tel quel, 'such as it vvas

,, 5. le monument : if ever there was an éloquent symbol of union between victors and vanquished in war, between men of différent races and religions, it was (and is) the monument raised in Québec to the joint memory of Wolfe and Montcalm, two centuries after the former's victory and the death of both on the field of battle (TAe Glohe).

,, 6. le comte de Dalhousie was Governor of Canada from 1819 to 1828.

,, 7. Wolfe : James AS^olfe was born in Kent in 1727. Pitt, having organised a great scheme to expel the French from Canada, entrusted Wolfe with the expédition, which had for its object the capture of Québec. Wolfe landed his forces in the Isle of Orléans, opposite Québec, in 1759. But the town was most skilfully defended by Montcalm, and Wolfe was at first completely foiled in ail his attempts. Having succeeded, however, in scaling the cliffs at a point insufficiently guarded, he defeated Montcalm on the Plains of Abraham. Wolfe and Montcalm were both killed in the battle.

Montcalm was born near Nîmes in 1712. At fifteen he entered the army, and in 1756 assumed command of the French troops in Canada. Soon after his arrivai he captured a British post, and in 1758 won a great victory over General Abercromby, who attacked him with a much larger force. He then removed to Québec, to défend it against General Wolfe.

,, 9. plaines d'Abraham : the Plains or Heights of Abraham

forni a very large plateau, close to Québec. ,, 14. balle, 'buUet'; boulet, 'cannon-ball.' Cf. —

un fou, ' a madman ' ; ' a fool,' un imbécile, hisser, ' to hoist ' ; ' to hiss,' siffler, un plat, 'a dish ' ; 'a plate,' une assiette. ,, 16. vcA-c\os, or à demi clos.

,, 27. il les consacre . . : note the redundant use of a pronoun when the object is, for emphasis, placed before the verb.

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13. 1. survivent : survivre takes the préposition à, like obéir,

demander, flaire, etc.

,, 12. à la première heure, ' early in the morning.'

,, 15. haussiers : also spelt aussièrc.

,, 20. le quart: the niglit-watchlaststhreehours ont oftwelve,

i.e. J, un quart.

,, 25. aucun : il n'y avait is understood before aucun.

14. 10. avant que . . se fût relevé : the subjunctive is required

after the three temporal conjunctions avant que, jusqu'à ce que, en attendant que.

,, 30. l'eau eût-elle . .=si l'eau avait . .