implore, connaître to know, be acquainted
with.
conseil m, counsel, advice.
conseiller to advise.
consentement m, consent.
consentir to consent.
conserver to préserve, maintain,
protect.
constant -e faithful.
construire to construct, build.
contenance / countenance; faire
bonne contenance to stand firm.
contenter to content, satisfy; se
contenter to be contented.
contestation/ contest, debate.
contraindre to constrain, compel.
contraire m, contrary; an contraire
on the contrary.
contre against.
conyenir to agrée, suit.
conyention/ agreement.
converti -e m. andf. couvert.
convoi m, convoy, escort.
coquin m. rogue, rascal.
corbeau m. raven.
corps m. body; corps à corps hand
to hand.
Cosaque m. Cossack. See note.
côte/ ridge, slope, side.
côté m. side, direction, cotiser to rate; se cotiser to club
together, get up a subscription.
cou m. neck.
couche/ bed, layer.
coucher to lie, sleep; to lay; se
coucher to go to bed.
coucher m, setting.
couler to flow, trickle down.
couleur/ color.
coup m, blow, stroke; tout à coup
suddenly.
couper to eut.
courageu-x -se courageous, spirited.
courant m. current, stream.
courir to run.
couronner to crown.
cours m. course, direction, course/ joumey, way.
court -e short, brief.
coussin m. cushion.
coûter to cost.
coutume/ custom, habit.
couvert m. cover, shelter.
couvrir to cover.
craindre to f ear, be afraid of .
crainte/ fear.
créancier m, creditor.
creuser to dig, excavate.
cri m. cry, shriek.
cribler to pierce with holes; to
riddle.
crier to cry, shout, call out.
croire to believe.
croiser to cross.
ctoinf. cross.
cru, crut. See croire.
cruauté yi cruelty.
cuire to cook, roast.
cuisine/, kitchen, cooking.
curieu-x -se curious.
dangereu-x -se dangerous.
dans in, within.
danser to dance.
danseu-r -se m. and f. dancer.
de of, f rom, with, than ; wiih infini-
tivgy to, at, for, etc.
débouché m. outlet, opening.
debout upright, standing, décidément positively.
décider to persuade; se décider to
résolve, décide, découverte/ discovery.
découvrir to discover.
décrire to describe.
défaillir to swoon.
défaire: se défaire de to rid oneself
of, make way with.
défait -e worn, wasted.
défendre to défend, protect; se
défendre to excuse oneself.
défiant -e distrustful, suspicious.
défier to defy, challenge ; se défier
de to suspect, distrust.
défilé m, défile, narrow passage, définitivement definitively, fînally.
dégager to f ree, loose ; se dégager
to free oneself.
déjà already. delà : au delà de beyond.
demain to-morrow.
demande/, question, request.
demander to demand, ask.
démêlé m. dispute, strife.
démentir to belle, contradict.
demi -e half ; à demi by half .
denchik m. denshchick, Russian military servant.
départ m. departure.
dépêche/ dispatch, message, mail.
dépense / expense.
dépérir to waste away.
déplacer to misplace.
déployer to display.
dépôt m. dépôt, depository.
dépouiller to rob, plunder.
depuis since, from; depuis longtemps long ago, for a long time.
déranger to dérange, disturb.
dernier, dernière last ; ce dernier the latter.
derrière behind.
'derrière m. rear.
des contraction of de les.
dès from ; dès que as soon as.
désapprouver to disapprove of.
désennuyer to amuse, divert.
désert -e deserted.
désespéré -e despairing, desperate, hopeless.
désespoir m. despair.
désordre m. disorder, confusion.
désormais henceforth, afterwards.
dessécher to dry up, wither.
dessous : au dessons de under.
détention / imprisonment.
détour m. tuming, turn.
détourner to tum aside.
deux two ; deux fois twice.
devant before, in front of.
devenir to become.
devint. See devenir.
VOCABULARY
devoir to owe ; ought, must.
Diea m. God.
digne m. worthy.
dire to say, tell, diriger to direct, disparaître to disappear.
disparut. S^^ disparaître, disposer to dispose, prépare, hâve
at command.
disposition /. arrangement, plan, distance /I distance, interval; de
distance en distance at intervais.
distraction /. diversion, récréation, divers -e différent, varions, dix ten ; dix mille ten thousand.
domestique m, servant, donc then, therefore.
donner to give.
dont whose, of which, of whom;
with which.
dormir to sleep.
dos m. back.
doublement doubly.
doucement quietly.
douceur /. comf ort.
douleur /. grief, pain, doute /. doubt.
doux, douce gentle, mild.
douze twelve.
dresser to prépare, arrange, droit -e right ; de leur droite pn
their right hand.
du contraction of de le.
duo m. duet.
durdr to harden.
durement harshly, roughly.
durer to last.
E eau f, water ; eau de vie, brandy ;
//. eaux tide, current.
éclair m, lightning, spark.
éclairer to light up, illuminate.
éclat m, splendor ; shout, burst.
écouler (s') to elapse ; to flow.
écouter to listen, hear.
écrier (s') to cry out, exclaim.
écrire to write.
effacer to efface, remove.
effet m. effect; en effet actually, in
reality ; //. property.
effrayer to frighten; s'effrayer to
be frighten éd.
effroi m. fright, terror.
égard m, respect, regard, égorger to eut the throat of ; to kill.
eh bien well I
élancer to shoot ; s'élancer to rush.
élever to raise ; s'élever to rise.
elle she, her, it.
éloigner to remove; s'éloigner to
départ, embuscade /. ambush.
emparer (s') de, to take possession
of.
empêcher to prevent.
emporter to carry away. empreinte /. imprint, trace, en prep. in, into.
en pron. of it, of them, some, any.
enchaîner to chain, fasten.
enclaver to inclose, shut in.
encore still, yet, again.
endormir to lull to sleep; s'endormir
to fall asleep.
endroit m. locality, place, enfant m, child.
enfer m, hell.
enfin fînally ; in short, enflammer to infiame ; s'inflammer
to catch fîre.
enfler to swell.
enfoncement m. niche, recess.
enfoncer to sink, bury; s'enfoncer to sink, disappear.
enfuir (s') to flee, run away.
engager to enlist, induce.
engloutir to swallow up.
enlever to take away, abduct.
ensanglanter to stain with blood.
ensemble together.
ensuite then, afterwards.
entendre to hear, understand.
entourer to surround.
entraîner to carry away, take along.
entre among, between, in, into.
entremetteur m. agent, go-between.
entreprendre to undértake.
entreprise/, attempt, undertaking.
entrer to enter.
.entretenir to converse with; s'entretenir to converse.
entretien m. conversation.
envers towards; envers et contre tous against each and ail; through thick and thin.
environ about, thereabouts.
envoi m. sending, message.
envoyer to send.
épais -se thick.
épargner to spare.
épée / sword.
épi m. ear, head {pf grain^ wheat, etc.),
épineu-z-se thomy.
épouvanter to terrify.
éprouver to expérience, feel.
épuiser to exhaust, use up.
équipage m, equipment, baggage.
escsrpé ^ steep.
espace /. space, distance.
espèce f. kind, species.
espérance /. hope, expectation.
espérer to hope.
espion m. spy, scout.
espoir m, hope.
esprit m. mind, intellect, wit.
esquille/ splinter.
et and.
établir to establish, begin, fix.
établissement m. settlement, camp.
état m. condition, state ; hors d'état
unable.
été. See être, été m. summer.
étendre to stretch, extend.
étonnement m, astonishment, won-
der.
étonner to astonish ; s'étonner, to
wonder, be astonished.
étranger m, stranger.
être to be.
être m. being.
étroit -e narrow.
étui m. case, eu. See avoir, européen -ne European.
eux //. of lui they, them.
évader (s') to escape.
évasion/ escape.
éveiller (s') to awake.
événement m. event.
éviter to avoid.
excepté except.
exécuter to perform, do.
exiger to exact, demand.
expressément expressly.
facile easy.
facilement easily.
VOCABULARY
faciliter to facilitate.
faible feeble.
faiblesse/, feebleness, weakness.
faillir to be at the point of , be near.
faim/, hunger.
faire to do, make, cause, order; faire crier to make call out ; faire •Ddarer to cause to endure ; faire enteadze to make hear ; faire faire to bave made; faire mourir to cause to die, hâve killed ; to kill ; faire souffrir to make suffer ; faire Yoir to show; il fait beau the weather is fine.
falloir to be necessary, want, need, must.
fallut. See falloir.
familiarité/ intimacy.
famille/ family.
farine/ flour.
fatigué -e tired, wom out.
faut. See falloir.
faute / fault, mistake; faute de for want of.
faveur / favor; à la faveur by means.
feindre to feign, prétend, sham.
féliciter to congratulate.
femme/ woman, wife.
fendre to split, crack.
fenêtre/ window.
fer m. iron ; //. fetters, chains.
ferai. See faire.
ferme firm, steady.
fermer to close.
fermeté/ firmness.
féroce fierce, savage.
ferré -e shod with iron; bottes ferrées hobnailed boots.
festin m. feast.
feu m. fire ; faire feu to fire (a gun,
etc^.
feuille/ leaf.
février m. February.
fidèle faithf ul.
fidèlement faithfully.
fidéUté/ fidelity.
fièvre/ fever, ague.
fiévreu-z -se ill of fever.
fil m. thread.
filer to spin ; to purr.
fils m. son.
fin/ end.
finir to finish, end.
firent, fit. See faire, fixer to fix, settle.
fiamber to flame, blaze.
fleuve^, river, large stream.
flot m. flood, current.
foi/ faith.
fois/ time; deux fois twice.
fond m. bottom, back part, fondement m, foundation.
font. See faire, fontaine/ fountain, spring.
imztf. strength.
forcer to force, take by force, forêt/ forest. formellement formally.
fort -e strong, large, fort adv. very, very much.
fou, fol, folle mad, foolish; noun^
fool, foolish one.
fouiller to fumble, rummage.
fournir to fumish.
fourragère / a Russian word for
cap.
foyer m. hearth, fireplace.
franchir to cross, leap over.
frapper to strike.
froid -e cold.
froid m. cold.
front m. forehead.
fuir to fiée, escape.
fumée yi smoke.
funeste fatal.
furieu-x -se furious, raging.
fusil m. gun.
fusillade/! discharge (ofmusketry).
fut, fût. See être.
gagner to gain, reach.
gai -e gay, lively, cheerful.
gaieté/, gayety, cheerfulness.
gambade/, gambol, an tic.
garçon m. boy.
garde m. andf. guard, keeper.
garder to keep.
gardien m, guardian, warden.
gazon m, sod, turf.
gémir to groan, lament.
gemme/ gem ; sel gemme rock sait.
gêner to hinder, incommode.
généreusement generously.
genou m. knee; à genou kneeling.
gens m. or f. pi. people, servants.
gentilhomme m. nobleman.
geôlier m. jailer.
Géorgie/. Georgia, Russian province in Transcaucasia.
giberne/ cartridge-pouch.
gigantesque gigantic.
gîte m. resting-place ; nest, hole.
glace/ ice.
glaise / clay ; terre glaise potter*s earth.
glissant -e slippery.
gloire/ glory.
gonfler to swell, puff up.
gorgée/ swallow, sip.
goûter to taste, relish, enjoy.
grâce / favor, thanks; de grâce please, pray.
grade m. rank.
grand -e great, tall, large.
grandeur/ greatness, size.
grand-père m. grandfather.
gratification/ gif t.
Grèce/ Greece.
grésil m. soft hail.
gris -e gray.
gronder to scold, growl at.
guerre/ war.
guise / manner; en guise de by way of .
H ['h=: aspirated h.]
habit m. coat ; //. clothes.
habitant m, inhabitant.
habiter to Inhabit.
habitude/ practice, skill; d'habitude ordinarily.
*hache/ ax.
'hangar m. shed.
'hardiment boldly, loudly
'hasarder (se) to risk.
'haut -e high, loud; là-haut up there.
'hautement loudly.
'hauteur/ height.
hélas alas I
herbe/ grass.
hésiter to hesitate.
'hêtre m. beech tree.
heure / hour; de bonne heure early.
heureusement fortunately.
'heurter to strike, knock.
histoire/ history, story.
VOCABULARY
homnio fn. man.
'hors de outside of, out of ; hors de
comhat disabled.
hôte m. host) guest.
HoaesseiiL See note.
'huit eight.
hamaineiiieiit humanely.
Ibrahim m. Arabie form for Abraham.
id hère.
idée/, idea.
ignorer to be ignorant of.
il he, it.
inadvertance/*, accident.
inanition/ starvation.
inattendu -e unexpected.
incertain -e uncertain.
incessamment immediately, shortly.
incliner (s') to bend, bow.
indenmité/ indemnity; en indemnité de in retum for.
indiquer to indicate, show.
individuellement individually.
inégal -e unequal.
infanterie/ infantry.
infortune/ misfortune.
ingrat -e ungrateful.
inné -e innate, inbom.
inquiéter (s') to be uneasy, be worried.
inquiétude/ uneasiness, anxiety.
insensiblement gradually.
insignifiant -e insignificant, meaningless.
instant m. instant; à l'instant at once.
insupportable unendurable.
intérêt m. interest, advantage.
interprète m. interpréter.
interrogation/ question.
intimider to intimidate, embarrass.
introduire (s') to gain admittance.
inutile useless.
isolé -e isolated, lonely.
isoler to isolate.
issue/ issue, resuit/ end, outlet.
Ivan. See note.
jamais ever; ne . . . jamais never.
jambe / leg; à toutes jambes at
fuU speed.
je I.
jeter to throw away, to throw out,
hurl; to utter.
jeune young.
joindre to join.
jointe. See joindre, joli -e pretty, nice.
joue/ cheek.
jouer to play.
jouir de to enjoy.
jour m. day, daylight; de jour en
jour from day to day.
journée/ day.
juge m. judge.
juger to judge, pass sentence, jurer to swear, déclare, jusque until ; jusqu'à, jusqu'en to,
as far as, until ; jusqu'alors until
then; jusque-là just to that point, juste accurately.
Kabarda. See note.
Kascambo m. Kaskambo.
kibick m. kibitka. See note, kislitchi m. See note.
kopeck m, a Russîan coin worth about two thirds of a cent.
V the ; him, her, it.
la the ; her, it.
là there ; là-haut above, up there.
laiae /. wooL
laisser to let, leave ; se laisser aUer
à to givQ up to.
langage m. language.
langue /, tongue, language.
languir to languish, pine away.
Lars military post in the Caucasus.
las -se tired.
le, la, \\ les the ; him, her, it, them.
léger, légère light.
lent -e slow.
lequel, laquelle who, which, whom.
leur their, theirs; to them.
lever to raise ; se lever to get up,
rise.
liaison /. friendship, intimacy.
libre free.
librement freely.
licou m, halter, cord. lien m, bond, fetter.
lier to bind, unité, lieu m, place ; au lien de instead of.
ligne /. Une ; for Ligne, see note.
linge m, linen.
lit m, bed.
livrer to deliver, give up.
loin far, distant ; de loin from afar ;
an loin at a distance, lointain -e distant, loisir m, leisure.
long -ne long.
long m. length.
longer to go along, pass along.
longtemps long, a long time ; depuis longtemps for a long time.
lors then; lors de at the time of ; depuis lors from that time.
lorsque when.
louer to praise ; to hire.
lueur /^ light, gleam.
lui to him, to her ; he, him, it.
lui-même, elle-même himself, herself, itself.
magasin m. storehouse, store.
mahométan m. Mohammedan.
main /. hand.
maintenant now.
mais but.
maïs m. Indian corn.
maison /. house.
maître m, master.
mal adv. badly.
mal m. evil, pain, harm; //. maux
evils, ills.
malade ilL
maladie f. illness, disease malgré in spite of .
malheur m. bad luck, misfortune.
malheureu-x -se unhappy, unfor-
tunate.
malveillance /. ill wilL manger to eat.
manière f, manner ; de manière so
that.
manquer to lack, miss, faiL n»yTTii«n<i m, merchant.
marche f, course, joumey.
marcher to walk.
marier to marry ; se marier to get
married.
marque/, mark, sign.
VOCABULARY
matin m. morning.
matinée /. moming.
mauvais -e bad, evil.
méchant -e bad, cruel, wicked.
Mecque (la) Mecca.
méfiance /. distrust, suspicion.
meilleur -e better.
mêler to mix, mingle ; se 'mêler de to be concemed in ; to meddle with.
mélèze m. larch-tree ; larch wood.
même self, aven, same ; very ; toute de même just the same.
menacer to threaten.
ménage m. housekeeping.
ménagements m. pi. caution.
ménager to treat with caution ; to spare.
mener to lead.
méprendre (se) to be mistaken.
mer / sea.
mère / mother.
mériter to deserve.
merveille/, marvel, wonder ; à merveille perfectly, wonderfully.
mettre to put, place, put on ; mettre pied à terre to dismount ; mettre hers de combat to disable; se mettre to sit down ; to dress ; se mettre à to begin.
meurtre m. murder.
midi m, noon.
mien -ne (le, la) mine.
mienz better.
milieu m, middle ; au milieu in the midst.
mille thousand.
mirent, mis, mit See mettre.
misère /. misery, distress ; want.
moi I, me.
moindre less.
moins less; du {pr au) moins at
least.
mois m. month.
moitié/ half; à moitié half, half-
way ; être à moitié to participate.
Mollah m, Mohammedan priest.
momentané -e momentary.
mon, ma, mes my.
monstre m. monster.
montagnard -e m. atid / moun-
taineer.
montagne / mountain. monter to mount.
monticule m. hillock, knoU.
montrer to show, monture / mount, riding-animaL morbleu zounds I morceau m. bit, morsel.
morne gloomy, sullen.
mort/ death.
Mosdok Mozdok. See note, mot m. Word, mouiller to wet, soak ; se mouiller
to get wet.
mourir to die.
mouton m. sheep, mutton.
mouvement m. motion, moyen m. means ; au mo3ren de by
means of.
mulet m. mule, mur m, wall.
muraille / wall.
musique / music.
musulman m. Moslem.
mutuellement mutually.
naître to spring up, be bom.
natal -e native.
natte f, mat
ne : ne . . . jamais never; ne . . . pas not ; ne . . . que only.
nèfle/, medlar, fruit of the medlartree. See note,
neige /. snow.
nettoyer to clean, scour.
neuf nine.
ni neither; ni ... ni neither . . . nor.
noce /. wedding.
noisette /. hazelnut.
nom m. name.
nomade nomadic, wandering.
nombre m. number, multitude.
nombreu-x -se numerous.
nommer to name, appoint ; se nommer to be called.
non no ; non seulement . . . mais not only . . . but.
nord m. north.
notre our.
nôtre (le, la) ours.
nourriture f. f ood.
nous we, us.
nouveau, nouvel, nouvelle new; à (or de) nouveau anew, again.
nouveauté f. novelty.
noyer to drown ; se noyer to be drowned.
nu -e bare, naked.
nuit / night.
obéir to obey.
obtenir to obtain.
œil (//. yeux) m. eye.
offrir to offer.
ombre f, shadow.
on one, we, they, etc.
onze eleven.
ordinairement usually.
ordonner to order, direct.
oreiller m, pillow.
orienter (s') to get one's bearings.
originaire native.
oser to dare, venture.
ôter to take away, take off , remove.
ou or.
où where, in which.
oublier to forget.
oui yes.
ouïr to hear.
outre beyond, besides.
ouvertement upenly.
ouvrage m. work, composition.
ouvrir to open; s'oavrir to open,
burst.
pacifique peaceful.
pain m. bread.
palpiter to palpitate, beat violently.
papier m, paper.
par by, through.
paraître to appear.
parce que because.
parcourir to traverse, go over.
parent m. relation; //. parents.
parfois sometimes.
parler to speak.
parmi among.
parole/ word, promise.
part/, part, share, portion ; d'antre
part on the other hand.
partager to share.
parti m. party, escort, detachment.
particulièrement especially.
